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"Latar belakang dan tujuan: Area kumuh identik dengan permasalahan gizi pada anak. Salah satunya adalah masih terdapatnya anak pendek di daerah tersebut. Perawakan pendek dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, diantaranya dikarenakan oleh dysbiosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis komposisi mikrobiota pada anak pendek dan tidak pendek di daerah kumuh di Jakarta serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain comparative cross sectional study yang dilakukan di RW 9 dan 11, Kelurahan Kebon Bawang, Jakarta Utara. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah 21 anak pendek (HAZ £ -2SD) dan 21 anak tidak pendek (-1SD £ HAZ £ 3SD) usia 2-5 tahun. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi karakteristik subjek dan keluarga, riwayat cara lahir, riwayat asi eksklusif, riwayat sakit serta higiene dan sanitasi. Selain itu juga dilakukan pengumpulan asupan zat gizi melalui Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQFFQ). Analisis mikrobiota dilakukan dengan mengekstraksi DNA dari feses subjek kemudilan dilakukan sekuensing 16S rRNA menggunakan Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Analisis bioinformatika dilakukan untuk membandingkan komposisi mikrobiota pada kedua kelompok. Uji Manova dan korelasi Spearman dilakukan untuk menganalisis kaitan antara faktor-faktor dan asupan zat gizi dengan komposisi mikrobiota.Hasil: Berdasarkan asupan zat gizi, pada kelompok anak pendek, asupan energi, zat gizi makro (karbohidrat, protein, dan lemak) dan zat gizi mikro (Zn dan Fe) lebih rendah dibandingkan anak yang tidak pendek. Pada kelompok anak pendek terdapat kecenderungan jumlah anak yang dilahirkan secara Caesar lebih banyak, yang memiliki riwayat sakit lebih banyak, konsumsi air minum air isi ulang lebih banyak dan yang tidak mencuci tangan sebelum makan lebih banyak dibandingkan kelompok anak tidak pendek. Dilihat dari komposisi mikrobiota, terdapat perbedaan komposisi mikrobiota pada kedua kelompok, baik pada tingkat genus maupun spesies. Pada kelompok pendek terdapat kelimpahan yang lebih tinggi pada genus Mitsuokella and Alloprevotella serta spesies Providencia alcalifaciens. Sedangkan pada kelompok tidak pendek terdapat kelimpahan lebih tinggi pada genus Blautia, Lachnospiraceae, Bilophila, Monoglobus dan spesies Akkermansia municiphila, Odoribacter splanchnicus and Bacteroides clarus. Perbedaan komposisi mikrobiota ini dipengaruhi oleh riwayat cara kelahiran, riwayat ASI eksklusif, sumber air minum, sumber air untuk aktivitas lain, kebiasaan mencuci tangan sebelum makan serta asupan energi, makronutrient dan mikronutrient.Kesimpulan: Secara umum kelimpahan mikrobiota yang bersifat patogen pada anak pendek lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok tidak pendek. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh asupan zat gizi serta faktor-faktor lainnya. Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh ini dapat diterapkan oleh anak pendek di daerah kumuh sebagai upaya perbaikan status gizi.

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Background and objective: Slum areas are identic with nutritional problems in children including stunted children. Incidence of stunted can be caused by various factors, one of which is dysbiosis. This study aims to analyze the microbiota composition of stunted and non-stunted children in Jakarta slum areas and related contributing factors.

Method: This study used a comparative cross-sectional study design which was conducted in RW 9 and 11, Kebon Bawang Village, North Jakarta. The subjects in this study were 21 stunted children (HAZ£-2SD) and 21 non-stunted children (-1SD£HAZ£3SD) ages 2-5 years. The data collected included subject and family characteristics, mode delivery history, exclusive breastfeeding history, history of illness and hygiene and sanitation. In addition, nutrient intake was also collected through the Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQFFQ). Microbiota analysis was performed by extracting DNA from the subject's feces and then 16S rRNA sequencing using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Bioinformatics analysis was performed to compare the composition of the microbiota in the two groups. Manova test and Spearman correlation were performed to analyze the association between factors and nutrient intake with gut microbiota composition.

