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"Tesis ini meneliti tentang hambatan yang dihadapi Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Filipina dalam kerja sama patroli maritim trilateral (trilateral maritime patrol) di Laut Sulu dan Sulawesi dengan menggunakan kelima variabel rezim keamanan yakni norma dan prinsip, aturan main, kepentingan nasional, kekuatan politik, dan pengetahuan yang didasari oleh ancaman yang ada di kawasan Laut Sulu dan Sulawesi. Analisis tersebut memberikan hasil bahwa ketiga negara kesulitan melakukan kerja sama dikarenakan beberapa hambatan berikut: prinsip kedaulatan dalam ASEAN Way yang dianut ketiga negara justru menghambat pelaksanaan patroli, aturan main dalam TCA tidak mengikat secara hukum dan tidak mengatur perluasan hak pengejaran seketika, adanya kepentingan nasional yang tumpang-tindih membuat negara-negara lalai akan tujuan utama kerja sama, dan terdapat ketimpangan yang cukup besar dalam kekuatan politik ketiga negara. Oleh karena itu, Indonesia sebagai negara dengan insentif kerja sama terbesar perlu untuk terus mendorong kedua negara lainnya untuk segera merealisasikan kerja sama. Selain itu ketiga negara perlu menunjuk keketuaan atau koordinator secara bergiliran untuk menjamin pertanggungjawaban pelaksanaan kerja sama dan merumuskan aturan main yang lebih mengikat secara hukum.Ketiga negara juga perlu untuk bekerja sama dalam capacity building untuk membantu negara yang lebih lemah menyetarakan (jenis dan teknologi) kapal-kapal yang akan digunakan untuk patroli agar memudahkan dalam komando dan pengendaliannya.

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This thesis examines the obstacles faced by Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines in the cooperation of trilateral maritime patrols in the Sulu Sea and Sulawesi. In analyzing these obstacles, this thesis uses the five variables of the security regime: norms and principles, rules of conduct, national interests, political power, and knowledge based on the threats that exist in the Sulu and Sulawesi. The purpose of this exercise to identify the constraints that exist in the joint trilateral joint patrol cooperation between Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. This thesis finds that the three countries embrace the norms and principles of the ASEAN Way which embraces the principle of sovereignty, and as such erodes the effectiveness of cooperation. In addition, the TCA principles result in the absence of legally-binding, and the regulation of the extention of the right of hot pursuit. The over-emphasis on non-intervention in the pursuit of national interests leads tothe neglect of the main purpose of cooperation, and there is considerable imbalance in the political power of the three countries. Therefore, referring to the concept of the security regime, this cooperation will not work effectively if the variables in the regime are not met. Indonesia as a country with the largest cooperation incentives needs to continue to encourage the other two countries to immediately realize the critical significan of the cooperation. In addition, the three countries also need to appoint a coordinator to ensure the accountability of the implementation of cooperation.There is also a need to formulate more legally binding rules. Finally, the states in the region need cooperate in the capacity building that helps weaker states to equalize the type and technology of vessels to be used for patrols to facilitate command and control.

