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"Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) merupakan spesies dari famili Zingiberaceae yang berasal dari Pulau Jawa, Indonesia. Temulawak tergolong salah satu agen terapeutik sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan obat herbal. Tempat asal tumbuh tanaman herbal dapat menyebabkan perbedaan kandungan tanaman yang kemudian dapat mempengaruhi karakteristik ekstrak yang dihasilkan. Cara penyimpanan ekstrak, baik tempat maupun durasinya berpotensi mempengaruhi karakteristik ekstrak tersebut. Tujuan penelitian: Menganalisis pengaruh tempat tumbuh tanaman dan durasi penyimpanan ekstrak terhadap karakteristik fisik dan kimia ekstrak etanol temulawak. Metode; Pada ekstrak etanol temulawak dari dua produsen ekstrak di provinsi berbeda (dari Jawa Barat BALITTRO, dan dari Jawa Tengah, Materia Medica) dilakukan serangkaian pemeriksaan fisik dan kimia. Pemeriksaan fisik meliputi karakteristik organoleptik yaitu observasi warna, homogenitas, rasa, aroma dan pH. Pemeriksasan kimia meliputi uji kandungan senyawa ekstrak dan zat aktifnya (xanthorrhizol) dengan metode gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Pengujian dilakukan setelah ekstrak disimpan selama 1 bulan dan 2 bulan pada suhu 4° celcius. Hasil: Observasi organoleptic menunjukkan bahwa kedua ekstrak memiiki warna coklat kekuningan, rasa pahit, homogen dan aroma jamu. Setelah disimpan 1 bulan kadar xanthorrhizol dalam ekstrak dari BALITTRO adalah 55.94% dengan pH 7.30, dan dalam ekstrak dari Materia Medica adalah 57,72% dengan pH 6,75. Setelah disimpan 2 bulan tidak terjadi perubahan fisik namun terjadi penurunan kadar xanthorrhizol menjadi 36,62% dan 27,62% serta penurunan pH menjadi 7,05 dan 5,78 pada ekstrak dari BALITTRO dan dari Materia Medica. Kesimpulan; Perbedaan tempat tumbuh dan durasi penyimpanan ekstrak mempengaruhi pH, kuantitas kandungan xanthorrhizol dalam ekstrak etanol temulawak, serta perubahan pH dan kandungan zat aktif xanthorrhizol.

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Curcuma (xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is a species of the Zingiberaceae family native to Java, Indonesia. Temulawak is classified as one of the therapeutic agents so that it can be used as an herbal medicine. The cultivation environment and condition of the plant can cause differences in plant content which can then affect the characteristics of the resulting extract. Duration and condition during the storage of the extract has the potential to affect the stability of physical and chemical characteristics of the extract.

Research objectives: To analyze the influence of cultivation environment of the plant and duration of storage of extracts on the physical and chemical characteristics of temulawak ethanol extract.

Methods ; Temulawak ethanol extracts from two extract producers in different provinces (from West Java BALITTRO, and from Central Java, Materia Medica) were observed for a series of physical and chemical examinations. Physical examination includes organoleptic characteristics, namely observation of color, homogeneity, taste, aroma and pH. Chemical examinations include testing the content of extract compounds and their active substances (xanthorrhizol) by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The test was carried out after the extract was stored for 1 month and 2 months at a temperature of 4° Celsius.

Results: Organoleptic observations showed that both extracts from different cultivation environment had a yellowish brown color, bitter taste, homogen and herbal aroma. After being stored for 1 month, the xanthorrhizol content in the extract from BALITTRO was 55.94% with a pH of 7.30, and in the extract from Materia Medica was 57.72% with a pH of 6.75. After being stored for 2 months, there was no physical change but there was a decrease in xanthorrhizol levels to 36.62% and 27.62% and a decrease in pH to 7.05 and 5.78 in the extracts from BALITTRO and from Materia Medica.

Conclusion; Differences in the place of growth and duration of storage of the extract affect the pH, quantity of xanthorrhizol content in the ethanol extract of temulawak, and the changes of pH and xanthorrhizol content in the extract."