Results: Based on nutrient intake, in the stunted children, energy intake, macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, and fat) and micronutrients (Zn and Fe) were lower than non-stunted children. In the stunted group there was a tendency for the number of children born by Caesarean section to be higher, to have a higher history of illness, to consume more refillable drinking water and not to wash their hands before eating than non-stunted group. There were differences in the composition of the microbiota in the two groups, both at the genus and species levels. In the stunted group there were higher abundance in the genera Mitsuokella and Alloprevotella and the species Providencia alcalifaciens. Whereas in the stunted group there was a higher abundance in the genera Blautia, Lachnospiraceae, Bilophila, Monoglobus and the species Akkermansia municiphila, Odoribacter splanchnicus and Bacteroides clarus.

Conclusion: In general, the abundance of pathogenic microbiota in stunted children was higher than in the non-stunted children. This is influenced by nutrient intake and other factors. These influencing factors can be applied by stunted children in slum areas as an effort to improve nutritional status."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik umum dan praktik pemberian makan bayi, aksesibilitas pangan anak dan untuk mendeskripsikan faktor-faktor (individu dan sosial-lingkungan) yang mempengaruhi ibu untuk mempraktikkan pemberian makan bayi. Pada tahap pertama (kuantitatif) yang didesain secara potong lintang, 76 responden direkrut dengan cara pengambilan sampling total. 14 ibu tidak bekerja dengan praktik pemberian makan bayi yang baik dan kurang diklasifikasikan dengan Indeks Pemberian Makan Bayi dan Anak di wawancara secara mendalam. Mayoritas praktik pemberian makan bayi yang dilakukan oleh ibu tidak sesuai dengan panduan WHO. Pada periode awal umur bayi, faktor sosial-lingkungan ibu lebih dirasa mempengaruhi ibu. Sedangkan, ketika usia anak meningkat, kedua faktor dirasa mempengaruhi dalam praktik pemberian makan bayi.

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This study aimed to assess general characteristics and infant feeding practices (IFP) following WHO guideline, child's food accessibility and to describe factors (personal and socio-environmental) influenced mothers to practice infant feeding. In the 1st phase (quantitative) designed as a cross sectional study, 76 respondents were recruited through total sampling. Meanwhile, 14 non-working mothers with good or poor IFP classified using Infant and Child Feeding Index were in-depth interviewed. Most of the IFP do not comply WHO guideline. At the early period of child's age, mothers' socio-environmental factors much felt to influence IFP. Meanwhile, when the child's age is increasing, both factors influenced them to practice infant feeding."

"Tercatat 5.4% anak balita Indonesia gizi buruk dan 13.0% gizi kurang. Kualitas SDM Indonesia peringkat ke-124 dunia pada 2011 menurut UNDP. Konsumsi susu sebagai sumber makanan/minuman dengan zat gizi lengkap di Indonesia masih rendah, hanya 11,9 liter/kapita/tahun. Jumlah anak balita sebagai kelompok umur yang direkomendasikan mengonsumsi susu di Indonesia mencapai 22.6 juta jiwa.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara jumlah media yang memuat iklan susu yang memapar, frekuensi paparan iklan susu, pendidikanorangtua (ayah dan ibu), pekerjaan orangtua (ayah dan ibu), pendapatan keluarga, pengetahuan gizi orangtua, jumlah anak, umur anak, dan alergi susu pada anakbalita dengan konsumsi susu anak balita di wilayah Kelurahan PekayonKecamatan Pasar Rebo Jakarta Timur.Desain studi berupa kuantitatif crosssectional dengan sampel 86 orangtua yang memiliki anak balita umur 13-59 bulan yang dipilih secara acak dari data total anak balita umur 13-59 bulan di wilayah Kelurahan Pekayon. Variabel yang memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan tingkat konsumsi susu pada balita adalah jumlah media yang memuat iklan susu yang memapar (p value = 0.020; OR = 3.4), frekuensi paparan iklan susu (p value = 0.012; OR = 3.6), pendidikan ibu (p value = 0.004; OR = 5.9), pendapatan keluarga (p value = 0.012; OR = 4.0), pengetahuan gizi orangtua (p value = 0.006; OR = 7.1), jumlah anak (p value = 0.009; OR = 5.6 ), dan alergi (p value = 0.001; OR = 11.6 ).Perlu peran orangtua, kader kesehatan, dan kerjasama sektor pemerintah dari kementrian kesehatan, serta kementrian pertanian untuk meningkatkan konsumsisusu Indonesia.

