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"Analisis petrofisika dilakukan untuk mendapatkan parameter-parameter petrofisika seperti kandungan lempung, porositas dan saturasi air, yang berguna untuk karakterisasi batuan reservoar. Berdasarkan data sumur 17 dan 50, Reservoar yang akan diteliti berada pada kedalaman 3328.50 hingga 3469 feet yang merupakan formasi missisauga tengah yang batuannya didominasi oleh batuan pasir. Dari perhitungan analisis petrofisika, didapatkan nilai kandungan lempung berkisar antara 13%-36%, porositas berkisar antara 16%-23% dan saturasi air berkisar antara 39%-53%. Analisis petrofisika hanya mampu memberikan informasi tentang karakter reservoar secara vertikal. Untuk itu itu perlu dilakukan analisis multiatribut seismik. Dengan analisis mulitatribut seismik persebaran parameter petrofisika seperti kandungan lempung, porositas dan saturasi air pada volum seismik bisa didapatkan. Atribut yang digunakan adalah sampled-based attributes dan inversi seismik sebagai eksternal atribut. Penggunaan Neural network dapat meningkatkan korelasi antara nilai log prediksi dengan nilai log sebenarnya hingga mencapai nilai 0.98.

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Analysis petrophysical result can provide vertical information about the character of the reservoir. However, this method lacking in the horizontal resolution. so we can provide 3D information from analysis multiatribut. Shaly sand rock in Norwegia field is an area that has potential as a reservoir. Petrophysical parameters that will be studied in this thesis, such as clay content, porosity and water saturation. From the petrophysical analysis calculation , the value obtained clay content ranged from 13%-36%, porosity ranged from 16%-23% and a water saturation ranged from 39%-53%. Petrophysical parameters throughout the seismic volume will be predicted using multiatribut analysis. Linear sparse spike inversion results will be used as an external atribute on multiatribut analysis. The use of Neural Network aims to improve the correlation between the log predictive value with the actual value . Results from the log input will be spread throughout the seismic volume to get a pseudo volume."

"[ABSTRAK Lapangan-X merupakan lapangan gas di Cekungan Kutai yang dikembangkan sejak tahun 1986. Reservoar lapangan-X merupakan endapan delta Miosen akhir yang berlapis, dimana dikarakterisasikan oleh formasi yang didominasi oleh lempung. Perselingan antara batupasir dan batuserpih menghasilkan heterogenitas porositas yang cukup tinggi. Salah satu metode yang efektif dalam mengatasi tingkat heterogenitas yang tinggi adalah dengan metode Artificial Neural Network (ANN). ANN menggunakan algoritma Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) mampu mendiskriminasikan daerah yang memiliki sebaran porositas yang tinggi dan rendah dengan baik pada zona Fresh Water Sand (FWS) lapangan-X dibanding dengan metode Multiatribut linier yang cenderung merupakan nilai sebaran porositas rata-rata. Nilai korelasi hasil prediksi terhadap target menggunakan metode PNN mencapai 0.8610 dengan rata-rata kesalahan (average error) sebesar 0.0283, sementara nilai korelasi hasil metode Multiatribut linier hanya sebesar 0.7098 dengan rata-rata kesalahan (average error) sebesar 0.0398. Hasil PNN pada sayatan waktu +10 ms dari horizon FS33 berhasil mengkarakterisasikan sebaran porositas batupasir yang bersih dari lempung di bagian selatan daerah penelitian, dimana fasies pengendapan batupasir tersebut diinterpretasikan berasal dari dataran delta. Sementara sayatan waktu -10 ms dari horizon FS42, menunjukan sebaran porositas batugamping dengan fasies pengendapannya diinterpretasikan berasal dari lingkungan neritik (shelf). Dari penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode PNN berhasil menggambarkan sebaran porositas batuan di zona Fresh Water Sand (FWS) lapangan-X dengan baik sehingga hasil prediksi penyebaran yang dilakukan mampu mendekati data- data sumuran.

