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"Pengaruh konsentrasi pepton (2,5% atau 5%), konsentrasi inokulum (0,1%, 0,5% atau 1%), serta masa inkubasi (0 - 96 jam, interval 12 jam) terhadap aktivitas lipolitik kapang Rhizopus microsporus var rhizopodiformis isolat UICC no. 6 telah dikaji dalam penelitian ini. Fermentasi dilakukan pada medium basal Samad dan aktivitas lipolitik terhadap substrat minyak zaitun diukur secara titrasi menggunakan 0,05 M NaOH. Aktivitas lipolitik dinyatakan dalam satuan unit/ml dan satu unit aktivitas lipase didefinisikan sebagai 1 􀁭mol asam lemak yang dibebaskan per menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas lipolitik optimal diperoleh dari perlakuan dengan konsentrasi inokulum 1% pada konsentrasi pepton 5% dan masa inkubasi 72 jam (3,19 U/ml).

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The lipolytic activity of Rhizopus microsporus var rhizopodiformis isolat UICC No. 6. A study was carried out to examine the effect of peptone concentration (2,5% or 5%), inoculum concentration (0,1%, 0,5% or 1%) and incubation period (0 - 96 hours, interval 12 hours) on the lipolytic activity of Rhizopus microsporus var rhizopodiformis isolat UICC No. 6. Fermentation was done using the basal medium from Samad and the lipolytic activity on olive oil substrate was measured employing titration method with 0,05M NaOH. Lipolytic activity is expressed as unit/ml and one unit is defined as 1 􀁭mol fatty acid liberated per minute. Results show that optimum lipolytic activity was obtained from 1 % inoculum, 5% peptone after 72 hours incubation period."

"Untuk memperoleh koleksi kekayaan hayati Nostoc Indonesia dilakukan isolasi mikroflora tanah dari beberapa lahan persawahan di wilayah di Jawa, Bali, dan Sulawesi Selatan. Isolat-isolat yang tumbuh cepat diidentifikasi secara morfologi dan molekuler mengunakan sekuen parsial dari gen 16S rRNA. Walaupun hubungan kekerabatan antar isolat belum sepenuhnya dapat dijelaskan, pohon filogeni yang dihasilkan dari analisis sekuen mendukung identifikasi secara morfologi bahwa isolat-isolat yang diteliti berbeda jenis. Uji coba 6 strain Nostoc , dalam bentuk inokulum tunggal,sebagai sumber nitrogen untuk padi dilakukan. Sebanyak 2 g biomasa basah dari masing-masing strain Nostoc diinokulasi ke dalam pot-pot yang telah berisi 3 tanaman padi. Percobaan dilakukan di rumah kaca selama 115 hari.Secara statistik (ANOVA;α= 0.05) hanya strain GIA13a yang mempengaruhi panjang akar dan jumlah bulir padi bernas.

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AbstractIn order to collect Indonesian Nostoc, isolation of soil microflora from several paddy fields in West Java, Bali, andSouth Celebes was carried out. Fast-growing isolates ofNostoc were selected to describe and perform molecularidentification using partial sequences of 16S rRNA. The results showed that partial sequences of 16S rRNA could not resolve the phylogeny of the isolates. However, it supported the morphological studies that recognize isolates as different species of Nostoc. Potential use of Nostoc as a nitrogen source for paddy growth was carried out using sixstrains as single inoculums. A total biomass of 2 g (fresh weight) for each strain was inoculated, respectively, into thepot planted with three paddy plants. This experiment was conducted in the green house for 115 days. Statistical analyses(ANOVA;α= 0.05) showed that of six strains tested in this study, only strain GIA13a had influence on the augmentation of root length and the total number of filled grains."