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Recorded 18.4% under five years old children in Indonesia have undernutrition. The quality of Indonesian was number 124th in a world in 2011 according to UNDP. The prevalence of milk consumption in Indonesia was below (11,9 L/capita/year). The number of under five years old children in Indonesia, as a group that recommended to consume milk, was very large, around 22,6 million.The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the amount of mass media, frequencies of milk advertisement, parents? education, parents? employment status, family?s economic status, parents? nutrition knowledge, number of children, children?s age, and allergies with milk consumption among under five years old children in Kelurahan Pekayon, Pasar Rebo, East Jakarta.This study used quantitative cross sectional design with 86 parents as respondents and simple random sampling was used to choose the sample. The result of this study showed correlation between amount and frequencies of milk advertisement (p=0,020; OR=3,4 and p=0,012; OR=3,6), mother?s educational status (p=0,004; OR=5,9), family?s economic status (p=0,012; OR=4), nutrition knowledge (p=0,006; OR=7,1), number of children (p=0,009; OR=5,6), and allergies (p=0,001; OR=11,6).From these result we suggest that to increase milk consumption in Indonesia, the contribution of parents, health workers, and the collaboration between Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture is very important."

"Kelimpahan relatif dan rasio Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes mikrobiota usus dipengaruhi oleh asupan makan dan mempengaruhi kesehatan anak dan dewasa. Namun, penelitian pada ibu hamil di daerah urban masih terbatas dan hasil yang dihubungkan dengan pola makan masih berbeda-beda, terutama di negara berpenghasilan rendah-menengah. Penelitian ini menilai hubungan antara pola makan dengan kelimpahan relatif mikrobiota usus (filum dan genus) dan rasio Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes. Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang yang dilakukan di Puskesmas di empat kota di Jakarta (Pusat, Tengah, Barat dan Utara) merekrut 90 ibu hamil yang datang pada kunjungan Ante Natal Care (ANC). Data asupan makan ibu dengan menggunakan semi quantitative food frequency questioner (SQ-FFQ) diambil oleh enumerator yang sudah ditraining. Data asupan makan dianalisis menggunakan principal component anlysis (PCA) yang akan membentuk pola makan. Sampel feses diambil dan dianalisis dengan Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) 16S rRNA untuk mendapatkan hasil kelimpahan relatif mikrobiota usus . Terbentuk 4 pola makan yaitu pola makan tinggi sumber protein, pola makan tinggi sumber susu dan produk susu, pola makan tinggi sumber karbohidrat dan serat serta pola makan tinggi sumber buah-buahan. Dua filum terbesar yaitu (Firmicutes dan Bacteroidetes) dan 3 genus terbanyak yaitu Prevotella, Faecalibacterium dan Blautia dengan rerata kelimpahan relatif berurutan 69,5%, 12,6%, 5,98%, 8,59% dan 6,59%. Pola makan tinggi karbohidrat dan serat, namun tidak dengan pola makan lain, memiliki nilai p signifikan dengan kelimpahan relatif Faecalibacterium setelah disesuaikan dengan Pendidikan dan suku pada analisis multivariat (β 1,01, CI 95% 0,27-1,73 dan p=0,008). Kesimpulannya, setiap kenaikan pola makan tinggi sumber karbohidrat dan serat dapat menaikkan kelimpahan relatif dari Faecalibacterium sebesar 1,01%. Edukasi tentang pemilihan pola makan yang sehat dan baik untuk serta asupan karbohidrat dan serat yang bervariasi sangat penting dilakukan.

