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"Penelitian mengenai black stain pada permukaan email gigi masih jarang dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membedakan kuantitas Actinomyces di saliva anak dengan dan tanpa black stain pada permukaan email gigi. Subyek dipilih dari anak usia 4-11 tahun dengan dan tanpa black stain. Sampel saliva diambil dengan menginstruksi kepada subyek untuk meludah ke dalam container steril dan dimasukkan ke dalam plastik steril yang mengandung Oxoid Anaerob Gas pack untuk menjaga kondisi anaerob. Di laboratorium dilakukan pengenceran berseri dan dimasukkan ke dalam cawan petri yang telah mengandung Actinomyces Isolate Agar. Cawan petri dimasukkan ke dalam anaerob jar dan diinkubasi. Hasil biakan di cawan petri, dilakukan lagi pemeriksaan pewarnaan gram, lalu dihitung dengan metode colony forming unit. Hasil penghitungan dilakukan analisa dengan uji-t dua kelompok tidak berpasangan dengan batas kemaknaan p ≤ 0.05 dan disimpulkan bahwa kuantitas Actinomyces di saliva anak dengan dan tanpa black stain di permukaan email gigi berbeda tidak bermakna.

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Studies about black stain at the surface of tooth enamel is infrequently did. The aim of this study is to differentiate the quantity of Actinomyces on saliva of children with and without black stain at the surface of tooth enamel. Subject is chosen from children aged 4-11 years old with and without black stain. Saliva taken by instructing subject to expectorate into a steryl container and inserted into a steryl plastic with Oxoid anaerob Gas pack to keep the anaerob condition when transported to laboratorium. In Laboratory, serial dilution was done and sample was inserted into a plate which contains Difco Actinomyces Isolate agar. Put the plate into an anareob jar and incubated in incubator. From the plate, subculture identification was did to identify the morphology of Actinomyces. The colony of Actinomyces on the plate was count with colony counter using the colony forming unit method. The result was analyzed with t-test two group unpaired with p ≤ 0.05 and concluded that the quantity of Actinomyces on children?s saliva with and without black stain of the enamel surface is differ unmeaningful."

"ABSTRAKRuang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian: Mikoflora yang merupakan bagian dari plak yang melekat di permukaan gigi dan tumbuh dalam biakan anaerob adalah jamur Actinomyces. Di Indonesia, penelitian terhadap mikoflora Actinomyces sebagai bagian dari komposisi plak belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan prevalensi Actinomyces pada plak di dalam kavitas karies, kalkulus dan permukaan utuh gigi; apakah terdapat perbedaan prevalensi menurut lokalisasi plak pada permukaan gigi. Bahan pemeriksaan diambil dari penderita yang datang ke Laboratorium Ilmu Penyakit Mulut FKGUI. Bahan pemeriksaan adalah kerokan jaringan karies di bagian 2/3 oklusal dan bagian 1/3 servikal, kerokan kalkulus supragingiva dan subgingiva, serta kerokan plak pada permukaan utuh gigi. Bahan pemeriksaan dikelompokkan menurut macam penderita, yakni penderita karies (I), penderita kalkulus (II), dan penderita karies dan kalkulus (III). Bahan tersebut dibiak dan diisolasi secara anaerob dalam medium BHI cair. Hasil biakan dianggap positif berdasarkan morfologi sal, dan bentuk makrokoloni dan mikrokoloni Actinomyces sp.Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Telah diperiksa 65 penderita karies dan/atau kalkulus. Pada kelompok I dan II, mikoflora Actinomyces lebih sering ditemukan pada plak di permukaan utuh gigi (14,8% dan 13,3%). Pada kelompok III, Actinomyces lebih sering ditemukan pada plak di dalam kavitas karies di bagian 1/3 servikal (23%). Berdasar lokalisasi plak, pada setiap kelompok tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang bermakna prevalensi Actinomyces. Mikoflora yang ditemukan dari isolasi anaerob sebagian besar (90,7%) adalah Actinomyces AR. yang fakultatif anaerob.

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ABSTRACT

Scope and Method of Study: The mycoflora isolated from dental plaques and grown anaerobically are fungi which belong to the genus Actinomyces. In Indonesia, the study of Actinomyces sp. as a part in the composition of dental plaque has not been reported. This study was taken to determine the prevalence of Actinomyces as a part of dental plaque the cavity of caries, on calculus and in the plaque deposited on the smooth teeth surface, whether the prevalence differ according to the location of the plaque. The clinical materials were taken from patients who attended the Laboratory of Oral Medicine of the School of Dentistry of the University of Indonesia. The materials are caries tissues taken from 2/3 occlusal and 1/3 cervical of the tooth, curettage of supragingival and subgingival calculus and from plaques deposited on the smooth teeth surface. The material was divided into three groups according to the condition of the patients: the patients with caries (I), patients with calculus (II), and patients with both caries and calculus {III). The samples were cultured on BHI broth and isolated anaerobically. The identification of positive cultures was based on the morphology of the cell, as well as by studying the shape of macro and microcolonies.