"Latar belakang: Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) yang mengandung zat aktif xanthorrhizol adalah salah satu tanaman herbal asli Indonesia yang memiliki efek anti candida albicans. Keamanan dan kualitas tanaman herbal dipengaruhi oleh kemampuannya mempertahankan karakteristik fisik, kimia serta biologisnya. Karakteristik biologis ekstrak etanol temulawak dapat diamati dengan pengujian kontaminasi mikroba. Tujuan: Menganalisis bagaimana pengaruh lingkungan tumbuh tanaman terhadap karakteristik biologis ekstrak etanol temulawak (EET). Metode: Ekstrak etanol temulawak yang berasal dari dua sumber yaitu Balitro Jawa Barat dan Materia Medica Jawa Timur disimpan selama 1 bulan dan 2 bulan pada suhu 4⁰C. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengenceran pada EET dengan metode serial dilution dan ditumbuhkan pada medium Plate Count Agar (PCA) kemudian dilakukan triplo. Media agar yang telah diberikan perlakuan berupa pemberian EET diinkubasi selama 48 jam pada suhu 37⁰C. Perhitungan jumlah koloni pada setiap agar dilakukan secara manual dan kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam rumus perhitungan koloni sehingga didapatkan satuan CFU/mL. Perbedaan jumlah koloni C. albicans yang dipapar EET dari sumber yang berbeda dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Ekstrak etanol temulawak yang berasal dari Balitro steril dan sepenuhnya tidak mengalami kontaminasi mikroba sedangkan ekstrak etanol temulawak yang berasal dari materia medica mengalami kontaminasi minimal yaitu sebesar 3 x 101 CFU/ml dan 2 x 102 CFU/ml setelah penyimpanan 1 bulan serta sebesar 3 x 101 CFU/ml setelah penyimpanan 2 bulan. Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan jumlah koloni C. albicans yang dipapar EET dari dua sumber berbeda (p ≥ 0,05). Kesimpulan: Perbedaan lingkungan tumbuh tanaman temulawak tidak mempengaruhi karakteristik biologis EET.

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Background: One of the original Indonesian herbal plants is Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) which contains the active substance xanthorrhizol and has an anti-candida albicans effect. The safety and quality of herbal plants are influenced by their ability to maintain their physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Biological characteristics of temulawak ethanol extract can be observed by testing for microbial contamination. Aim: To determine the effect of herbs cultivation environment on the biological characteristics of temulawak ethanol extract. Methods: Ethanol extract of temulawak from two sources, Balitro, West Java and Materia Medica, East java, were stored for 1 month and 2 months at 4⁰C temperature. Subsequently, the ethanol extract of temulawak was diluted using the serial dilution method and grown on Plate Count Agar (PCA) medium, then carried triplo. The media which had been treated in the form of temulawak ethanol extract were incubated for 48 hours at 37⁰C temperature. The colonies calculation on each agar was count manually and then entered into the colony calculation formula to obtain CFU/mL units. The difference of C. albicans colony number after being exposed to Temulawak ethanol extract from two different sources were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney statistical test. Results: Ethanol extract of temulawak from Balitro was sterile and entirely contamination free while ethanol extract of temulawak from Materia Medica had minimal contamination, specifically 3 x 101 CFU/mL and 2 x 102 CFU/mL after 1 month and 3 x 101 CFU/mL after 2 months of storage. No significant difference of C. albicans colony number after being exposed to the two Temulawak ethanol extract derived from different source (p ≥ 0,05). Conclusion: Different cultivation environment of the Temulawak plant does not significantly affect the biological characteristic of Temulawak ethanol extract."