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Relative abundance influenced by diet and affect children and adults’ health. However, evidence among urban pregnant women is limited and results on the link of this outcome with dietary pattern is conflicting especially in low-middle income nations. We assessed the relationship between maternal dietary pattern and the relative abundance of gut microbiota and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. A cross-sectional study was conducted in primary health care in four districts in Jakarta (Central, East, West and North areas) recruiting 90 pregnant women during their ante natal care visits. Maternal food intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire by trained enumerators and analyzed using principal component analysis to form a dietary pattern. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed with the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) 16S rRNA to obtain the relative abundance of gut microbiota results. Four eating patterns were formed, namely a high protein sources diet, a high milk and dairy products sources diet, a high carbohydrates and fiber sources diet and a high fruit sources diet. Two largest phyla (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) and three largest genera (Prevotella, Faecalibacterium and Blautia) were identified with an average relative abundance value of 69.5%, 12.6%, 5.98%, 8.59% and 6.59%, respectively. High carbohydrate and fiber sources diet, not the other patterns, had a significant value with Faecalibacterium abundance after adjusting for education and ethnicity in multivariate model (β 1.01, CI 95% 0.27- 1.73 and p=0.008). In conlussion, increase high carbohydrate and fiber source diet could increase the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium by 1.01%. Education to choose healthy diet and variety carbohydrate and fiber sources will be needed."

"Tujuan dari studi potong lintang ini adalah untuk membandingkan konsumsi pangan wanita usia reproduktif (19-49 tahun) yang gemuk dan normal di daerah Kebon Melati, Mangga Dua Selatan dan Pegangsaan yang termasuk daerah kumuh di Jakarta Pusat. Asupan energi total, karbohidrat dan protein jumlahnya lebih tinggi secara signifikan pada wanita yang gemuk sedangkan pada asupan protein dan densitas energi tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang signifikan. Selain itu ditemukan juga dua pola pangan yang secara subyektif diberi nama: pola "lebih sehat" dan pola "kurang sehat". Namun demikian tidak dapat disimpulkan mana di antara kedua pola tersebut yang menjadi pola konsumsi pada wanita yang gemuk dan normal karena tidak ditemukan hubungan antara antara pola konsumsi pangan dengan status kegemukan. Dalam studi ini juga ditemukan bahwa hubungan antara asupan energi dan status kegemukan tidak dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor individu lainnya.

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The objective of this cross sectional study was to compare food consumption among obese and normal women of reproductive age (19-49 years) in Kebon Melati, Mangga Dua Selatan and Pegangsaan as representative of urban slum areas in Central Jakarta. Energy, carbohydrate and fat intakes in obese women were significantly higher, while protein intake and energy density were not statistically significant. Two dietary patterns were also found, subjectively named: the "more healthy" pattern and the "less healthy" pattern, but it cannot be concluded which of the dietary patterns characterized the diets of obese and normal women since there was no significant association between the dietary patterns and obesity status. This study also found that association of energy intake and obesity was not influenced by other factors."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Diare akut merupakan masalah kesehatan yang penting dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas yang cukup tinggi. Perubahan komposisi mikrobiota usus pada diare akut ditandai dengan menurunnya komposisi bakteri yang menguntungkan bagi tubuh, yaitu Bifidobacterium dan Lactobacillus, dan peningkatan bakteri patogen seperti Enterobacter dan Clostridium. Kondisi ini disebut disbiosis. Pemberian probiotik pada kasus diare akut dapat mengatasi disbiosis, mempercepat masa penyembuhan, dan mengurangi komplikasi. Sampai saat ini, belum terdapat penelitian di Indonesia mengenai pemberian probiotik untuk mengatasi disbiosis pada diare akut. Tujuan: Membuktikan bahwa terjadi disbiosis pada diare akut, yang dapat diseimbangkan dengan pemberian probiotik. Metode: Studi uji klinis, kontrol plasebo, dilakukan di RSUD Budhi Asih Jakarta, sejak Januari hingga Maret 2018. Penelitian melibatkan 36 orang anak berusia 6-48 bulan yang datang dengan keluhan diare akut. Spesimen tinja diperiksa menggunakan teknik non culture real time PCR untuk mendeteksi jumlah Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterobacter, Clostridium dan all bacteria, kemudian dilakukan pemberian probiotik atau plasebo selama 5 hari, kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan mikrobiota kembali 2-3 minggu kemudian. Hasil: Jumlah bakteri Lactobacillus lebih tinggi pada kelompok diare akut dibandingkan anak sehat yaitu dalam median jarak interkuartil : 1,52x103 1,22x104 vs 6,87x10 2,41x102 p