Findings and Conclusions: A total of 65 patients had been observed. In group I and II, Actinomyces sp. was found most frequently on plaques of the smooth teeth surface (14,8 % and !3,3 %, respectively). In group III, Actinomyces sp. was most frequent on plaques in the cavity of caries at 1/3 cervical part of the teeth {23 %). There were no significant difference on the prevalence of Actinomyces sz. in the third group in relation to the location of the plaque. The majority of the mycoflora (90,7 %) isolated anaerobically are facultative anaerobic Actinomyces sp."

"Latar belakang: Black stain sering ditemukan pada anak dan tingkat rekurensinya tinggi. Dibutuhkan bahan antibakteri untuk mematikan bakteri Actinomyces penyebab black stain. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan viabilitas bakteri Actinomyces sp. setelah berkumur dengan chlorine dioxide dan klorheksidin. Metode Penelitian: Bakteri Actinomyces didapat dari plak black stain anak sebelum dan sesudah berkumur chlorine dioxide dan klorheksidin. Kemudian dilakukan uji viabilitas dengan MTT assay. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan selisih viabilitas bakteri Actinomyces sp. sebelum dan sesudah berkumur dengan chlorine dioxide dan klorheksidin. Kesimpulan: Penggunaan obat kumur chlorine dioxide menyebabkan penurunan viabilitas bakteri Actinomyces sp. yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan klorheksidin.

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Background: Black stain is often found in children and the recurrence rate is high. Antibacterial agent is needed to kill Actinomyces sp. causing black stain.

Aim: To compare Actinomyces sp. bacterial viability differences before and after rinsing with chlorine dioxide and chlorhexidine.

Method: Actinomyces sp. was obtained from black stain plaque in children before and after rinsing with chlorine dioxide and chlorhexidine. Bacterial viability was measured using MTT assay.

Results: Significant differences in Actinomyces sp. bacterial viability was found when rinsing with chlorine dioxide and chlorhexidine.

Conclusion: Using mouthrinse containing chlorine dioxide resulted in reducing Actinomyces sp. bacterial viability."

"Latar belakang: Black stain merupakan salah satu tipe stain ekstrinsik yangdapat mengenai gigi sulung dan puncaknya terjadi pada masa kanak-kanak lalumenurun prevalensinya saat pubertas dan mencapai dewasa. Salah satu etiologidari black stain adalah bakteri Actinomyces dalam jumlah yang melebihi batasnormal pada anak. Obat kumur klorheksidin merupakn salah satu agen bakteriyang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Actinomyces viscosus. Obat kumurchlorine dioxide dapat membunuh mikroorganisme patogen spektrum luas sepertibakteri, sedangkan penggunaan bahan alam sebagai salah satu alternatif obatkumur virgin coconut oil (VCO) dengan kandungan asam laurat dan monolaurinyang tinggi dapat membunuh bakteri gram positif dan gram negatif. Tujuan:Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek agen antibakteri klorheksidin,chlorine dioxide dan VCO terhadap waktu pembentukan, klasifikasi dan viabilitasbakteri Actinomyces penyebab black stain pada anak yang dilakukan pada 3 kalikunjungan. Metode penelitian: Penelitian dilakukan pada 15 anak yang dibagimenjadi 3 kelompok berkumur oil pulling dengan klorheksidin 0,1%, chlorinedioxide 0,1% dan VCO 25%. Hasil: Obat kumur klorheksidin 0,1%, chlorinedioxide 0,1% dan VCO 25% dapat memperpanjang waktu pembentukan blackstain kembali. Terdapat kecenderungan penurunan nilai klasifikasi (Gasparetto etal.) pada obat kumur klorheksidin 0,1%, chlorine dioxide 0,1% dan VCO 25%dari kunjungan 1, 2 dan 3. Obat kumur klorheksidin 0,1%, chlorine dioxide 0,1%dan VCO 25% efektif dalam menurunkan viabilitas bakteri Actinomyces yangbanyak dikaitkan sebagai faktor etiologi black stain. Kesimpulan: Obat kumurVCO 25% dapat direkomendasikan sebagai salah satu alternatif obat kumurberbahan dasar herbal yang dapat menghambat koagregasi dan pembentukan plak