"Latar Belakang: C. albicans rongga mulut adalah flora normal yang dapat berubahmenjadi patogen sehingga menyebabkan kandidiasis oral. Ekstrak etanol temulawakdengan kandungan utama xanthorrhizol dilaporkan dapat menginhibisi danmengeradikasi biofilm C. albicans pada konsentrasi 15%, serta menurunkan aktifitasenzim fosfolipase dan proteinase C. albicans. Selanjutnya, ekstrak etanol temulawakdiformulasikan dan dikembangkan menjadi bentuk sediaan obat tetes mikroemulsi.Dalam pengembangan bentuk sediaan obat, maka diperlukan penetapan formulasi danuji stabilitas biologis, fisik, dan kimia. Tujuan: Menetapkan formulasi danmengevaluasi stabilitas fisik dan kimia obat tetes mikroemulsi ekstrak etanoltemulawak Metode: Ekstrak etanol temulawak 15% diformulasikan menjadi sediaanobat tetes mikroemulsi. Kemudian stabilitas fisik dan kimia dievaluasi 2-4 minggupada 3 suhu penyimpanan yang berbeda yaitu 4±2oC; 28±2oC; dan 40±2oC. Selanjutnyastabilitas fisik berupa organoleptis, homogenitas, pH, viskositas, dan tipe alirandievaluasi. Pada stabilitas kimia dievaluasi perubahan kadar xanthorrhizol setelah 2dan 4 minggu, menggunakan metode GC-MS. Hasil: Formulasi obat tetes mikroemulsimengandung ekstrak etanol temulawak 15% memiliki organoleptik; larutan kuningkecoklatan, rasa pahit, dan berbau khas jamu, homogenitas; terjadi pemisahan antarakomponen minyak dan air, pH berkisar 6,3-6,9, dan tipe alir pseudoplastis pada 2-4minggu dengan 3 suhu penyimpanan. Viskositas menurun seiring dengan peningkatansuhu penyimpanan. Kadar xanthorrhizol menurun setelah 2-4 minggu pada ketiga suhupenyimpanan. Kesimpulan: Adanya pemisahan komponen minyak dan air sertapenurunan kadar zat aktif dalam kurun 2-4 minggu mendasari kesimpulan bahwaformulasi obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak 15% tidak stabil secara fisik dan kimiasetelah disimpan selama 2 dan 4 minggu sehingga masih diperlukan reformulasi.

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Introduction: C. albicans is a normal flora in oral cavity that can be pathogenic that

causing oral candidiasis. Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanoic extract has a main

component, xanthorrhizol that was reported to be able to inhibit and eradicate C.

albicans biofilms at a 15% concentration and reduce the activity of phospholipase and

proteinase enzymes of C. albicans. Furthermore, curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanoic extract

is formulated and developed into microemulsion oromucosal drops. In the development

of the drug, it is necessary to determine the formulation and test the stability in

biological, physical, and chemical. Objective: Determining the formulation and

evaluating the physical and chemical stability of microemulsion oromucosal drops

containing 15% curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanoic extract. Methods: Curcuma

xanthorrhiza ethanoic extract is formulated into microemulsion oromucosal drops

containing 15% curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanoic extract. Then, the physical and

chemical stability are evaluated for 2-4 weeks in 3 different temperature, that is 4 ±

2oC; 28 ± 2oC; and 40 ± 2oC. Furthermore, the physical stability in the form of

organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and flowing type are evaluated. Chemical

stability is evaluated the xanthorrhizol level using the GC-MS method. Results:

Microemulsio oromucosal drops containing 15% curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanoic

extract have organoleptic; brownish-yellow solution, bitter taste, and smells like herb,

homogeneity; there is a separation between the oil and water phase, pH ranges from

6,3-6,9, and flowing type are pseudoplastic. The viscosity value decreases with the

increasing of storage temperature. Xanthorrhizol level are decreasing after 2-4 weeks

of storage in the 3 different temperature. Conclusion: The separation between the oil

and water phase and degradation of xanthorrhizol level after stored 2-4 weeks are the

underlying conclusion that formulation of oromucosal drops containing curcuma

xanthorrhiza ethanoic extract are not stabile in physical and chemical after stored for 2

and 4 weeks so that the drugs need to be reformulated."

