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"Noise Power Spectrum (NPS) digunakan untuk mengukur noise serta menggambarkan tekstur noise dari suatu citra medis. Kualitas citra dikatakan baik bila terhindar dari banyaknya noise. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menciptakan sebuah perangkat lunak yang dapat melakukan pengukuran NPS pada citra Computed Tomography (CT). Perancangan dilakukan dengan menggunakan Python dan hasilnya akan divalidasi terhadap ImQuest. Sampel yang diuji berupa citra fantom homogen standar yang diperoleh dari berbagai jenis CT. Region of Interest (ROI) untuk pengukuran ditentukan menjadi 3 variasi, yaitu dengan jumlah 5, 9, dan 13 ROI dengan bentuk persegi. Hasil pengukuran juga akan dibuat analisa terkait pengaruh jumlah dan posisi ROI yang digunakan. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perangkat lunak yang dibuat memiliki hasil yang mirip dengan ImQuest dengan tingkat akurasi tinggi pada tiap variasi ROI. Kurva NPS menunjukkan ketergantungan terhadap jumlah ROI. Semakin banyak ROI yang digunakan, maka kurva NPS akan semakin rendah dan noise menurun. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlu adanya penelitian lebih lanjut terkait variasi ROI seperti bentuk dan jumlah yang lebih beragam.

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Noise Power Spectrum (NPS) is used to calculate noise and represent the noise texture of a medical image. Image quality is good if it is free from a lot of noise. This study was conducted to create a software that can be used to calculate NPS on Computed Tomography image. The software is written in Python programming language and the results are validated with ImQuest. The tested sample is CT image from homogeneous phantom which is obtained from various CT type. Region of Interest (ROI) for calculation is determined into 3 variations, i.e. 5, 9, and 13 ROIs with square shape. Also, the results of calculations are analyzed related to the effect of quantity and position of ROIs. This study shows that the software has similar result with ImQuest and high accuracy in each ROIs variation. NPS curves indicate dependency on the number of ROIs. The more ROIs numbers are used, NPS curves will be lower and can reduce noise. This study also shows that there is a need for further research related to variation in ROIs, such as variety of shapes or quantity. "

"Computed Tomography (CT) Scanner merupakan alat pencitraan diagnostik yang memberikan informasi citra medis untuk menunjang pengobatan pasien, namun tanpa disadari pemanfaatan radiasinya dapat menimbulkan efek negatif pada organ sensitif sekitar. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengukur dosis organ sensitif (mata, tiroid, dan payudara) menggunakan fantom Rando pada CT Scanner area thorax. Untuk memudahkan penelitian ini, TLD rod 100 digunakan sebagai dosimeter, dimana kV dan pitch dijadikan sebagai variasi parameter penelitian. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa nilai paparan dosis tertinggi pada tiap kualitas berkas berturut-turut dari 80, 120, dan 140 kV yaitu payudara kanan (1,72±0,34 mGy), tiroid kanan (6,25±0,16 mGy), dan payudara kiri (10,78±0,76 mGy). Pada variasi pitch nilai paparan dosis tertinggi secara berturut-turut dari 4, 6, dan 8 yaitu payudara kiri (6,19±0,02 mGy), tiroid kanan (6,25±0,16 mGy), dan payudara kanan (5,08±0,85 mGy). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai dosis payudara pada CT Thorax lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan mamografi, namun keduanya tidak melebihi nilai batas dosis yang ditetapkan International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) yaitu 5 Gy.

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Computed Tomography (CT) Scanner is an instrument of medical imaging using radiation to support treatment for patient, but the radiation may give a negative effect around sensitive organs. The research meant to measure dose for sensitive organs at thorax area (eyes, thyroid, and breast) using CT Scanner with rando phantom as an object. To ease this experiment, TLD rod 100 used as dosimetry, which kV and pitch as a parameter variation. The result showed that the highest dose for kV variation upon each sequent beam quality from 80, 120, and 140 kV are right breast (1,72±0,34 mGy), right thyroid (6,25±0,16 mGy), and left breast (10,78±0,76 mGy). Towards pitch variation the highest exposure dose value in sequently from 4, 6, and 8 are left breast (6,19±0,02 mGy), right thyroid (6,25±0,16 mGy), and right breast (5,08±0,85 mGy). As a conclusion, the dose on breast from CT Thorax is higher than the one from mammography but both are bellow dose value limit from International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) which is 5 Gy."