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ABSTRACT X-field is a gas field in Kutai Basin and it has been developed since 1986. Reservoir of X-field is a multi layered upper Miocene deltaic deposits and characterized by a shaly formation. A highly intercalation between sand & shale unit in X-field has been contributed to the heterogeneity of porosity in the area. One of the effective methods to spatially quantify such heterogeneity of porosity is by using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). ANN with Probability Neural Network (PNN) algorithm has been successfully retained more dynamic range, high and low frequency porosity content, compare to the Multiattributes linear which is tend to show a smoothed, or more averaged prediction. The correlation value from PNN methods can be up to 0.8610 with average error is 0.0283, while correlation value from Multiattribute linear only up to 0.7098 with average error is 0.0398. The time slice of PNN result at +10ms from horizon FS33 has been clearly figured out an accumulation of high porosity in the southern area of the interval target which is indicated as a clean sand lithology based on sensitivity analysis. And such accumulation has formed a distributaries channel trend which is interpreted as delta plain deposits. Meanwhile, the time slice of PNN result at - 10 ms from horizon FS42 has indicated a carbonate lithology which is interpreted as shelf deposits. From this study, it?s concluded that PNN algorithm as a nonlinear function has been successfully showed a better porosity distribution in the Fresh Water Sand (FWS) zone of X-field.;X-field is a gas field in Kutai Basin and it has been developed since 1986. Reservoir of X-field is a multi layered upper Miocene deltaic deposits and characterized by a shaly formation. A highly intercalation between sand & shale unit in X-field has been contributed to the heterogeneity of porosity in the area. One of the effective methods to spatially quantify such heterogeneity of porosity is by using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). ANN with Probability Neural Network (PNN) algorithm has been successfully retained more dynamic range, high and low frequency porosity content, compare to the Multiattributes linear which is tend to show a smoothed, or more averaged prediction. The correlation value from PNN methods can be up to 0.8610 with average error is 0.0283, while correlation value from Multiattribute linear only up to 0.7098 with average error is 0.0398. The time slice of PNN result at +10ms from horizon FS33 has been clearly figured out an accumulation of high porosity in the southern area of the interval target which is indicated as a clean sand lithology based on sensitivity analysis. And such accumulation has formed a distributaries channel trend which is interpreted as delta plain deposits. Meanwhile, the time slice of PNN result at - 10 ms from horizon FS42 has indicated a carbonate lithology which is interpreted as shelf deposits. From this study, it?s concluded that PNN algorithm as a nonlinear function has been successfully showed a better porosity distribution in the Fresh Water Sand (FWS) zone of X-field.;X-field is a gas field in Kutai Basin and it has been developed since 1986. Reservoir of X-field is a multi layered upper Miocene deltaic deposits and characterized by a shaly formation. A highly intercalation between sand & shale unit in X-field has been contributed to the heterogeneity of porosity in the area. One of the effective methods to spatially quantify such heterogeneity of porosity is by using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). ANN with Probability Neural Network (PNN) algorithm has been successfully retained more dynamic range, high and low frequency porosity content, compare to the Multiattributes linear which is tend to show a smoothed, or more averaged prediction. The correlation value from PNN methods can be up to 0.8610 with average error is 0.0283, while correlation value from Multiattribute linear only up to 0.7098 with average error is 0.0398. The time slice of PNN result at +10ms from horizon FS33 has been clearly figured out an accumulation of high porosity in the southern area of the interval target which is indicated as a clean sand lithology based on sensitivity analysis. And such accumulation has formed a distributaries channel trend which is interpreted as delta plain deposits. Meanwhile, the time slice of PNN result at - 10 ms from horizon FS42 has indicated a carbonate lithology which is interpreted as shelf deposits. From this study, it’s concluded that PNN algorithm as a nonlinear function has been successfully showed a better porosity distribution in the Fresh Water Sand (FWS) zone of X-field., X-field is a gas field in Kutai Basin and it has been developed since 1986. Reservoir of X-field is a multi layered upper Miocene deltaic deposits and characterized by a shaly formation. A highly intercalation between sand & shale unit in X-field has been contributed to the heterogeneity of porosity in the area. One of the effective methods to spatially quantify such heterogeneity of porosity is by using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). ANN with Probability Neural Network (PNN) algorithm has been successfully retained more dynamic range, high and low frequency porosity content, compare to the Multiattributes linear which is tend to show a smoothed, or more averaged prediction. The correlation value from PNN methods can be up to 0.8610 with average error is 0.0283, while correlation value from Multiattribute linear only up to 0.7098 with average error is 0.0398. The time slice of PNN result at +10ms from horizon FS33 has been clearly figured out an accumulation of high porosity in the southern area of the interval target which is indicated as a clean sand lithology based on sensitivity analysis. And such accumulation has formed a distributaries channel trend which is interpreted as delta plain deposits. Meanwhile, the time slice of PNN result at - 10 ms from horizon FS42 has indicated a carbonate lithology which is interpreted as shelf deposits. From this study, it’s concluded that PNN algorithm as a nonlinear function has been successfully showed a better porosity distribution in the Fresh Water Sand (FWS) zone of X-field.]"