"Anaerobik digester pada umumnya mengolah limbah organik menggunakan kotoran ternak mentah untuk menjadi biostarter. Potensi untuk mengembangkan penggunaan agen biostrater hasil modifikasi berbentuk kering belum umum dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi potensi produksi biogas dari inokulum hasil liofilisasi berbahan dasar kotoran sapi dan kuda menggunakan reaktor anaerobik digester. Periode pengukuran untuk mengukur produksi biogas selama 14-21 hari ini dilakukan di laboratorium. Eksperimen ini menggunakan dua buah reaktor dengan inokulum kotoran mentah dan empat buah reaktor dengan inokulum hasil liofilisasi. Teknik liofilisasi terbukti efektif dalam mempertahankan kondisi kotoran mentah agar lebih tahan lama dan mengurangi bau tidak sedap karena secara fisik kadar air dari dalam bahan inokulum telah berkurang drastis dari 71-75% kadar air menurun hingga tersisa 14,12% dan 9,43% kadar air pada masing-masing inokulum hasil liofilisasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa campuran kotoran sapi dan kuda mentah sebagai reaktor blanko menghasilkan biogas dengan parameter CH4 yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan reaktor yang menggunakan inokulum hasil liofilisasi. Pada keseluruhan periode pengukuran reaktor blanko (0) dan reaktor A menunjukkan hasil produksi biogas sebesar 3,894 mL/gVS dan 4,931 mL/gVS sedangkan untuk reaktor B dan C didapatkan gas metana sebesar 1,524 mL/grVS dan 0,279 mL/grVS. Kemudian untuk reaktor D dengan hasil liofilisasi mampu menghasilkan total produksi gas metan 13,169 mL/grVS dalam satu periode pengukuran akhir sedangkan reaktor E tidak sama sekali menghasilkan gas metana. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya penelitian selanjutnya untuk menentukan komposisi yang lebih cocok dalam pengaplikasian inokulum hasil liofilisasi dalam reaktor anaerobik digester supaya dapat menghasilkan biogas yang lebih optimal.

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Anaerobic digesters generally process organic waste using raw livestock manure to become a biostarter. The potential to develop the use of modified biostrater agents in dry form is not yet common practice. This research aims to evaluate the potential for biogas production from lyophilized inoculum made from cow and horse manure using an anaerobic digester reactor. The measurement period for measuring biogas production is 14-21 days and is carried out in the laboratory. This experiment used two reactors with raw feces inoculum and four reactors with lyophilized inoculum. The lyophilization technique has proven to be effective in maintaining the condition of raw manure so that it lasts longer and reduces unpleasant odors because physically the water content of the inoculum material has been reduced drastically from 71-75% water content decreasing to remaining 14.12% and 9.43% levels. water in each inoculum resulting from lyophilization. The research results showed that a mixture of raw cow and horse manure as a blank reactor produced biogas with better CH4 parameters compared to reactors using lyophilized inoculum. During the entire measurement period, the blank reactor (0) and reactor A showed biogas production results of 3.894 mL/gVS and 4.931 mL/gVS, while for reactors B and C, methane gas was obtained at 1.524 mL/grVS and 0.279 mL/grVS. Then reactor D with lyophilization results was able to produce a total methane gas production of 13,169 mL/grVS in one final measurement period, while reactor E did not produce any methane gas at all. Therefore, further research is needed to determine a more suitable composition for applying the lyophilized inoculum in an anaerobic digester reactor so that it can produce more optimal biogas."