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Background: Black stain is one type of extrinsic stain that can affect the

deciduous teeth and peak occurs in childhood then decreases its prevalence at

puberty and reaches adulthood. One of the etiologies of black stain is Actinomyces

in numbers that exceed the normal limits in children. Chlorhexidine mouthwash is

one of the bacterial agents that can inhibit bacterial growth of Actinomyces

viscosus. Chlorine dioxide mouthwash can kill broad-spectrum pathogenic

organisms such as bacteria, while the use of natural ingredients as an alternative

virgin coconut oil (VCO) with high lauric acid and monolaurin content can kill

gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Aim: The study was conducted to

investigate the effect of antibacterial agent of chlorhexidine, chlorine dioxide and

VCO on formation time, difference of classification and viability of Actinomyces

that cause black stain on children performed on 3 visits. Methods: The study was

conducted on 15 children divided into 3 groups of gargling oil pulling with 0.1%

chlorhexidine, 0.1% chlorine dioxide and 25% VCO. Result: 0.1% chlorhexidine

0.1% chlorine dioxide and 25% VCO can extend the formation time of black stain.

There is tendency to decrease the classification value (Gasparetto et al.) on 0.1%

chlorhexidine, 0.1% chlorine dioxide and 25% VCO from 3 visits. 0.1%

chlorhexidine, 0.1% chlorine dioxide and 25% VCO are effective in reducing

Actinomyces viability, which is widely associated as an etiology factor.

Conclusion: 25% VCO mouthwash can be recommended as an alternative to

herbal based mouthwash that can inhibit coaggregation, plaque and black stain

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"Latar Belakang: Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans merupakan dua mikroba rongga mulut yang mengalami koagregasi dan membuat biofilm dual-spesies, menjadi suatu mekanisme untuk membantu keselamatan mereka. Actinomyces naeslundii juga dapat dijumpai dalam lingkungan oral dan telah dibuktikan dapat menjadi inhibitor biofilm tersebut. Spent medium mengandung metabolit sel, sehingga filtrasi medium tersebut dapat menuju pada perolehan protein tanpa adanya sel mikroba.Tujuan: Mengevaluasi efek protein yang disekresikan Actinomyces naeslundii terhadap biofilm koagregasi Streptococcus mutans dan Candida albicans. Metode: Analisa kualitatif dengan observasi inverted microscope dan observasi koloni mikroba dalam agar BHI, serta SDA. Analisa kuantitatif melalui uji statistik dan observasi data uji biomassa dengan Crystal Violet Assay dan viabilitas dengan Total Plate Count, yang dilakukan dalam agar BHI dan SDA. Eksperimen dilakukan dengan variabel independen waktu inkubasi 3 jam (fase inisial), 24 jam (fase pre-maturasi), dan 48 jam (fase maturasi), serta konsentrasi protein 1%, 10%, dan 100%. Hasil: Perbedaan bermakna secara statistik hanya ditemukan pada komparasi biomassa berdasarkan waktu inkubasi 3 jam-48 jam pada konsentrasi protein 1% dan 3 jam-48 jam, serta 34 jam-48 jam dengan konsentrasi protein 10%. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna secara statistik pada biomassa berdasarkan konsentrasi protein, maupun viabilitas berdasarkan waktu inkubasi atau konsentrasi protein. Kesimpulan: Protein Actinomyces naeslundii dapat reduksi biomassa biofilm koagregasi Streptococcus mutans dan Candida Albicans pada fase inisial pembentukan biofilm, tanpa reduksi jumlah koloni mikroba. Diasumsikan terjadi reduksi komponen matriks EPS, tanpa reduksi sel mikroba.

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Background: Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are oral microbes that can coaggregate into a dual-species biofilm, creating a mechanism to help their survival. Actinomyces naeslundii can also be discovered in the oral microflora, and proven to act as an inhibitor towards said biofilm. Spent medium contains cell metabolites, so that if filtered, said medium can lead to protein acquisition without the presence of microbes.

Purpose: To examine the effect of proteins secreted from Actinomyces naeslundii towards the coaggregated biofilm of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.

Methods: Qualitative analysis through inverted microscope and direct observation of microbial colonies on BHI and SDA agar mediums. Quantitative analysis was done statistically and by observing data discovered from biomass evaluation with Crystal Violet assay and viability testing with Total Plate Count on BHI and SDA agar. The experiment was carried out with the independent variables being the incubation period of 3 hours (initial phase), 24 hours (pre-maturation phase), and 48 hours (maturation phase), along with protein concentrations of 1%, 10%, and 100%.

Results: Statistically significant difference during biomass comparison of 3 and 48 hours with 1% protein concentration, as well as 3 and 48 hours, 24 and 48 hours with 10% protein concentration. No other statistical differences were found.

Conclusion: Actinomyces naeslundii protein can reduce the biomass of coaggregated Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans biofilm during the initial stage of biofilm formation, without reducing microbial colonies. It is assumed that there is reduction in EPS matrix components, without microbial cell reduction."