"Penelitian tentang pengaruh penambahan cover flux berbahan utama garam lokal terhadap porositas dan sifat mekanik pada peleburan paduan aluminium AC3A telah terlaksana dengan baik. Pada penelitian ini pembuatan fluks dengan memanfaatkan garam yang berasal dari dalam negeri dengan bahan – bahan pendukung lainnya yaitu natrium sulfat, natrium nitrat, dan natrium silikofluorida. Tahapan pembuatan cover flux meliputi pengayakan, pencampuran, pemanasan, pengeringan, dan pengayakan kedua. Karakterisasi SEM, EDS, DSC, Pengujian Berat Jenis, dan XRD dilakukan pada sampel cover flux yang sudah dibuat menunjukan proses dan produk yang dihasilkan menunjukan reaksi yang efektif dan dapat diaplikasikan pada peleburan aluminium. Kemudian sampel cover flux yang sudah dibuat ditambahkan dalam peleburan aluminium AC3A, setelah itu dilakukan karakterisasi hasil peleburannya. Karakterisasi OES menunjukan tipe aluminium yang digunakan untuk penelitian adalah Aluminium AC3A. Setelah itu dilakukan pengujian fluiditas dengan mesin PoDFA yang menunjukan bahwa fluiditas aluminium cair setelah ditambahkan cover flux menunjukan hasil yang lebih baik. Pengujian porositas dilakukan dengan OSTEK Porosity Tester menunjukan setelah penambahan persentase porositas pada hasil peleburan menurun. Pengujian tarik dan impak yang dilakukan menunjukan produk peleburan aluminium setelah ditambahkan cover flux memiliki sifat mekanik yang lebih baik dibanding yang tidak ditambahkan.

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Research on the effect of adding a cover flux made from local salt to the porosity and mechanical properties of the AC3A aluminum alloy smelting has been carried out well. In this study, flux was made by utilizing domestically sourced salt with other supporting materials, such as sodium sulfate, sodium nitrate, and sodium silicon fluoride. The stages of making cover flux include sieving, mixing, heating, drying, and second sieving. Characterization of SEM, EDS, DSC, Specific Gravity Testing, and XRD were carried out on the cover flux samples that had been made, showing the processes and products that produced an effective reaction and could be applied to aluminum casting. Then the cover flux sample that has been added to the AC3A aluminum casting, after that characterization of the smelting results is carried out. OES characterization shows the type of aluminum used for research is Aluminum AC3A. After that, testing the fluidity with the PoDFA machine, it shows that the fluidity of aluminum after adding cover flux shows better results. Porosity testing was carried out with the OSTEK Porosity Tester, which showed a decrease of porosity percentage in the AC3A casting results. Tensile and impact tests showed that the aluminum product after the addition of cover flux had better mechanical properties than those that were not added."