"ABSTRACTGlomalean fungi are natural resources commonly found in different natural ecosystems and associated with different potential forest, agriculture, horticulture and pasture plant. Natural resource exploitation may lead to ecosystem destruction and may affect population status of these fungi. The objective of this study is to determine the diversity of glomalean fungi and their inoculum potential in five land-use types, i.e.: forest, agroforest, "sengon" (Paraserianthes) plantation, cassava plantation and "alang-alang" (lmperata) at Kecamatan Tebo Ulu, Kecamatan Rantau Pandan, Kecamatan Muara Bungo, and Kecamatan Tebo Tengah, Bungo Tebo District, Jambi Province. Fifteen soil samples were collected from the five land-use types at a depth of 0 - 5 cm (K1) and 5 - 15 cm (K2). The glomalean fungi spores were extracted and isolated using wet sieving-decanting technique (Gerdemann, 1971) followed by sucrose centrifugation technique (Setiadi et al., 1992)_ isolated spores were identified by using the Manual for identification of VA mycorrhizal fungi (Schenck & Perez, 1990), and diversity glomalean fungi in each land-use type was analyzed using Shannon-Wiener Index, while their inoculum potential was assessed using most probable number (MPN) following procedure of Felmann & ldczak (1994). Degree of inoculum potential of the five land-use types was analyzed using varian one-way classification (Sakai & Rohlf, 1992). The results show that glomalean fungi population at the five land-use types varied. Among the six genera in the world, four genera of glomalean fungi i.e. (Glomus, Sclerocystls, Acaulospora, and Gigaspora) were found at all land-use types. Glomus spp. were dominant at the five land-use types. Genus of Gigaspora was only found at cassava plantation. Compared with the other land use types, number of species and spores found in cassava (9 species of glomalean fungi with 323 spores/100 g of sample) and in "alang-alang° (11 species with 318 spores/100 g of sample) were the highest at the value of diversity index (1,44) and (1,23) respectively. Spores of glomalean fungi increase gradually from undisturbed forest to degraded "alang-alang". Results also indicate that the inoculum potential of the five land-use types are different. Compared to the other land-use types, inoculum potential of "sengon" (39,5 active propagule/cm3 soil) and cassava plantation (37,75 active propagulelcm3 soil) were the highest. The results also show that the value of inoculum potential is not always positively correlated with the abundance of spores. Further research to determine the relationship between glomalean fungi diversity with their inoculum potential and the soil productivity is recommended. This approach can be used as an alternative strategy to improve sustainable agriculture development using microbial processes. "

"Penelitian yang telah dilakukan dari Maret –Mei 2015, bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh media tanam serta menentukan inokulum optimum untuk pembibitan tanaman padi varietas Ciherang. Pembibitan padi dilakukan selama 14 hari di rumah kaca menggunakan 4 media tanam berbeda, yaitu tanah kebun steril dan non steril serta pupuk organik steril dan non steril. Strain Nostoc CPG24 dan GIA13a masing- masing sebanyak 0,2; 0,4; dan 0,6 g diinokulasikan pada keempat media tanam pada hari ke-1 pembibitan. Parameter yang diukur adalah tinggi, panjang akar, serta berat basah dan berat kering tanaman. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan media tanam berpengaruh terhadap pembibitan padi varietas Ciherang. Pengaruh strain CPG4 dan GIA13a terhadap pembibitan hanya terdapat di media pupuk organik steril. Pemberian variasi inokulum (0,2; 0,4; dan 0,6 g) strain CPG24 dan GIA13a mampu meningkatkan tinggi dan panjang akar secara signifikan (P<0,05) dibandingkan kontrol pada media pupuk organik steril.

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The experiment that has been done from Maret– May 2015 was used to know the effect of media and determine optimum inoculum for Ciherang rice germination. The rice germination was done for 14 days in the green house used four different medias, they are sterilized and unsterilized garden soil and also sterilized and unsterilized organic soil. Strains CPG24 and GIA13a was inoculated into four different medias on first day of rice germination as much as 0,2; 0,4; and 0,6 gram fresh weight for each strain. The effect of Nostoc strain to rice germination was evaluated by using vegetative parameters, including plant height, root lenght, fresh and dry weight. The statistic result showed that media gave effect for rice germination. Application of three variations of inoculum from both strains only gave effect on sterilized organic soil. Variations of inoculum of CPG24 and GIA13a strains had significant effect (P<0,05) to increase plant height and root lenght of plants in sterilized organic soil."