"Latar Belakang: Temulawak (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Roxb.) yang mengandung zat aktif Xanthorrhizol merupakan tanaman asli Indonesia yang telah diketahui memiliki efek anti bakteri dan anti C. albicans. Ekstrak etanol temulawak mengandung turunan alkohol sehingga berpotensi menurunkan pH dan dapat memicu demineralisasi email. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan sediaan obat tetes mikroemulsi dengan kandungan 15% ekstrak etanol temulawak.Tujuan: Menguji adverse effect (efek yang tidak diinginkan) dari paparan obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap kekerasan mikro permukaan email gigi.Metode: 28 gigi premolar paska ekstraksi tanpa karies dan kerusakan struktural dipisahkan menjadi 4 kelompok yang akan direndam dalam Obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak , kelompok kontrol positif Obat kumur komersial tipe 1 dan Obat kumur komersial tipe 2 dan kelompok kontrol negatif Akuades. Paparan dilakukan selama 1 menit sesuai dengan kelompok bahan paparan, dibilas, lalu direndam selama 10 menit dalam akuades pada suhu 37oC yang dilakukan selama 42 siklus untuk simulasi pemakaian 2 minggu dan dilakukan 21 siklus tambahan untuk simulasi pemakaian 3 minggu. Pengukuran kekerasan mikro dilakukan dengan dengan menggunakan Shimadzu HMV-G – Micro Vickers Hardness Tester sebelum paparan, setelah simulasi pemakaian 2 minggu dan setelah simulasi pemakaian 3 minggu. Data dianalisis dengan Repeated ANOVA dan One-way ANOVA denganuji Post Hoc Tamehane T2.Hasil: Perendaman dalam Obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak selama 2 minggu dan 3 minggu menyebabkan penurunan kekerasan mikro yang berbeda bermakna dibandingkan nilai kekerasan mikro permukaan email awal (p<0,001). Pada simulasi pemakaian 3 minggu, rata-rata dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif tidak memiliki perbedaan bermakna (p 0.065). Kesimpulan: Penurunan kekerasan mikro permukaan email setelah paparan Obat tetes temulawak 3 kali 1 menit dalam sehari selama 3 minggu masih dalam batas aman

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Introduction: Temulawak (Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is a native plant to the Indonesian Archipelago containing the active compound – Xanthorrhizol. Xanthorrhizol and ethanolic extract of temulawak have previously been studied to have anti-C. albicans activities. Ethanolic extract of temulawak contains alcohol derivative which have a potential to lower pH level and trigger enamel demineralisation. This study uses an oromucosal drops containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract to examine its characteristic stability and it’s safety towards enamel surface

Objective: This study is done to analyze the effect of oromucosal drops containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract exposure on enamel surface micro-hardness.

Method: 28 extracted premolars without caries or any other structural damages is used and grouped into different exposure groups, the of oromucosal drops containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract, Obat kumur komersial tipe 1 (LO), and Obat kumur komersial tipe 2 (LFB) as positive control, and Distilled water as negative control. Exposure is done for 1 minute following the exposure group, then for another 10 minutes in distilled water at temperature 37oC. The cycle is done 21 times for exposure simulation of 2 weeks use and 42 times for exposure simulation of 3-weeks use. Data obtained before exposure, after simulation of 2-weeks use, and 3-weeks used are statistically analyzed with Repeated ANOVA and One-way ANOVA with Post Hoc Tamehane T2.

Result: A decrease in enamel surface microhardness following exposure to oromucosal drops containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract for 2 weeks and 3 weeks were found with significant difference compared to baseline number (p <0,001). After 3 weeks exposure, the mean deacreased of enamel surface hardness was not found significantly diffrenct than the negative control (p 0.065).

Conclusion: exposure to oromucosal drops containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract 3 times a day, 1 minute long for 3 weeks of exposure was still within normal limit."

"Background: One of the major challenges in developing an antifungal against Candida albicans as a therapeutic strategy for oral candidiasis is its resistance towards antimicrobial agents. Currently, medicinal plants are continuously being developed as a therapeutic agent, including Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.), an Indonesian plant widely used as a traditional medicine. Its main active compound, xanthorrhizol, as well as the Javanese turmeric Ethanol Extract (EET) had been reported to have antifungal properties. However, extract quality as well as cultivation site of a medicinal plant may affect its’ effectivity as a therapeutic agent. Objective: To analyze the influence of Javanese turmeric cultivation site against its’ ethanolic extract effectivity in inhibiting C. albicans biofilms. Methods: 2 Javanese turmeric ethanolic extract were collected from different cultivation sites, which were Bogor, West Java and Malang, East Java. The extracts were tested for inhibitory activity against C. albicans biofilm using OD600, TPC, and MTT assay measurements. Results: There were concentration differences of xanthorrhizol content in between the two extracts. Despite so, both extracts showed insignificant MBIC50 differences at roughly 0,10 µg/mL, while their MBIC90 were measured to be constant at all biofilm development phases, at 0,30 µg/mL. Conclusion: The different cultivation site of Javanese turmeric in Java island does not influence the effectivity of JtET in inhibiting C. albicans biofilm.