"ABSTRAKDi daerah penelitian dan sekitarnya, reservoir karbonat pada Formasi Kujung adalah salah satu target eksplorasi. Salah satu syarat batuan karbonat sebagai reservoir yaitu harus mempunyai porositas dan permeabilitas yang baik agar mampu menyimpan dan mengalirkan hidrokarbon. Semakin besar angka porositas berarti pori-pori di dalam batuan tersebut semakin banyak, selain itu pori-pori yang saling terkoneksi akan meningkatkan permeabilitas batuan. Pengetahuan dan pemahaman mengenai porositas pada batuan karbonat dan penyebarannya sangat penting dalam eksplorasi. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan indentifikasi sebaran porositas Formasi Kujung I dengan metode penerapan aplikasi atribut pada data seismik 3D yang meliputi inversi, anttrack serta spectral decomposition. Berdasarkan penerapan atribut seismik tersebut, disimpulkan bahwa pada zona target porositas berkembang baik, selain itu ditemukan adanya fenomena low frequency shadow zone yang dapat digunakan sebagai indicator hidrokarbon pada zona target tersebut. Dengan adanya dua parameter yaitu porositas serta indikator hidrokarbon, pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa zona target sangat potensial sebagai reservoar yang mengandung hidrokarbon dan dapat dikembangkan sebagai target eksplorasi.

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ABSTRACTStudy area and its surroundings, carbonate reservoir of Kujung Formation is one of the exploration target. The requirements of carbonate rock as a reservoir is must have a good porosity and permeability. Higher number of porosity it is mean there are lot of the pores in the rock, and also interconnected lot of pores will be increased permeability. So the carbonate rock with good porosity and permeability will be able to store and flow hydrocarbons. Knowledge and understanding of porosity in carbonaterocks and the distribution is very important in exploration. In this research, theidentification of the distribution of porosity Kujung I Formation is using seismicattribute method. The seismic attribute application on the 3D seismic data covering the inversion, ant - track as well as the spectral decomposition. The final result of applied seismic attributes, concluded that the porosity of the target zone is well developed. The study also found the phenomenon of low frequency shadow in the target zone that could be as an indicator of hydrocarbons. With two parameters, porosity and hydrocarbon indicators, the study summarized that the target zone is a potential reservoir withhydrocarbons possibility and could be developed as an exploration target"

"Integrasi data seismik dan data sumur sangat berguna untuk rnelakukan proses karakterisasi reservoar. Kedua data tersebut digunakan pada proses seisrnik inversi untuk mentransforrnasikan data seisrnik menjadi data impedansi akustik. Data impedansi akustik menunjukan sifat tisis dari batuan yang langsung merepresentasikan litologi dari batuan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan metode inversi Constrained Sparse Spike (CSSI) pada lapangan "X" Cekungan Natuna Barat. Hasil yang didapatkan berhasil rnenunjukan daerah impedansi rendah (2500-550 gr/co"?m/S) pada daerah reservoar dengan nilai porositas berkisar antara 0.22-0.32. Analisis terintegrasi dengan menggunakan hasil invemi dan estimasi porositas menunjukan bahwa zona persebaran reservoar terkonsentrasi pada sekitar sumur yang ada dan mengarah ke bagian selatan."

"Inversi Seismik merupakan metoda untuk mendapatkan gambaran model geologi bawah permukaan dengan menggunakan data seismik sebagai data input utama dan data sumur sebagai kontrolnya. Hasil yang didapat dari metoda inversi adalah informasi yang terkandung di dalam lapisan batuan berupa impedansi (akustik atau elastik). Hasilnya berkorelasi secara kuantitatif terhadap parameter fisik pada reservoir yang terukur pada sumur, salah satunya adalah porositas. Maksud dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa penulis akan melakukan contoh pemodelan inversi AI pada reservoar di Lapangan IWR, sedangkan tujuannya adalah untuk mengestimasi porositas reservoar di daerah interest melalui pendekatan inversi seismik AI tersebut. Diharapkan nantinya dapat menentukan usulan sumur pemboran beserta justifikasinya dan memungkinkan untuk di eksplorasi lebih lanjut. Hasil penelitian yang diharapkan dari studi ini adalah bahwa penulis mampu mengintegrasikan data porositas dari beberapa sumur yang ada terhadap data seismik atribut dengan pemodelan inversi AI.