"Asam kojat merupakan metabolit sekunder yang dihasilkan oleh kapang genus Aspergillus dan Penicillium. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh fase pencampuran dan konsentrasi inokulum kultur Aspergillus oryzae dan Aspergillus tamarii terhadap produksi asam kojat. Perhitungan konsentrasi asam kojat dilakukan menggunakan metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 268 nm. Variasi fase pencampuran dan konsentrasi inokulum kultur kapang dilakukan secara bertahap. Fase pencampuran yang diteliti yaitu pada awal prakultur, awal fase log, dan akhir fase log. Sedangkan variasi konsentrasi inokulum kultur kapang yang diteliti yaitu 1:1, 2:3, dan 3:2 (A. oryzae : A. tamarii). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil konsentrasi asam kojat tertinggi dalam stirred-bioreactor diperoleh pada kultur fermentasi dengan fase pencampuran awal prakultur dan konsentrasi inokulum kultur kapang 1:1 dengan nilai 0,3436 g/L. Efisiensi dari proses fermentasi ditentukan dengan menghitung nilai yield asam kojat dibandingkan jumlah sukrosa didalam medium fermentasi, dimana didapatkan nilai yield tertinggi 0,0127 g/g.

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Kojic acid is a secondary metabolite produced by the mold of genus Aspergillus and Penicillium. This research aimed to analyze the effect of mixing phase and inoculum concentration of Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus tamarii cultures on kojic acid production. The levels of kojic acid were determined by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method at 268 nm wavelength. The variation of mixing phase and inoculum concentration of mold cultures was carried out gradually. The mixing phase studied was at the beginning of preculture, the beginning of the log phase and the end of the log phase. Meanwhile, the variation of inoculum concentration were 1:1, 2:3 and 3:2 (A. oryzae : A. tamarii).

The results showed that the highest concentration of kojic acid in stirred-bioreactor was obtained in fermentation cultures with the beginning of preculture of mixing phase using 1:1 ratio inoculum, which produced 0.3436 g/L of kojic acid. The efficiency of fermentation process is determined by calculating the yield of kojic acid compared to the amount of sucrose in fermentation medium, and the highest result of yield value is 0.0127 g/g."

"[Sekitar 58,9% penduduk Indonesia bergantung pada tangki septik untuk mengolah tinja, namun 90% dari IPLT yang ada tidak beroperasi dengan baik. Anaerobic digestion (AD) adalah teknologi alternatif yang dapat menggantikan sistim saat ini, namun dibutuhkan inokulum yang sesuai agar dapat mengolah lumpur tinja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pencampuran inokulum cairan rumen sapi (R) dan feses sapi (F) ke dalam lumpur tinja, dan penambahan co-substrat serbuk kayu (SK) dan daun kering (DK) terhadap pembentukan gas metana. Metode yang digunakan adalah biochemical methane potential (BMP). Batasan yang digunakan adalah massa inkubasi 28 hari, suhu inkubator 35oC, rasio substrat/inokulum (RSI) 1:2, sampel triplo, dan volume efektif 50%. Substrat lumpur tinja memiliki karakteristik COD 8,99 g/L, TS 8,1 g/L, VS 7,1 g/L, dan C/N 15,2. Hasil kombinasi substrat lumpur tinja dengan co-substrat SK dan DK menghasilkan nilai C/N 24,6 dan 16,8. Dari hasil uji BMP 28 hari, potensi gas metana RSK dan RDK adalah 60,5 dan 51,5 mLCH4/gVS. Kombinasi feses sapi, FSK dan FDK, menghasilkan 1,7 dan 37,7 mLCH4/gVS. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah inokulum (R) memiliki potensi menghasilkan gas metana lebih besar ketimbang (F), dan campuran co-substrat tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap pembentukan gas metana.