"X-ray computed tomography (CT) has been playing an important role in current medical practice for diagnostic procedure. Beside its delicate technology, the 'hidden' software of CT image reconstruction has contributed almost half of total cost of a CT-scanner unit. Since Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) is a basic to understand an iterative method of CT image reconstruction algortihm, and since it is difficult to find a clear description of fan beam ART algorithm in university literatures, it is important to develop an own algorithm and to begin a basic systematic research of this iterative method. After a long term of trial and error work, the research had succeded in developing an ART algorithm for third generation CT image reconstruction. By comparing the result of the research with more popular technique like Filtered Back Projection (FBP), the algorithm has been proved applicable to reconstruct a low dimension object matrix (32x32 and 64x64). By the resulted computer program, then basically a simple and low cost third generation CT-scanner can be designed for medical physics or biomedical imaging research. Finding a way of shortening the massive number of iterations process then, will be able to open the possibility of using the software for higher object matrix dimensions."

"Perkiraan nilai dosis yang diterima pasien ( CTDI ) yang langsung ditampilkan pada monitor CT setiap selesai pemeriksaan akan diketahui ketepatan nilainya dengan pengukuran langsung menggunakan pencil ion chamber dan pengukuran tidak langsung menggunakan TLD (Thermolumescence Dosimeter ) yang ditempatkan pada objek phantom dan dibandingkan dengan nilai dosis referensi yang telah ditetapkan, sehingga diharapkan mendapatkan informasi nilai dosis yang sebenarnya.Analisis variasi parameter kV, mAs, dan pitch untuk menentukan berapa rentang nilai parameter optimum untuk mendapatkan nilai dosis pasien (CTDI/mAs) yang minimum namun tidak mengesampingkan kualitas pencitraan hasil CT. Scan yang baik guna menunjang diagnosa, pengukuran langsung maupun tidak langsung dengan menggunakan fantom kepala dan perut.Pengukuran tidak langsung dengan menggunakan TLD (Thermolumescence Dosimeter ) pada menunjukan hasil yang tidak jauh berbeda dengan pengukuran langsung dengan menggunakan pencil ion chamber, dapat ditunjukkan dengan hubungan sifat kelinearan antara pitch dan dosis (CTDI/mAs).

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An estimation dose (CTDI) received by the patient which is directly displayed on the CT monitor on every examination will be able to known it?s precisien by direct measurement using pencil ion chamber and the indirect measurement using TLD placed on the object (phantom) and compared with the value of dose reference, so the real dose rate will be known.

The variant analysis of kV, mAs and pitch parameters to justify the range of optimal parameter value, it is used to get the minimum patient dose rate (CTDI/mAs) while the image quality for supporting the diagnose still on the right value, directly or not directly using head and abdomen phantom.

Indirect measurement using TLD show unsignificant result if compared with the ion chamber. This value is shown by a relative variant parameter using stright pitch and dose ( CTDI/mAs)."

"Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) merupakan konsep utama dalam dosimetri CT scan. Berdasarkan rekomendasi IAEA di TRS 457, CTDI dapat diukur di udara dan di fantom khusus CTDI. Ukuran dan massa fantom cukup besar sehingga akan menyulitkan dalam mobilisasi. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pengukuran CTDI untuk mengetahui faktor fantom pesawat Siemens Sensation 64. Faktor fantom adalah perbandingan CTDIw terhadap CTDIair. Fantom yang digunakan adalah fantom berbahan polymethil methacrylic (PMMA) berdiameter 16 cm sebagai fantom kepala dan 32 cm sebagai fantom tubuh. Detektor yang digunakan adalah Xi CT Platinum dan Xi Base Unit sebagai elektrometer. Estimasi dosis efektif dihitung berdasarkan nilai CTDIair pengukuran yang dikoreksi dengan perangkat lunak ImPACT CT Dosimetry Patient Calculator version 1.0.4. Nilai faktor fantom yang diperoleh untuk fantom kepala dan tubuh secara berturut-turut ialah 0.702 dan 0.357. Estimasi dosis efektif satu fase (rata-rata ± deviasi standar) ialah: kepala rutin 2.01 ± 0.11 mSv, kepala trauma 2.53 ± 0.16 mSv, thorak 3.4 2 ± 0.79 mSv, abdomen 5.99 ± 2.16 mSv, dan pelvis 2.12 ± 0.99 mSv. Faktor konversi DLP displai scanner terhadap dosis efektif: kepala rutin 0.0021 mSv/mGy.cm, kepala trauma 0.0022 mGy.cm, thorak 0.0182 mSv/mGy.cm, abdomen 0.0151 mSv/mGy.cm, dan pelvis 0.0118 mSv/mGy.cm.