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Seismic Inversion is a method to gain a subsurface geological model with seismic data as a main input and well log data as a controller. The result of this method is a brief description about lithological impedance (acoustic or elastic). This informations are quantitatively correlable with another physical parameter on reservoar, e.g. porosity.

The aims of this study is doing a seismic inversion AI modelling on Field IWR, and the goal is estimating the reservoir porosity at the interest zone with previous inversion result.

Finally we can propose some wells with its justifications and able for further explorations. Expectation of the study is author able to integrate the porosity data of many wells into seismic attribute data with seismic inversions AI, which it can be useful for estimating reservoir porosity at other zone."

"ABSTRAKLapangan ?AS? terbukti mengandung gas dari hasil pemboran sumureksplorasi yang sudah dilakukan. Untuk memprediksi distribusi porositas padareservoar batuan karbonat yang mengandung gas digunakan metoda inversiimpedansi akustik dengan diintegrasikan interpretasi fasies pengendapan danproses diagenesa. Diharapkan dari penelitian ini bisa membantu dalammengidentifikasi penyebaran porositas dan membantu dalam menentukan lokasisumur pengembangan dengan optimal.Porositas pada batuan karbonat sangat dipengaruhi oleh fasiespengendapannya dan proses diagenesa. Analisa fasies pengendapan dan diagenesadapat digunakan untuk prediksi penyebaran porositas dengan interpretasi secarageologi/kualitatif. Untuk mendapatkan prediksi yang lebih baik makadiintegrasikan dengan interpretasi geofisika secara kuantitatif dalam hal iniAtribut Impedansi Akustik. Analisa Atribut Impedansi Akustik dilakukan denganproses inversi seismik. Inversi seismik membutuhkan model awal dimana modelawal ini akan berpengaruh terhadap hasil inversi. Dalam hal ini, model awaldibuat berdasarkan interpretasi fasies pengendapan dari data sumur maupuninterpretasi seismik serta hasil analisa proses diagenesa yang terjadi pada reservoirkarbonat dilapangan ?AS?.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa porositas batuan karbonat dilapangan ?AS? dapat diprediksi dengan baik melalui inversi Impedansi Akustik.Prediksi porositas dari impedansi akustik diintegrasikan interpretasi fasiespengendapan dan diagenesa dapat memprediksi penyebaran porositas di lapangan?AS?dengan lebih optimal

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Abstract?AS? field was already proved to contain gas from previous drilling of theexploration wells. To predict the distribution of porosity in carbonate reservoirrocks containing gas, acoustic impedance inversion method is applied integratedwith depositional facies and diagenetic processes interpretation. It was expectedthat the research could help to identify porosity development in the carbonatereservoir and assist in determining optimally the location of the developmentwellsPorosity in carbonate rock is strongly influenced by depositional facies anddiagenetic processes. Depositional facies and diagenesis analysis can be used topredict the porosity development with a geological interpretation qualitavely. Toget a better porosity prediction, acoustic impedance attribute can be used asquantitavely interpretation which is integrated with geological interpretation.Analysis of acoustic impedance attribute is done by using seismic inversionprocess. Seismic inversion requires an initial model, which influence the inversionresults. In this case, the initial model is based on facies interpretation of well data,seismic interpretation and the results of analysis of diagenetic processes that occurin carbonate reservoir in the ?AS? field.The results of this study indicate that the porosity of carbonate rocks in the?AS? field can be predicted by acoustic impedance inversion. Prediction ofporosity distribution from acoustic impedance, which is integrated withinterpretation of depositional facies and diagenesis can be carried out moreoptimally in the ?AS? field."