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About 58,9% of Indonesian‟s people rely on septic tank to process fecal waste, but 90% of fecal treatment facilities doesn't function properly. Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is an alternative technology than could replace the existing system, but it requires a compatible inoculum to digest fecal sludge waste. This research aims to determine the effects of adding inoculum from cow's rumen fluid (R) and cow‟s feces (F) into fecal sludge, and also determine the effect of combination of sawdust (SK) and dried leaves (DK) to the methane gas production. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) method is used in this research. The research frameworks consist of 28 days incubation period, incubator temperature of 35oC, 1:2 substrate-to-inoculum ratios (RSI), triplicate sample and 50% effective volume. The sewage sludge characteristics are COD 8,99 g/L, TS 8,1 g/L, VS 7,1 g/L and C/N 15,2. The combination of fecal sludge substrate with sawdust co-substrate and dried leaves yields C/N value of 24,6 and 16,8 respectively. The results of this research are the combination of rumen with RSK and RDK yields 60,5 dan 51,5 mLCH4/gVS respectively. The combination of cow feces with FSK and FDK yields 1,7 dan 37,7 mLCH4/gVS. This experiment concluded that inoculum (R) has the highest methane production compare to (F) and the combination of co-substrate (SK) and (DK) has little influence in methane gas production., About 58,9% of Indonesian‟s people rely on septic tank to process fecal waste, but 90% of fecal treatment facilities doesn‟t function properly. Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is an alternative technology than could replace the existing system, but it requires a compatible inoculum to digest fecal sludge waste. This research aims to determine the effects of adding inoculum from cow‟s rumen fluid (R) and cow‟s feces (F) into fecal sludge, and also determine the effect of combination of sawdust (SK) and dried leaves (DK) to the methane gas production. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) method is used in this research. The research frameworks consist of 28 days incubation period, incubator temperature of 35oC, 1:2 substrate-to-inoculum ratios (RSI), triplicate sample and 50% effective volume. The sewage sludge characteristics are COD 8,99 g/L, TS 8,1 g/L, VS 7,1 g/L and C/N 15,2. The combination of fecal sludge substrate with sawdust co-substrate and dried leaves yields C/N value of 24,6 and 16,8 respectively. The results of this research are the combination of rumen with RSK and RDK yields 60,5 dan 51,5 mLCH4/gVS respectively. The combination of cow feces with FSK and FDK yields 1,7 dan 37,7 mLCH4/gVS. This experiment concluded that inoculum (R) has the highest methane production compare to (F) and the combination of co-substrate (SK) and (DK) has little influence in methane gas production.]"

"Bekatul merupakan salah satu produk samping dari proses penggilingan padi yang memiliki manfaat. Salah satu manfaatnya, bekatul berpotensi menjadi sumber asam lemak esensial. Hal ini dikarenakan kandungan minyak pada bekatul mengandung asam lemak tak jenuh sebanyak 80%. Ekstrak minyak bekatul memiliki banyak manfaat bagi manusia terutama pada bidang kesehatan. Salah satu manfaat dari asam lemak tak jenuh yaitu dapat menurunkan risiko penyakit kardiovaskular seperti menurunkan risiko jantung koroner. Pengayaan asam lemak tak jenuh pada bekatul dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode fermentasi padat dengan menggunakan bantuan mikroorganisme. Mikroorganisme yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu kapang Aspergillus terreus. Kandungan asam lemak tak jenuh yang dihasilkan oleh Aspergillus terreus lebih tinggi dibandingkan Aspergillus lain. Penelitain ini mengkaji pengaruh volume inokulum terhadap pengayaan asam lemak tak jenuh pada minyak bekatul dari hasil fermentasi menggunakan kapang Aspergillus terreus. Metode fermentasi yang digunakan yaitu metode fermentasi padat dengan dengan ekstraksi Bligh-Dyer termodifikasi dan instrumen Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) untuk mengetahui kandungan dari asam lemak tak jenuh pada minyak bekatul. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa volume inokulum optimum untuk memperkaya asam lemak tak jenuh pada minyak bekatul, yaitu volume inokulum sebanyak 7 mL dengan kandungan asam lemak tak jenuh meningkat dari 37,90% menjadi 41,39%.