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"Tesis ini membahas mengenai preferensi kerja sama maritim terhadap isu kekerasan maritim di perairan Sulu-Sulawesi antara Indonesia dan Filipina pada tahun 2016-2020. Sebagai dua negara yang sama-sama berada di kawasan Asia Tenggara, berbentuk kepulauan-maritim, memiliki kepentingan di Laut Sulu-Sulawesi, dan memiliki identitas independen dalam politik luar negerinya, Indonesia dan Filipina faktanya memiliki preferensi kerja sama yang berbeda dalam menangani isu kekerasan maritim tersebut. Di satu sisi, Indonesia lebih memilih kerangka kerja sama maritim yang berdasarkan pada diplomasi maritim guna menghindari adanya dominasi, sedangkan Filipina di sisi lain lebih cenderung pragmatis dalam menginisiasi kerja sama dengan siapapun yang memang berpotensi memberikan kontribusi bagi pencapaian kepentingan nasional Filipina. Perbedaan preferensi kerja sama maritim kedua negara ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan Teori Peran milik Breuning, yang memiliki asumsi bahwa perilaku kebijakan luar negeri dilatarbelakangi oleh konsepsi peran nasional oleh para pembuat kebijakan yang mana dipengaruhi oleh faktor ideasional dan material. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan studi kasus komparatif. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dokumentasi, dokumen arsip, dan wawancara. Tesis ini menemukan bahwa konsepsi peran nasional mempengaruhi perbedaan preferensi kerjasama maritim di antara kedua negara yang faktanya memiliki karakteristik yang hampir sama. Dengan mengkaji seluruh faktor pembentuk konsepsi peran nasional, ditemukan bahwa Indonesia memiliki peran nasional sebagai negara independen-aktif, negara maritim, dan pemimpin kawasan, sedangkan Filipina memiliki peran nasional independen-pragmatis, negara maritim, dan kolaborator.

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This thesis discusses the preferences for maritime cooperation on the issue of maritime violence in Sulu-Sulawesi waters between Indonesia and the Philippines in 2016-2020. As two countries that are both located in the Southeast Asia region, having archipelagic-maritime nature, having interests in the Sulu-Sulawesi Sea, and having independent identities in their foreign policy, Indonesia and the Philippines, in fact, possess different preferences for maritime cooperation in dealing with the issues of maritime violence. On the one hand, Indonesia prefers a maritime cooperation framework based on maritime diplomacy to avoid domination, while the Philippines, on the other hand, tends to be pragmatic in initiating cooperation with anyone who has potential to contribute to the achievement of the Philippine‟s national interest. Differences in maritime cooperation preferences between the two countries are analyzed using Breuning's Role Theory, which assumes that foreign policy behavior of a country is driven by particular national role conceptualized by its policy makers which is influenced by both the ideational and material factors. This thesis used a qualitative method with a comparative case study. Sources of data used in this thesis are documentation, archival documents, and interview. This thesis finds that the conception of the national role affects the differences in preferences for maritime cooperation between the two countries, although both have almost the same characteristics. By examining all the factors influencing the national role conception, it is found that national role conception of Indonesia are independent-active, maritime country, and regional leader, while the national role conception of Philippines are independent-pragmatic, maritime country, and collaborator."

"Legal perspectives on archipelagic sea lanes and nautical charts of Indonesia"

"Legal perspectives on archipelagic sea lanes and nautical charts of Indonesia"

"ABSTRAK Tesis ini membahas tentang tugas Komando Armada I yang bertanggung jawab menyelenggarakan kegiatan operasi maritim untuk mengantisipasi dan merespon berbagai kemungkinan khususnya terhadap kegiatan Perompakan atau Sea Armed Robbery yang terjadi di wilayah Perairan Selat Malaka dan sekitarnya kegiatan Perompakan atau Sea Armed Robbery yang terjadi di wilayah Perairan Selat Malaka dan sekitarnya sebagai implementasi pelaksanaan tugas pokok dalam melaksanakan Operasi Militer (OMSP). Dalam upaya tersebut, Koarmada I memandang perlu adanya suatu satuan/unit reaksi cepat dalam melengkapi sistem keamanan yang saat ini sudah berjalan. Terobosan yang dilakukan adalah pembentukan Fleet One Quick Response (FOQR). Semenjak dibentuknya satuan pemukul reaksi cepat atau yang lebih dikenal dengan FOQR dan berdasarkan Laporan Tahunan Staf Operasi (Sops) Lantamal IV tahun 2016 satuan ini telah berhasil melakukan penangkapan/penindakan terhadap pelaku kejahatan di laut, terutama di Perairan Selat Malaka. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini akan menjelaskan bagaimana kerjasama trilateral negara pantai antara Indonesia, Malaysia dan Singapura untuk bersama-sama melakukan pengamanan Selat Malaka, dimana Selat tersebut sangat strategis sebagai jalur perlintasan perdagangan dunia, khususnya kapal-kapal pengangkut bahan bakar dan bahan industri berbagai negara. Hal ini sesuai dengan ketetapan dari Hukum Laut 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) yang menyatakan bahwa kedaulatan wilayah negara pantai atas wilayah lautnya di selat yang dipergunakan bagi pelayaran internasional, termasuk kewenangan atas air, udara, dasar laut dan tanahnya diakui secara resmi. Maka, strategi pertahanan dan keamanan daerah ini memerlukan suatu perhatian khusus terutama dari littoral states yaitu Indonesia, Malaysia dan Singapura dengan mengadakan kerjasama untuk mengatasi ancaman kejahatan di Selat Malaka.