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ABSTRACTBackground Acute diarrhea is an important health problem with high morbidity and mortality. During acute diarrhea, changes in gut microbiota is marked by decreased of beneficial microbes such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, and increase of pathogenic bacteria such as Enterobacter and Clostridium, which is also known as dysbiosis. Treatment with probiotic may help to repair dysbiosis, quickens healing time, and decrease complications. Currently there is no research to investigate dysbiosis in acute diarrhea in Indonesia.Objective To prove that there is dysbiosis during acute diarrhea, and can be normalize by giving probiotic.Methods Placebo controlled, unblinded clinical trial was performed in RSUD Budhi Asih, Jakarta from January until March 2018. 36 children age 6 48 months with acute diarrhea were enrolled. Fecal specimen was taken and analyzed using non culture real time PCR to detect the presence of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterobacter, Clostridium, and all bacteria. Children were then given probiotic or placebo for 5 days. Second fecal sample was taken 2 3 weeks afterwards.Results Higher amount of Lactobacillus are observed in children with acute diarrhea vs healthy control with a median interquartile range 1,52x103 1,22x104 vs 6,87x10 2,41x102 p"

"Penggunaan kader merupakan salah satu strategi untuk mengatasi kekurangan jumlah tenaga kesehatan di negara berkembang. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menggali faktor yang berhubungan dengan capacity building kader dalam memberikan edukasi. Masalah yang berhubungan dengan praktek kader dalam memberikan edukasi antara lain kurangnya pengetahuan dan keterampilan komunikasi, perbedaan persepsi mengenai peran edukasi, dan kurangnya kepercayaan diri. Karakteristik kader, kebutuhan personal, manajemen organisasi, supervisi, dan persepsi pengasuh terhadap kader merupakan faktor utama yang berhubungan dengan praktek pemberian edukasi oleh kader. Faktor-faktor tersebut perlu diperhatikan dalam proses capacity building kader, dengan pengayaan konten mengenai manajemen diet pada anak diare dan komunikasi sebaya, dan dengan menerapkan metode belajar dari pengalaman.

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Cadres have been identified as one of the key strategies to address health workers shortage in developing countries. This study aimed to explore factors related to cadres capacity building on giving education. It was revealed that cadres had lack of knowledge and communication skills, different perceived role toward education practice, and low self-efficacy. Cadre's characteristics, personal needs, organizational management, supervision, and caregivers' perception toward cadres were the main factors related to cadres practice on giving education. Those factors should be addressed during capacity building process through enrichment of capacity building contents on knowledge about dietary management of child illness during diarrhea and peer communication, and by applying experiencebased learning as capacity building methods."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Bising dapat menyebabkan gangguan pendengaran. Selain intensitas bising, faktor lain yang perlu diperhatikan adalah jenis bising. Jenis bising yang berbeda akan menyebabkan efek pendengaran yang berbeda pula. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan gambaran audiogram antara pekerja yang terpajan bising kontinu dan bising intermiten, serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya.Metode: Penelitian Cross Sectional Comparative dilakukan pada pekerja bagian fabrication dan assembling di industri alat berat. Data yang diperoleh dari kuesioner dan rekam medis berupa umur, status pernikahan, masa kerja, kadar gula darah, tekanan darah, kebiasaan merokok, hobi, dan hasil pemeriksaan audiometri.Hasil: Dari 167 orang pekerja, terdapat 15 orang (9%) yang mengalami peningkatan gambaran audiogram. Dari 15 orang pekerja tersebut, 13 orang (86,7%) terpajan bising kontinu dan 2 orang (13,3%) terpajan bising intermiten. Pekerja dengan umur > 40 tahun mempunyai risiko peningkatan gambaran audiogram sebesar lebih dari 4 kali lipat (OR = 4,44, 95% CI = 1,21-16,4, p = 0,016). Mereka yang memiliki masa kerja > 3,9 tahun berisiko lebih tinggi mengalami gambaran audiogram yang meningkat. Dan mereka yang mendapat pajanan bising kontinu dibandingkan bising intermiten memiliki risiko sebesar hampir 5 kali lipat mengalami peningkatan gambaran audiogram (OR = 4,73, 95% CI = 1,03-21,7, p = 0,030).Kesimpulan: Umur yang tua, masa kerja yang lama, dan pajanan terhadap bising kontinu meningkatkan risiko terjadinya peningkatan gambaran audiogram pada pekerja.