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Background: One of the major challenges in developing an antifungal against Candida albicans as a therapeutic strategy for oral candidiasis, an opportunistic oral fungal infection, is its resistance towards antimicrobial agents. Currently, medicinal plants are being developed as a therapeutic agent, including Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.), an Indonesian plant widely used as a traditional medicine. Its main active compound, xanthorrhizol, is known to have antifungal properties. However, extract quality as well as cultivation site of a medicinal plant may affect its’ effectivity as a therapeutic agent. Up until now, there hasn’t been any datas that explain how these factors affect Javanese turmeric ethanolic extract as a C. albicans strategy. Objective: To analyze the effect of Javanese turmeric cultivation site against its’ ethanolic extract ability to inhibit C. albicans biofilms. Methods: 2 Javanese turmeric ethanolic extract were collected from different cultivation sites, which were Bogor, West Java and Malang, East Java. The extracts were tested for inhibitory activity against C. albicans biofilm using OD600, TPC, and MTT assay measurements. Results: There were concentration differences of xanthorrhizol between the extracts. Despite so, both extracts’ MBIC50 differences were insignificant at roughly 0,10 µg/mL, while their MBIC90 were measured to be constant at all biofilm development phases, at 0,30 µg/mL. Conclusion: There were no significant differences between the MBICs of both extracts against C. albicans biofilm. More research needs to be done to confirm the role of other factors such as storage time on their MBIC."

"Latar Belakang: Ekstrak etanol temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) telah terbukti secara in vitro memiliki khasiat sebagai anti Candida albicans (C.albicans). Dalam upaya pengembangan tanaman obat tersebut sebagai obat herbal terstandar anti C.albicans, ekstrak etanol temulawak telah diformulasikan menjadi obat tetes oromukosa. Temulawak mengandung kurkumin yang merupakan senyawa polifenolik berwarna kuning yang dapat menyebabkan diskolorasi gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh paparan obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap warna email gigi. Metode: Gigi premolar tanpa karies dan defek struktural dicelupkan dalam obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak, CHX 0,2%, dan akuades selama 1 menit kemudian dibilas dan direndam dalam akuades selama 10 menit pada suhu 37oC. Tahapan dilakukan sebanyak 42 siklus (simulasi penggunaan 2 minggu) dan 63 siklus (simulasi penggunaan 3 minggu). Analisis warna dilakukan menggunakan colorimeter pada 3 tahap waktu yaitu sebelum paparan, setelah paparan, dan setelah penyikatan gigi. Nilai yang didapatkan berupa ΔE yang menunjukkan selisih nilai pengukuran warna email sebelum dan setelah paparan obat serta sebelum dan setelah penyikatan. Hasil: Pada tahap waktu T1-T3 simulasi penggunaan 2 minggu dan 3 minggu, nilai ΔE>3.3 pada ketiga kelompok sehingga terlihat adanya perubahan warna yang signifikan antara warna gigi awal dan setelah penyikatan gigi. Terdapat perubahan warna gigi yang signifikan setelah dilakukan penyikatan dengan pasta gigi. Kesimpulan: Obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak mengakibatkan perubahan warna email gigi yang signifikan. Penyikatan gigi dapat mengurangi efek perubahan warna pada email gigi.

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Background: Javanese Turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) ethanol extract is known to have antifungal properties against Candida albicans (C.albicans) based on in vitro studies. The next step in developing a standardised herbal medicine is by formulating Javanese Turmeric Ethanol Extract into oromucosal drops. Curcumin found in javanese turmeric is a yellowish polyphenolic compound that has the potential to cause staining on the enamel.

Objective: This study is aimed to evaluate the effect Javanese Turmeric ethanol extraxt oromucosal drops on discoloration of the dental enamel.

Method: Premolars with no caries and structural defects are immersed in the Javanese Turmeric ethanol extract oromucosal drops, a 0,2% CHX mouthwash, and distilled water for 1 minute. After rinsing, they are then immersed in distilled water for 10 minutes at 37oC. The method mentioned is repeated for 42 cycles (2-week simulation) and 63 cycles (3-week simulation). Color assessment is done using a colorimeter at three different time points: before immersion, after immersion, and after brushing. Results will be shown as ΔE which is the color difference of enamel before and after immersion, as well as before and after toothbrushing.

