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"Mekanisme Pembangunan Bersih atau Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) adalah sebuah inisiatif di dalam Protokol Kyoto (PK) yang didesain untuk mitigasi emisi gasgas rumah kaca (GRK) yang dilakukan di negara-negara berkembang, sekaligus memfasilitasi negara-negara maju untuk memenuhi target penurunan emisinya. Instrumen CDM juga menyediakan berbagai insentif bagi negara-negara penandatangan PK seperti Indonesia. Selain meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan, negara-negara berkembang yang mengadopsi CDM dapat memperoleh manfaat-manfaat lain seperti transfer teknologi bersih, transfer keahlian, aliran masuk investasi asing, dan penghasilan dari penjualan karbon kredit atau Certified Emission Reductions (CERs), yang dihasilkan dari penurunan emisi.Indonesia memiliki potensi besar di dalam memperoleh manfaat-manfaat CDM. Pemerintah bersama Bank Dunia memperhitungkan potensi penurunan emisi GRK di Indonesia (tidak termasuk kehutanan) sebesar 25 juta ton CO2e per tahun, atau 125-300 juta ton CO2e selama periode komitmen pertama 2008-2012. Jumlah CERs yang diperhitungkan dari tujuh belas proyek CDM Indonesia yang terdaftar pada Executive Board (EB) sampai Oktober 2008 hanya sekitar 2,5 juta ton CO2e (2,5 juta CERs) per tahun. Dengan demikian terdapat kesenjangan yang sangat besar antara potensi dan perhitungan perolehan CERs. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan pelaksanaan CDM di Indonesia lamban dan menganalisis apakah upaya-upaya yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah untuk memperoleh manfaat-manfaat CDM sudah optimum. Secara umum penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan rekomendasi kebijakan kepada pemerintah guna memaksimalkan perolehan manfaat-manfaat dari CDM, terutama karena mandat PK atas pelaksanaan CDM komitmen pertama akan berakhir pada tahun 2012.

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As an initiative within the UNFCC?s Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism (?CDM?) was designed to mitigate polluting emissions in developing countries as well as to facilitate developed countries meeting their green house gas (?GHG?) reduction targets. The CDM also provides several incentives for signatories to the Kyoto Protocol such as Indonesia. Beside improving the quality of their environment, developing countries that adopt the CDM gain benefits such as the transfer of ?clean? technologies, heightened skills and expertise, inward investment, and significant revenue from the sale of "carbon credits" (Certified Emission Reductions ? ?CER?s - which result from the reduction of polluting emissions). Indonesia holds significant potential with which to secure such benefits from the CDM.The Government of Indonesia ("GOI") and the World Bank together estimate that Indonesia has the potential to mitigate 125-300MM tons of emissions (excluding forestry) during the period 2008-2012, or 25 MM tons CO2e per annum. The number of CERs projected from the seventeen Indonesian projects registered with the Executive Board (?EB?) as of October 2008 is only 2.5MM tons of CO2 (or 25 MM CERs) per annum. Thus, there is a large gap between Indonesia?s potential and the CERs that are projected to be secured. This research identifies the factors that caused the progress in implementing the CDM in Indonesia to be slow and examines whether the efforts of the GOI have been optimum in securing the CDM?s benefits. In general this research aims to provide policy recommendations that will enable the GOI to maximise the benefits that can be secured, recommendations that have become urgent given that the current mandate of the CDM under the Kyoto Protocol will expire in 2012."