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ABSTRACT

Background: Noise may cause hearing disorder. Not only its intensity, the types of noise are also contributing factors that need to be considered. Different types of noise may cause different auditory effects. This study aimed to compare the audiograms between workers who are exposed to continuous noise and intermittent noise, along with its contributing factors.

Methods: A cross sectional comparative study was conducted on heavy equipment industry workers in fabrication and assembling department. Data that collected from questionnaires and medical records were age, marital status, work period, blood sugar level, blood pressure, smoking habbit, hobby, and the results of audiometric examination.

Results: Amongst 167 workers, there were 15 people (9%) who had an increase of audiogram image. Out of these 15 workers, 13 people (86,7%) exposed to continuous noise and 2 people (13,3%) exposed to intermittent noise. Workers at age above 40 had risk more than 4-fold of having an increase of audiogram image (OR = 4,44, 95% CI = 1,21-16,4, p = 0,016). Those who had work period more than 3,9 years were at high risk in having an increase of audiogram image. And those who were exposed to continuous noise compare to intermittent noise had risk nearly 5-fold of having an increase of audiogram image (OR = 4,73, 95% CI = 1,03-21,7, p = 0,030).

Conclusion: Old age, long working period, and exposure of continuous noise increase risk of an increased audiogram image on workers."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Gangguan fungsi kognitif dapat terjadi pada pekerja yang terpajan toluen. Gangguan fungsi kognitif tersebut terutama adalah penurunan memori, atensi dan konsentrasi, yang dapat menurunkan produktifitas kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui prevalensi gangguan fungsi kognitif dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Metode Penelitian. Desain potong lintang dilakukan pada 102 orang pekerja perempuan usia 19-40 tahun dan pendidikan minimal SMA. Data dikumpulkan dengan kuesioner, pemeriksaan fisik dan laboratorium serta MMSE. Kriteria inklusi adalah masa kerja ≥ 1 tahun dan bersedia menjadi responden dengan menandatangani informed consent. Kriteria eksklusi adalah hamil, menstruasi,merokok, minum alkohol, riwayat cedera kepala, hipertensi, gula darah dan dislipidemia. Faktor risiko yang diteliti antara lain umur, status perkawinan, masa kerja, lama kerja, kepatuhan pakai masker , stres kerja dan status gizi. Umur, status perkawinan,masa kerja dan lama kerja diambil dari data HRD. Status gizi didapatkan dari perhitungan Indeks Massa Tubuh. Kepatuhan pakai masker berdasarkan pengawasan kepatuhan APD. Stres kerja dinilai menggunakan kuesioner Survey Diagnostik Stress . Hasil. Walaupun kadar toluen didapat lebih kecil dari nilai ambang batas toluen , didapatkan prevalensi gangguan fungsi kognitif sebesar 52 %. Area kognitif yang menurun adalah atensi kalkulasi dan visuospasial. Faktor risiko yang secara bermakna mempengaruhi gangguan fungsi kognitif adalah masa kerja, lama kerja, kepatuhan pemakaian masker, stres kerja yang meliputi konflik peran, ketaksaan peran, beban kerja kualitatif, beban kerja kuantitatif, pengembangan karir dan tanggung jawab rekan kerja. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan konflik peran merupakan faktor risiko yang paling mempengaruhi gangguan fungsi kognitif ( OR 7,546 Interval kepercayaan 95% 1,5 ? 41,88 ) Kesimpulan. Prevalensi penurunan fungsi kognitif studi ini lebih besar dari penelitian sebelumnya dan teori. Aspek kognitif yang menurun didominasi oleh atensi kalkulasi dan visuospasial. Konflik peran merupakan faktor risiko yang paling mempengaruhi gangguan fungsi kognitif.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Cognitive Function Impairment can happen among workers expose by Toluene. This impairment mainly effect in attention, concentration and memory function, and can decrease working productivity. This study aims to calculate the prevalence of Cognitive Function impairment and related risk factors Method. Cross sectional design study was conducted on 102 female workers, age 19-40 years old and graduated from senior high school. Age and education were obtained from secondary data, and followed by interviews, physical and laboratory examination and Mini Mental States Examination. The inclusion criteria were age ≥ 1 year of work and willing to be the subject of research. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, menstruation, smoker, Alcohol consumption, history of head injury, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and Dyslipidemia. Risk factor included in this study were age, marital status, duration of work,time of work, PPE obedience ,work stress and nutritional status. Age, Marital status, Duration and Time of work were from secondary data of HRD department. Nutritional status was obtained from body mass index calculation. face mask obedience was obtained from data of wearing mask compliance. Work stress was assessed using Survey Diagnostic Stress Questionnaire. Results. The prevalence of Cognitive Function Impairment was 52 % , mainly at Attention ? Calculation and Visuospasial Aspect respectively. Significant risk factors ( p value < 0,05 ) in this study were duration of work and time of work, PPE obedience and all of work stress domain. The Result of multivariate analysis show that conflict of role was the most influence factor ( OR 7,546 C.I 95% 1,5 ? 41,88 ) Conclusion. This study found that the prevalence of cognitive function impairment was higher than theory and other similar studies . Cognitive aspects mainly affected were attention ? calculation and visuospatial. Conflict of role was the most inluence risk factor relating with cognitive function impairment;Background. Cognitive Function Impairment can happen among workers expose by Toluene. This impairment mainly effect in attention, concentration and memory function, and can decrease working productivity. This study aims to calculate the prevalence of Cognitive Function impairment and related risk factors Method. Cross sectional design study was conducted on 102 female workers, age 19-40 years old and graduated from senior high school. Age and education were obtained from secondary data, and followed by interviews, physical and laboratory examination and Mini Mental States Examination. The inclusion criteria were age ≥ 1 year of work and willing to be the subject of research. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, menstruation, smoker, Alcohol consumption, history of head injury, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and Dyslipidemia. Risk factor included in this study were age, marital status, duration of work,time of work, PPE obedience ,work stress and nutritional status. Age, Marital status, Duration and Time of work were from secondary data of HRD department. Nutritional status was obtained from body mass index calculation. face mask obedience was obtained from data of wearing mask compliance. Work stress was assessed using Survey Diagnostic Stress Questionnaire. Results. The prevalence of Cognitive Function Impairment was 52 % , mainly at Attention – Calculation and Visuospasial Aspect respectively. Significant risk factors ( p value < 0,05 ) in this study were duration of work and time of work, PPE obedience and all of work stress domain. The Result of multivariate analysis show that conflict of role was the most influence factor ( OR 7,546 C.I 95% 1,5 – 41,88 ) Conclusion. This study found that the prevalence of cognitive function impairment was higher than theory and other similar studies . Cognitive aspects mainly affected were attention – calculation and visuospatial. Conflict of role was the most inluence risk factor relating with cognitive function impairment, Background. Cognitive Function Impairment can happen among workers expose by Toluene. This impairment mainly effect in attention, concentration and memory function, and can decrease working productivity. This study aims to calculate the prevalence of Cognitive Function impairment and related risk factors Method. Cross sectional design study was conducted on 102 female workers, age 19-40 years old and graduated from senior high school. Age and education were obtained from secondary data, and followed by interviews, physical and laboratory examination and Mini Mental States Examination. The inclusion criteria were age ≥ 1 year of work and willing to be the subject of research. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, menstruation, smoker, Alcohol consumption, history of head injury, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and Dyslipidemia. Risk factor included in this study were age, marital status, duration of work,time of work, PPE obedience ,work stress and nutritional status. Age, Marital status, Duration and Time of work were from secondary data of HRD department. Nutritional status was obtained from body mass index calculation. face mask obedience was obtained from data of wearing mask compliance. Work stress was assessed using Survey Diagnostic Stress Questionnaire. Results. The prevalence of Cognitive Function Impairment was 52 % , mainly at Attention – Calculation and Visuospasial Aspect respectively. Significant risk factors ( p value < 0,05 ) in this study were duration of work and time of work, PPE obedience and all of work stress domain. The Result of multivariate analysis show that conflict of role was the most influence factor ( OR 7,546 C.I 95% 1,5 – 41,88 ) Conclusion. This study found that the prevalence of cognitive function impairment was higher than theory and other similar studies . Cognitive aspects mainly affected were attention – calculation and visuospatial. Conflict of role was the most inluence risk factor relating with cognitive function impairment]"