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Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) is primary dosimetric concept in CT scan. Based on IAEA TRS 457 recommendation, CTDI can be measured free in air and by using phantom. Phantom size and mass are huge, thus it will complicate the mobilization. This research conducted CTDI measurement to find out the Siemens Sensation 64 phantom factor. Phantom factor is a ratio between CTDIw over CTDIair. A Polymethyl Methacrylic (PMMA) phantom was used in this research, which has 16 cm of diameter for head phantom and 32 cm of diameter for body phantom. The Xi CT Platinum detector was used in this research and Xi base unit is as an electrometer. The estimation of effective dose was calculated using CTDIair value and ImPACT CT Dosimetry Patient Calculator version 1.0.4. In this research was found out that the phantom factors are 0.702 for head phantom and 0.357 for body phantom. The estimation of effective dose for one phase (mean ± standard deviation): head routine 2.01 ± 0.11 mSv, head trauma 2.53 ± 0.16 mSv, thorax 3.4 2 ± 0.79 mSv, abdomen 5.99 ± 2.16 mSv, and pelvis 2.12 ± 0.99 mSv. DLP on scanner display to effective dose conversion factors: head routine 0.0021 mSv/mGy.cm, head trauma 0.0022 mSv/mGy.cm, thorax 0.0182 mSv/mGy.cm, abdomen 0.0151 mSv/mGy.cm, and pelvis 0.0118 mSv/mGy.cm."

""The book offers a comprehensive and user-oriented description of the theoretical and technical system fundamentals of computed tomography (CT) for a wide readership, from conventional single-slice acquisitions to volume acquisition with multi-slice and cone-beam spiral CT. It covers in detail all characteristic parameters relevant for image quality and all performance features significant for clinical application. Readers will thus be informed how to use a CT system to an optimum depending on the different diagnostic requirements. This includes a detailed discussion about the dose required and about dose measurements as well as how to reduce dose in CT. All considerations pay special attention to spiral CT and to new developments towards advanced multi-slice and cone-beam CT. For the third edition most of the contents have been updated and latest topics like dual source CT, dual energy CT, flat detector CT and interventional CT have been added. The enclosed CD-ROM again offers copies of all figures in the book and attractive case studies, including many examples from the most recent 64-slice acquisitions, and interactive exercises for image viewing and manipulation. This book is intended for all those who work daily, regularly or even only occasionally with CT: physicians, radiographers, engineers, technicians and physicists. A glossary describes all the important technical terms in alphabetical order. The enclosed DVD again offers attractive case studies, including many examples from the most recent 64-slice acquisitions, and interactive exercises for image viewing and manipulation"--Back cover."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk konstruksi fantom Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) alternatif berbahan dasar resin epoxy yang setara dengan fantom CTDI standar IEC. Resin epoxy dicampur dengan cairan kontras berbahan iodin agar menghasilkan karakteristik radiologi yang menyerupai polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) sebagai bahan penyusun fantom CTDI standar. Sebagai uji pendahuluan, dilakukan pengujian dengan metode Dual Energy Computed Tomography (DECT) terhadap sampel campuran resin epoxy-iodin dengan konsentrasi iodin 0,10% - 0,62% (12 variasi) untuk mendapatkan nilai densitas elektron (Ie) relatif dan nomor atom efektif (Zeff) dari sampel. Fantom CTDI alternatif kemudian dibuat dengan konsentrasi iodin yang dipilih berdasarkan nilai Ie dan Zeff yang mendekati PMMA. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan uji komparasi hasil pengukuran dosis di fantom alternatif dibandingkan terhadap fantom CTDI standar sebagai referensi. Sebagai hasil uji pendahuluan, diketahui pada konsentrasi 0,46% resin epoxy (variasi 9) memiliki Ie dan Zeff dengan simpangan terhadap nilai Ie dan Zeff berturut-turut 0,12% dan 1,58%, sehingga variasi 9 dipilih sebagai komposisi fantom CTDI yang dibuat. Sebagai hasil evaluasi, didapat nilai diskrepansi dosis rata-rata sebesar 5% dan 1% dengan faktor koreksi terhadap fantom standar sebesar 0,95 dan 1,01, berturut-turut untuk fantom kepala dan tubuh. Hasil t-test antara pengukuran di fantom alternatif kepala dan tubuh dengan fantom standar di setiap energi juga menunjukkan p< 0,05 yang mengindikasikan kesetaraan performa fantom CTDI alternatif dengan fantom CTDI standar IEC.