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Bran is a by-product of the rice milling process which has benefits. One of its benefits, bran has the potential to be a source of essential fatty acids. This is because the oil content in bran contains 80% unsaturated fatty acids. Bran oil extract has many benefits for humans, especially in the health sector. The benefits of unsaturated fatty acids can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease like reducing the risk of coronary heart disease. Enrichment of unsaturated fatty acids in bran is using the solid fermentation method using the help of microorganisms. The microorganisms used in this study were Aspergillus terreus molds. The content of unsaturated fatty acids produced by Aspergillus terreus is higher than another Aspergillus. This study examines the effect of inoculum volume on the enrichment of unsaturated fatty acids in bran oil from fermentation using Aspergillus terreus molds. The fermentation method used is solid fermentation method with modified Bligh-Dyer extraction and (GC/MS) instruments to determine the content of unsaturated fatty acids in bran oil. The results of this study indicate that the optimum inoculum volume to enrich unsaturated fatty acids in bran oil, is 7 mL with unsaturated fatty acid content increased from 37.90% to 41.39%."

"Tokotrienol merupakan vitamin E tak jenuh yang memiliki bioaktivitas yang unggul. Tokotrienol dapat digunakan sebagai antioksidan, antikanker, agen neuroprotektif, dan penurun kolesterol. Salah satu sumber alami tokotrienol adalah bekatul. Bekatul merupakan produk samping yang terbuang selama proses penyosohan beras. Pengayaan senyawa bioaktif pada minyak bekatul dapat dilakukan dengan fermentasi padat menggunakan kapang Aspergillus terreus. Penelitian ini memvariasikan volume inokulum kapang yang ditambahkan pada proses fermentasi sebesar 1; 3; 5; 7; dan 9 mL untuk menentukan volume inokulum optimum yang menghasilkan kadar tokotrienol maksimum. Volume inokulum berpengaruh pada hasil metabolisme kapang dalam meningkatkan senyawa bioaktif pada minyak bekatul yang difermentasi. Hasil uji minyak bekatul menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis didapatkan volume inokulum optimum sebesar 5 mL dengan perolehan tokotrienol 4509,91 ppm. Senyawa bioaktif lainnya yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang terdapat pada minyak bekatul dianalisis menggunakan GC-MS. Sejumlah senyawa yang teridentifikasi yaitu asam pentadekanoat, 14-metil-, metil ester (C₁₇H₃₄O₂), asam heksadekanoat (C₁₆H₃₂O₂), asam 9-dodekenoat metil ester (C₁₃H₂₄O₂), dan asam oleat (C_18­H₃₄O₂).

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Tocotrienols are unsaturated vitamin E with superior bioactivity. Tocotrienols can be used as antioxidants, anticancer, and neuroprotective and cholesterol-lowering agents. One of the natural sources of tocotrienols is rice bran. Rice bran is a by-product that is wasted during the milling process of rice. Enrichment of bioactive compounds in rice bran oil can be done by solid-state fermentation using the mold Aspergillus terreus. This study varied the volume of mold inoculum added to the fermentation process by 1; 3; 5; 7; and 9 mL to determine the optimum inoculum volume that produces maximum tocotrienol content. The volume of inoculum affects the results of mold metabolism in enriching bioactive compounds in fermented rice bran oil. The results of the rice bran oil test using spectrophotometer UV-Vis obtained an optimum inoculum volume of 5 mL with a tocotrienol content of 4509.91 ppm. Other bioactive compounds that have antioxidant activity in rice bran oil were analyzed using GC-MS. The identified compounds are pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester (C₁₇H₃₄O₂), hexadecenoic acid (C₁₆H₃₂O₂), 9-dodecenoic acid methyl ester (C₁₃H₂₄O₂), and oleic acid (C_18­H₃₄O₂)."