"This article distills the economic and current significance contained in the political economy of J.R. Commons. It compares descriptions of his three main works that discuss “sovereignty”: A Sociological View of Sovereignty (SVS), Legal Foundations of Capitalism (LFC), and Institutional Economics (IE). Through this comparison, we find that the role of sovereignty in his theory changed dramatically. First, in the period from SVS (1899–1900) to LFC (1924), the theory of sovereignty changes significantly from the standpoint of natural rights, which imply permanence of privileged customs, to “pragmatic philosophy” of the courts, in which laws are relevant to customs at certain times and places. Second, from the manuscripts of IE (1927–1928), sovereignty is defined as comprising part principles, which relate to each other and make up the whole principle, willingness. In other words, Commons views sovereignty as one perspective, which in turn has a high capability of explaining the socioeconomic system. Additional descriptions of IE (1934) derived from its original manuscripts repeatedly emphasize the “power” of economic concerns that are equal to or exceed the power of the state, as well as the importance of the “function” of sovereignty in pragmatic investigations of economic disputes. We distill the economic and current significance of IE. First, the value theory that constructs values institutionally and collectively starts from an analysis of sovereignty and joint evaluations. Second, sovereignty cannot be separated from an analysis of economic transactions. Third, this paper concretely shows elements of a “deliberate space” in which sovereignty and economic interests act in concert"

"ABSTRAKOrang Jepang dikenal sebagai bangsa yang menghargai dan mencintai alam. Salah satu bentuk penghargaan orang Jepang terhadap alam adalah dengan adanya tradisi dan kebiasaan yang berkaitan dengan alam, salah satunya ialah kebiasaan menikmati mekarnya bunga sakura atau yang dikenal dengan hanami yang dilakukan setiap musim semi. Dalam kebiasaan ini bunga sakura dijadikan sebagai objek karena memiliki arti yang khusus bagi orang Jepang yang didukung dengan adanya sakura zensen atau ramalan mengenai mekarnya sakura di seluruh negeri. Oleh karena itu, tugas akhir ini membahas mengenai kebiasaan hanami yang merupakan wujud dari naturalisme Jepang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis dengan tinjauan pustaka dari berbagai sumber. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan teori naturalisme oleh Nakamura Hajime untuk dapat menganalisis sumber-sumber yang digunakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa orang Jepang sangat memperhatikan secara detil segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan alam, salah satunya adalah dengan adanya sakura zensen yang secara tidak langsung sebagai daya tarik bagi masyarakat untuk melakukan hanami.

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ABSTRACTJapanese people are known as their respects and loves towards nature. One form of Japanese peoples appreciation for nature is the existence of tradition and custom related to nature, one of which is the custom of enjoying the blooming of cherry blossoms or known as hanami, which is done every spring. In this custom, cherry blossoms is used as an objects because they have special meanings for Japanese people who are supported by the presence of sakura zensen or known as predictions about the blooming of cherry blossoms throughout the country. Therefore, this paper discusses the hanami custom which is a form of Japanese naturalism. This paper uses descriptive analytical methods with literature reviews from various sources. In this paper Nakamura Hajimes naturalism theory was used to analyze the sources used. The results of the study showed that Japanese people were very concerned about everything related to nature, one of which was the presence of sakura zensen which indirectly served as an attraction for the people to do hanami."

"Jumlah wisatawan Muslim yang datang ke Jepang semakin bertambah. Faktor pendorongnya adalah kebijakan bebas visa, meningkatnya jumlah fasilitas ruang sholat dan menu makanan halal, depresiasi yen yang berkaitan erat dengan biaya perjalanan murah, serta deflasi Jepang yang menyebabkan harga barang-barang cenderung stabil. Kyoto salah satu kota di Jepang yang giat menjadikan kotanya sebagai Muslim friendly city dengan menyediakan ruangan sholat, restoran halal, hotel ramah Muslim yang tersebar di beberapa lokasi. Namun konsep wisata ramah Muslim menjadi sesuatu yang dikomodifikasi sedemikian rupa untuk meraih keuntungan sebesar-besarnya.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan analisis deskriptif eksploratif yang bertujuan memberikan gambaran potensi Kyoto sebagai kota tujuan wisata halal serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memperngaruhi implementasi Muslim Friendly Tourism (MFT) untuk mendapatkan gambaran yang faktual dan akurat mengenai kecenderungan munculnya praktik-praktik komodifikasi MFT. Konsep teori yang dijadikan alat analisis untuk menghasilkan kesimpulan adalah kerangka konsep MFT oleh COMCEC dan teori komodifikasi oleh Cohen.Hasil penelitian didapatkan pertama, faktor-faktor yang memperkuat potensi Kyoto sebagai kota wisata adalah keunggulan kompetitif berupa Sumber Daya Manusianya yang kreatif dan inovatif serta keunggulan komparatif berupa lanskap kota kuno dan bentang alam yang indah. Kedua, implementasi MFT di Kyoto sudah berjalan sesuai kerangka konsep teori COMCEC yaitu key faith based needs, Demand side key themes, dan Supply side key themes. Ketiga, bukti terjadinya praktik komodifikasi MFT adalah kontradiksi antara program wisata Muslim friendly Kyoto dengan The Gay and Lesbian Guide to Japan,serta tidak adanya sinergi visi-misi antara Muslim friendly Kyoto dengan Kyoto Muslim Association.