Result: At time point T1-T3 for the 2-week and 3-week simulation, the ΔE score is greater than 3.3 on all three groups indicating a significant color difference before immersion and after toothbrushing. A significant color difference is observed after toothbrushing with toothpaste.

Conclusion: Javanese Turmeric ethanol extract oromucosal drops cause a significant tooth discoloration. Brushing had significant effect on removal of induced stains."

"Temulawak (Curuma xanthorrizaRoxb.) telah terbukti memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) dan Streptococcus sanguinis(S. sanguinis) single species. S. mutans dan S. sanguinissaling berkompetisi dalam biofilm. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap viabilitas dual speciesS. mutans dan S. sanguinis pada fase pembentukan biofilm yang berbeda. Metode: Model biofilm S. mutans dan S. sanguinis diinkubasi selama 20 jam (fase akumulasi aktif) dan 24 jam (fase maturasi) pada suhu 37oC. Kedua model biofilm dipaparkan ekstrak etanol temulawak dengan konsentrasi 0,2%-25%, klorheksidin 0,2% sebagai kontrol positif, dan kultur bakteri tanpa intervensi sebagai kontrol negatif. Viabilitas bakteri dianalisis menggunakan uji MTT. Hasil: Ekstrak etanol temulawak menurunkan viabilitas S. mutans dan S. sanguinis secara signifikan (p<0,05) mulai konsentrasi 0,2%. Viabilitas bakteri pada biofilm dual species Streptococccus fase akumulasi aktif lebih rendah dibandingkan fase maturasi. Efek antibakteri ekstrak etanol temulawak setara dengan klorheksidin 0,2%. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol temulawak dapat menurunkan viabilitas S. mutans dan S. sanguinis pada biofilm. Efek ekstrak etanol temulawak efektif pada fase akumulasi aktif.

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Curuma xanthorriza (C. Xanthorrhiza) Roxb. extract had been reportedto have antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis)single species. S. mutans and S. sanguinis are competing in the biofilm.

Objective: To analyze the effect of C. xanthorrhiza extract onthe viability of dual species S. mutans and S. sanguinis in differrent stages of biofilm formation.

Methods: S. mutans and S. sanguinis in dual species model biofilm was incubated for 20 hours and 24 hours at 37oC and exposed by 0.2%-25% C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract, 0.2 % Chlorhexidine as a positive control, and bacterial culture only as a negative control. The viability of the bacteria was analyzed using the MTT assay.

Results: The java turmeric ethanol extract decreased the S. mutans and S. sanguinis viability significantly (p<0.05 ) started from concentrations 0.2%. The viability of bacteria in dual species biofilms Streptococccus in the active accumulation phase is lower than in the maturation phase. The antibacterial effect of C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract is equivalent to 0.2% Chlorhexidine.

Conclusion: The C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract can reduce the viability of S. mutans and S. sanguinis in the biofilm. The effectivity of C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract is higher in the active accumulation phase."

"ABSTRAKC. albicans merupakan mikroba komensal yang ada di rongga mulut namun pada keadaan tertentu dapat berubah menjadi suatu pathogen opurtunis. Temulawak adalah tanaman obat khas Indonesia yang dilaporkan memiliki banyak efek medis salah satunya yaitu efek antifungal. Tujuan: Melihat efek eradikasi ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap berbagai fase perkembangan biofilm C. albicans. Ekstrak etanol temulawak dengan konsentrasi 1-45 dipaparkan pada biofilm C. albicans selama satu jam. Metode: Uji dilakukan dengan MTT assay kemudian dibaca dengan panjang gelombang 570 nm sehingga didapat nilai optical density. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai Konsentrasi Eradikasi Biofilm Minimal KEBM50 ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap C. albicans pada fase awal 30 , fase menengah 20 , dan fase maturasi 25 . Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol temulawak memiliki potensi dalam mengeradikasi biofilm C. albicans pada berbagai fase perkembangan.