"Latar belakang: Imunisasi merupakan suatu cara efektif untuk mencegah terjangkitnya penyakit infeksi. Program imunisasi di Indonesia sudah digalakkan sejak tahun 1977. Namun, berdasarkan data tahun 2001-2005 kejadian penyakit yang dapat dicegah dengan imunisasi justru mengalami peningkatan. Sedangkan data mengenai cakupan imunisasi sendiri di Indonesia belum begitu jelas. Menurut WHO-UNICEF, angka cakupan imunisasi campak, yang biasa dipakai untuk menggambarkan kelengkapan imunisasi dasar adalah 78% di tahun 2005. Tetapi angka cakupan imunisasi campak ini belum tentu dapat menggambarkan kelengkapan imunisasi dasar yang sebenarnya.Tujuan penelitian: untuk mengetahui kelengkapan imunisasi dasar pada anak balita, alasan bila terjadi ketidaklengkapan imunisasi dasar, serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan hal tersebut di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Tarakan Jakarta.Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dengan subjek orangtua yang memiliki anak balita berumur 1-5 tahun yang berkunjung ke poli anak Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Tarakan Jakarta pada tanggal 4-8 Maret 2008. Pengambilan data menggunakan metode kuesioner yang diisi langsung oleh responden atau melalui metode wawancara.Hasil: Angka kelengkapan imunisasi dasar pada anak balita yang berkunjung ke poli anak RSUD Tarakan yaitu 43,4%. Jenis imunisasi yang memiliki angka ketidaklengkapan tertinggi yaitu hepatitis B (31,6%) dan DTP (44,7%). Besarnya angka ketidaklengkapan disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor antara lain lupa, ketidaktahuan jadwal imunisasi, dan takut akan efek samping yang ditimbulkan dari imunisasi. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara pendidikan orangtua (ayah dan ibu), pekerjaan orangtua, pendapatan keluarga per bulan, pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap imunisasi dengan kelengkapan imunisasi dasar pada anak balita.Kesimpulan: Persentase kelengkapan imunisasi pada anak balita yang berkunjung ke poli anak RSUD Tarakan yaitu 43,4 %. Tidak terdapat determinan yang berhubungan dengan persentase kelengkapan imunisasi.

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Background: Immunization is an effective way to prevent vaccine preventable diseases. In Indonesia, immunization program has been done since 1977. But, based on the data from 2001-2005,the incidence of vaccine preventable diseases increased. There have not been some definite data on the number of complete basic immunization in Indonesia. Based on WHO-UNICEF, this number, which regarded the coverage of measles immunization was 78% in 2005. However, the coverage number of measles immunization didn't necessarily accurate in representing the number of complete basic immunization.Objectives: to explore the coverage complete of basic immunization in underfive children, the underlying reason of incomplete basic of immunization, and its related factors in Tarakan Hospital, Jakarta.Methode: cross-sectional study, with questionnaire guided interview to parents who brought underfive children to pediatric clinic in Tarakan Hospital on 4-8 March 2008Results: Complete of basic immunization in underfive children which came to child clinic Tarakan Hospital was 43,4%. Immunization which had higher rate uncomplete basic of immunization were hepatitis B(31,6%) and DTP (44,7%). There were some reason why the rate uncomplete basic of immunization was high, such as forgetting the schedule, lacking the information about schedule, and being afraid side effect of immunization. There was no statistically significant relation between respondent's job, education, family income, knowledge, and attitude with the completeness of basic immunization in underfive children.Conclusion: The basic immunization completeness in child clinic Tarakan Hospital was 43,4%. There was no significant relation between related factors with the basic immunization completeness."