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The number of Muslim tourists visiting Japan is increasing. The driving factor is the visa-free policy, the increasing number of prayer room facilities and halal menus, the depreciation of yen which impact to the cost of cheap travel, and Japan's deflation which causes prices of goods to be stable. Kyoto, one of the cities in Japan that actively makes its city as Muslim friendly city by providing prayer rooms, halal restaurants, Muslim-friendly hotels, are spread over several locations. But the concept of Muslim-friendly tourism is something commodified in such a way as to gain maximum profit.This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive exploratory analysis approach that aims to provide an overview of Kyoto's potential as a halal tourist destination city and identify factors that influence the implementation of Muslim Friendly Tourism (MFT) to obtain a factual and accurate picture of the tendency to emerge MFT commodification . The theoretical concept used as an analytical tool to draw conclusions is the concept of MFT by COMCEC and the commodification theory by Cohen.The results were obtained first, the factors that strengthened Kyoto's potential as a tourist city because it was supported by competitive advantages in the form of creative and innovative human resources and comparative advantages in the form of ancient city and beautiful landscapes. Second, the implementation of the MFT in Kyoto has been in line with the theoretical conceptual framework of COMCEC, namely key faith based needs, demand side key themes, and supply side key themes. Third, the evidence for the commodification of the MFT is the contradiction between the Kyoto-friendly Muslim tourism program and The Gay and Lesbian Guide to Japan, and the absence of a synergy of vision and mission between Muslim friendly Kyoto and the Kyoto Muslim Association."

"ABSTRAKKyoto telah menjadi ibukota Negara Jepang selama kurang lebih 1100 tahun. Hal inimembuat Kyoto memilki sumber daya budaya yang tidak sedikit. Bangunan-bangunantradisional yang ada di Kyoto merupakan salah satu contohnya. Namunseiring dengan perkembangan sosial-ekonomi, terdapat kekhawatiran pemerintah kotadalam mempertahankan bangunan-bangunan tradisional tersebut. Skripsi inimenjelaskan usaha-usaha yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah prefektur, pemerintahpusat (Jepang), dan internasional (melalui UNESCO) untuk mengelola sumber dayabudaya yang ada di Kota Kyoto. Penulis menggunakan 4 jenis dokumen yangdigunakan untuk melaksanakan peneltian ini. Dokumen-dokumen tersebut adalahLandscape of Kyoto (rencana tata kota dan rencana pelestarian kota), Law on theProtection of the Cultural Properties, Undang-Undang Preservasi Kota Tua (KotoHozonhou/ 古都保存法 ), dan hasil konvensi dari Convention Concerning TheProtection of The World Heritage UNESCO 1972.

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ABSTRACTKyoto has become the capital of Japan for approximately 1100 years. As a result,Kyoto possesses many cultural properties. Some of the examples are traditionalbuildings located all around Kyoto . However, as socioeconomic developmentprogresses, the municipal administration had concerns in maintaining the traditionalbuildings. This thesis explains the efforts done by Japan Prefecture government,Japan Central government, and the International government (through UNESCO) inmanaging the city of Tokyo?s cultural properties. In conducting this research, fourtypes of documents were used. The documents are Landscape of Kyoto (urbanplanning and urban preservation planning), Law on the Protection of the CulturalProperties, Law on the preservation of Old City (Koto Hozonhou/古都保存法), andthe result of the Convention Concerning The Protection of The World HeritageUNESCO 1972."