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ABSTRAKBackground C. albicans is a commensal microbe in the oral cavity but in certain circumstances may turn out to be an opportunistic pathogen. Java turmeric is a medicinal plant native to Indonesia were reported to have many medical effects one of which is the effect of antifungal. Objective to observe the effect of eradication of java turmeric ethanol extract to the various phases of the development of C. albicans biofilm. Java turmeric ethanol extract at a concentration 1 45 were exposed to C. albicans biofilm for one hour. Methods Test conducted by MTT assay and then read with a wavelength of 570 nm so that the optical density values obtained. Results The results showed the value of Minimal Biofilm Eradication Concentration MBEC50 in the early phase is 30 , intermediate phase 20 and maturation phase 25 . Conclusion The java turmeric ethanol extract has the potential to eradicate the C. albicans biofilm in various phases of development."

"Latar belakang: Kadar Bunuh Minimal (KBM) ekstrak etanol temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb.) terhadap Streptococcus mutans 25% dan 15% terhadap Streptococcus sanguinis single species (in vitro). Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sanguinis saling berkompetisi untuk memperoleh nutrisi. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek antibakteri ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap dual species Streptococcus in vitro. Metode: Uji antibakteri dengan metode perhitungan koloni dan kuantifikasi dengan Real-time PCR. Analisis data menggunakan Kruskal Wallis, Mann-Whitney dan Unpaired T-test. Hasil: KHM ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap dual species Streptococcus 0,2% dan KBM 10%. Di dalam biofilm dual species Streptococcus, proporsi S.mutans lebih tinggi daripada S. sanguinis (p<0.05). Simpulan: Konsentrasi efektif ekstrak etanol temulawak sebagai antibakteri terhadap S.mutans dan S.sanguinis dalam dual species lebih rendah dari pada terhadap kedua bakteri tersebut sebagai single species. Di dalam biofilm dual species, S. sanguinis lebih sensitif terhadap ekstrak temulawak daripada S.mutans.

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Background: Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb.) ethanol extract against Streptococcus mutans is 25% and 15% against Streptococcus sanguinis. In dental biofilm S.mutans and S.sanguinis competes each other to obtain nutrients.

Objectives: Analize the antibacterial effect of Java tumeric ethanol extract (MIC and MBC) against dual species Streptococcus in vitro.

Methods: Antibacteria activity of the extract was analyzed by measuring the growth of the bacteria after being exposed to the extract by counting colony formation and by quantifying the existing bacterial cell number using real-time PCR. Statistic analysis using Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney test and Unpaired t-test.

Results: The MIC of the extract was 0,2% and the MBC was 10%. After exposure of the extract to the dual species biofilm, the growth of S.mutans was higher than S.sanguinis (p<0,05).

Conclutions: Java tumeric ethanol extract is more effective against S.mutans and S.sanguinis as dual species Streptococcus than as single species. S.sanguinis is more sensitive to Java tumeric ethanol extract than S. mutans."

"Temulawak memiliki efek antibakteri. S. mutans dan A. actinomycetemcomitans merupakan bakteri penyebab karies dan penyakit periodontal. Tujuan: Membandingkan efek ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap viabilitas biofilm S. mutans dan A actinomycetemcomitans single dan dual species dalam berbagai fase pembentukan. Metode: Model biofilm diinkubasi selama 4 jam, 12 jam, dan 24 jam, kemudian dipapar ekstrak etanol temulawak 0,5%-25%. Hasil: Viabilitas biofilm single species S. mutans lebih rendah (p<0,05) dibanding kelompok biofilm lain. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05) antara viabilitas biofilm single species A. actinomycetemcomitans dan biofilm dual species. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol temulawak lebih efektif menurunkan viabilitas biofilm single species S. mutans.

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Curcuma xanthorrhiza has antibacterial property. S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitans cause caries and periodontal disease. Aim: Comparing Curcuma xanthrorrhiza ethanol extract?s to the viability of S. mutans and single and dual-species A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm in different formation phases. Methods: Biofilm models were incubated for 4, 12, and 24 hours, then exposed to 0.5%-25% Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract. Result: Single species S. mutans biofilm?s viability was significantly lower than other biofilm groups (p<0.05). Viability of single-species and dual-species A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm showed no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanol extract is more effective in decreasing the single-species S. mutans biofilm?s viability."