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This study aims to construct an alternative Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) phantom based on epoxy resin which is equivalent to the IEC standard CTDI phantom. Epoxy resin was mixed with iodine-based contrast agent to produce radiological characteristics resembling polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a standard CTDI phantom. As a preliminary study, testing was carried out using the Dual Energy Computed Tomography (DECT) method on 12 variations of epoxy-iodine resin mixtures with iodine concentrations of 0.10% - 0.62% to obtain relative electron density (Ie) values ​​and effective atomic numbers (Zeff) of the samples. The alternative CTDI phantoms were then constructed with resin-iodine mixture using iodine concentrations that yields on closest Ie and Zeff values to those of PMMA. The evaluation was carried out by means of a comparative test of dose measurement results in alternative phantoms compared to the standard CTDI phantom as a reference. As a result of the preliminary study, at a concentration of 0.46% the epoxy resin (variation 9) has Ie and Zeff with a deviation against PMMA ​​of 0.12% and 1.58% respectively, so that variation 9 was chosen as the composition with which the alternative CTDI phantom was constructed. As a result of the evaluation, the average dose discrepancy values ​​obtained were 5% and 1% with a correction factor against the standard phantom of 0,95 and 1,01, respectively for the head and body phantoms. The student’s t-test result between measurements on alternative head and body phantoms against the standard phantoms at each energy also shown p <0.05 which indicates the comparability of the alternative CTDI phantom performance with the IEC-standard CTDI phantom."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan pengukuran CTDI dan dosis efektif pada 3 mesin CT dengan pengujian abdominal terhadap pasien pediatrik dan dewasa menggunakan phantom CT yang dibuat dan detector pensil CT serta electrometer RADCAL. Phantom CT dibuat berdasarkan standar US-FDA untuk CT. Pengujian Computed Tomography (CT) yang dilakukan menggunakan 2 CT phantom yang berbeda, diameter 32 cm (pasien dewasa) dan diameter 16 cm (pasien pediatrik). Pengukuran CTDI dan perhitungan dosis efektif radiasi menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dosis pasien pediatrik yang lebih tinggi signifikan dibandingkan dengan dosis pasien dewasa pada perlakuan yang sama. Hal ini menandakan pentingnya penentuan secara hati-hati parameter teknis scan dan justifikasi yang kuat terhadap penggunaan pengujian CT pada pasien pediatrik.

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A study has been performed to measure CTDI and effective dose on 3 CT machines pertinent to abdominal examination to adult and pediatric patients using fabricated CT phantom and RADCAL pencil detector and electrometer. The CT phantom was tailored according US-FDA standard. Computed tomographic (CT) examinations have been performed using two different CT phantoms, 32 cm (adult) and 16 cm (pediatric) diameter. Computed tomographic (CT) examinations and radiation effective dose showed significant higher pediatric dose as compared to adult patient dose at the same examinations. This indicates the importance of careful selection of technical scan parameters and strong justification of the use of CT examination on pediatric patient."

"Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan data profil kanalis fallopii segmen mastoid dan korda timpani sebelum operasi mastoidektomi untuk mengurangi angka morbiditas cedera kanalis fallopii akibat operasi. Metode: Pada penelitian retrospektif ini dilakukan rekonstruksi High-Resolution Computed Tomography tulang temporal terhadap 100 tulang temporal normal pada 50 pasien yang menjalani pemeriksaan CT scan kepala dan leher, yang diambil dari raw-data mulai Desember 2012 sampai Februari 2013. Rekonstruksi dilakukan dengan parameter ketebalan irisan 0,6 cm, increment 0,3 cm, Kernel filter Very Sharp (H70s), Window setting Osteo/Mastoid, menggunakan pesawat MDCT Somatom Definition Flash Dual Source 128 slice. Hasil dan diskusi: Bentuk kanalis fallopii segmen mastoid paling banyak ditemukan tipe lurus sebanyak 75%, defleksi terhadap bidang sagital dan defleksi terhadap bidang horizontal anatomi paling banyak ditemukan tidak terdapat defleksi sebanyak 62% dan 68%. Percabangan korda timpani paling banyak ditemukan intratemporal sebanyak 75%, yang tersering pada 1/3 distal kanalis fallopii segmen mastoid. Sudut korda timpani yang dibentuk korda timpani terhadap kanalis fallopii segmen mastoid paling banyak ditemukan antara 16 sampai 30 derajat sebanyak 37,3%. Ukuran korda timpani yang minimal tervisualisasi adalah 0,04 cm. Kesimpulan: Proporsi defleksi kanalis fallopii segmen mastoid terhadap bidang sagital dan horizontal adalah tidak terdapat defleksi.

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Objectives: This research was conducted to obtain profile data of mastoid segment of fallopian canal and tympanic cord before masteidectomy to reduce the morbidity rate of surgery-related fallopian canal injury.

Material and method: In this retrospective study reconstruction of High Resolution Computed Tomography of the temporal bone in 100 normal temporal bone in 50 patients who underwent a CT scan of the head and neck, were taken from the raw-data from December 2012 to February 2013. Reconstruction is done by parameters slice thickness 0,6 cm, increment 0,3 cm, Kernel filter Very Sharp (H70s), Window setting Osteo/Mastoid,using MDCT Somatom Definition Flash Dual Source 128 slice.

Result: Mastoid segment of fallopian canal commonly found type of straight as much as 75%, deflection of the sagittal plane and the horizontal field of anatomy most commonly found there was no deflection were 62% and 68%, respectively. Branching chordate tympani most commonly found intratemporal as much as 75%, which is common in 1/3 distal of mastoid segmen fallopian canal. The angled formed by chorda tympani and mastoid segment fallopian canal is most prevalent among 16 to 30 degrees as much as 37.3%. The minimum size of the chorda tympani is 0.04 cm.

Conclusion: Proportion of deflection mastoid segment facial canal of the sagittal and horizontal plane there is no deflection."

"Memberikan pelayanan medis terbaik dimana pasien dapat mendapatkan pelayanan cepat, tepat dan nyaman. Serta fasilitas, sistem pelayanan rumah sakit mengikuti perkembangan teknologi terbaru sebagai faktor kebutuhan. Jenis Penelitian Kualitatif. Arah penelitian mengenai kelayakan pengadaan alat CT Scan dianalisa dari beberapa aspek seperti Hukum, Pasar, Teknis Teknologi, Manajemen Organisasi, Keuangan. Dari kelima aspek dianalisis apakah dapat memenuhi terselenggaranya pengadaan alat.Hasil analisa didapatkan kelayakan pengadaan alat CT Scan. Dari kelima aspek didapatkan pengadaan alat CT Scan RS Hermina Palembang layak untuk diadakan. Pada pelaksanaannya, analisa ini dapat membantu untuk membuat perencanaan yang baik, guna mendukung kegiatan rumah sakit, agar bisa berjalan tepat sasaran.

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Providing good services where patients get services quickly, accurately and comfortably during treatment. And facilities, hospital services system to keep track of the latest technology as a factor requirement. It is a qualititative research. Focus on using regarding the feasibility of CT Scan equipment procurement analyzed from several aspects such as Law, Markets, Technologies Technical, Organizational Management, Financial. The five aspects analyzed whether can meet the procurement implementation.The study result indicate that Feasibility analysis results obtained CT Scan equipment procurement. The fifth aspect of the procurement of CT scans obtained Hermina Hospital Palembang deserves to be held. In practice, this analysis can help to make a good plan, in order to support the activities of the hospital."