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ABSTRACT

This thesis discusses the task of the Fleet I Command which is responsible for carrying out maritime operations to anticipate and respond to various possibilities specifically for the Sea Armed Robbery activities that occur in the Malacca Strait water   and its surroundings as  the implementation of the main tasks in carrying out Military Operations (OMSP). In this effort, the Fleet I Command considers the need for a quick response unit / unit to complement the security system that is currently underway. The breakthrough is the establishment of Fleet One Quick Response (FOQR). Since the formation of a quick response unit or better known as FOQR and based on the Annual Report of Operation Staff (Sops) Main Naval Base IV in 2016 this unit has succeeded in making arrests / prosecution of the perpetrators of crimes at sea, especially in the Malacca Strait water. Therefore this study will explain how the coastal country trilateral cooperation among Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore to jointly secure the Malacca Strait, where the Strait is very strategic as a world trade crossing lane, especially ships carrying fuel and industrial materials of various countries . This is in accordance with the provisions of the 1982 Sea Law (UNCLOS 1982) which states that the sovereignty of the coastal region over its sea area in the strait is used for international shipping, including authority over water, air, sea floor and land officially recognized. Therefore, this regional defense and security strategy requires special attention, especially from littoral states, namely Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore by establishing cooperation to overcome the threat of crime in the Malacca Strait.

 

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"Fokus dari skripsi ini adalah untuk membahas prinsip perbatasan maritime dan penerapannya pada Sengketa Laut Cina Selatan, khususnya pada batas maritim negara penuntut. Skripsi ini juga menguraikan lebih lanjut mengenai posisi Indonesia di dalam sengketa tersebut. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk memberikan pemahaman lebih lanjut mengenai Sengketa Laut Cina Selatan dan mendiskusikan lebih lanjut mengenai negara penutut yang mana yang memiliki klaim paling sah di Laut Cina Selatan.

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The focus of this thesis is to discuss the maritime boundaries principle and applying the principle in the South China Sea Dispute regarding the maritime boundaries of the Claimant States. The thesis also elaborates more about Indonesia's position in the dispute. The purpose of this thesis is to give a more thorough understanding about the South China Sea Dispute, and discuss further regarding which claimant state has the most legitimate claim in the South China Sea."

"Nowadays Sulu Sea is becoming the core of geopolitics issues between Indonesia, Malaisya and the Philippines. The three countries are looking at Sulu Sea as the strategic environment which has the substance of their national security interest, but the maritime security condition at Sulu Sea has no longer stable after the existence of Abu Sayyaf Group.In this thesis will explain about the agreement of maritime security cooperation which is called as the Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement in preserving Indonesia, Malaisya and the Philippines national security interests at Sulu Sea. The agreement has been initiated by the minister of foreign affairs of those three countries in order to their common concern about the threat that has been conducted by the Abu Sayyaf Group.Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philipinnes as the three countries who agreed in the Trilateral Cooperation Arrangement at Sulu Sea recognize the threat in the maritime areas is maritime piracy such as ship hijacking and kidnapping for ransom that could threatened their national security interest as well as their sovereignty at sea. Therefore in order to overcome the maritime piracy at Sulu Sea, the three countries implement the initiatives that have been agreed."