"Tesis perancangan ini bertujuan menghasilkan model dan panduan rancang kota kawasan stasiun LRT dengan keterbatasan akses, yang penerapannya dapat diduplikasi pada konteks serupa. Pendekatan area area transit yang berbasis pada konsep Porosity terhadap kondisi eksisting struktur ruang kawasan berupa Junction digunakan dalam tesis perancangan ini. Pertanyaan Penelitian ini adalah bagaimana konsep perancangan yang memaksimalkan potensi Junction Porosity berkontribusi dalam perancangan kota dan pengembangan kawasan di Cibubur. Metode perancangan yang dipakai dalam penelitian perancangan ini adalah dengan pendekatan Evidence-Based Design yang dapat memberikan dimensi baru yang bersifat dinamis dan berfokus pada pengalaman manusia dalam interaksi dengan lingkungan perkotaan dengan melihat studi kasus preseden yang sudah ada. Pada akhirnya penelitian perancangan tesis ini dimaksudkan untuk  memperluas diskusi urban mengenai bahasan Junction Porosity yang dapat berkontribusi dalam menciptakan ruang-ruang kota yang lebih walkable, inklusif, adaptif, dan terhubung.

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This design thesis aims to produce a model and urban design guidelines for LRT station areas with limited access, which can be replicated in similar contexts. The approach of transit-oriented area based on the concept of Porosity applied to the existing spatial structure of the area in the form of a Junction is used in this design thesis. The research question is how the design concept that maximizes the potential of Junction Porosity contributes to urban design and area development in Cibubur. The design method used in this research is the Evidence-Based Design approach, which can provide a new dynamic dimension and focuses on human experience in interaction with the urban environment by examining existing precedent case studies. Ultimately, this design thesis research aims to expand the urban discussion on the topic of Junction Porosity, which can contribute to creating more walkable, inclusive, adaptive, and connected urban spaces."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang realisasi hasil multimaterial scaffold yang menggunakan bahan dua buah Polimer PLA (Polylactic acid) yang belum diketahui mekanikal propertinya, dengan variasi volume tertentu dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan sifat dan struktur mekanikal yang sesuai sebagai scaffold yang akan di aplikasikan dalam bone block. Variasi pengujian dilakukan dengan memberikan perbedaan volume PLA dan PLA ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan mechanical properties multimaterial scaffold yang akan dibentuk. Variasi parameter tersebut akan menghasilkan scaffold dengan porositas dan nilai elastic modulus (Em) yang di dapat melalui uji tekan (compressive test). Fabrikasi yang dilakukan menggunakan FDM (Fuse Deposition Modelling) tricolour dibantu dengan CAD software dalam proses perancangannya. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, single material scaffold dan multi material scaffold memiliki porositas berkisar 25-75%. Dan modulus elastisitas yang didapat dari pengujian tekan pada single material scaffold menujukkan untuk scaffold PLA a sebesar 62,02 Mpa dan scaffold PLA b sebesar 31,01 Mpa. Dan untuk multimaterial scaffold didapat modulus elastisitas dari 48 – 59 Mpa.

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This study discusses the realization of multi scaffold material using two polymer material PLA (Poly(lactic) acid) is not known mechanical properties, with a variation of a certain volume in order to obtain mechanical properties and structure suitable as a scaffold that will be applied in the bone block. Variations testing is done by giving the difference volume PLA α and β PLA aims to compare the mechanical properties multi material scaffold to be formed. Variations of these parameters will result in scaffold porosity and elastic modulus value (Em) in the can through the pressure test (compressive test). Fabrication is carried out using FDM (Fuse Deposition Modeling) tricolor aided by CAD software in the design process. Based on the research conducted, single and multi material scaffold material scaffold material has a porosity ranging from 25-75%. And modulus of elasticity are obtained from the test tap on single scaffold material for PLA scaffold shows amounted to 62.02 Mpa and a PLA scaffold b amounted to 31.01 Mpa. And for multi material obtained scaffold modulus of elasticity of 48-59 Mpa."