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"Pembangunan kota yang memiliki kepadatan tinggi dikalim sebagai bentuk perkotaan yang sesuai untuk membangun modal sosial. akan tetapi, hubungan antar keduanya belum banyak diinvestigasi secara empiris, sehingga terjadi berbagai hasil yang berlawanan di literatur. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa peranan bentuk fisik perkotaan terhadap pembentukan modal sosial dengan menggunakan kasus kota metropolitan di Indonesia. Riset ini juga merupakan studi yang pertama kali menganalisa hubungan bentuk perkotaan dengan modal sosial di Indonesia dengan menggunakan Regresi Logistik Multilevel.Hasil empiris menunjukkan bahwa individu yang tinggal di wilayah padat memiliki kemungkinan untuk lebih tidak mengenal tetangganya, lebih tidak mempercayai orang lain dan kurang aktif dalam kegiatan masyarakat. Sedangkan, konektivitas jalan memiliki hubungan yang positif dengan tingkat bridging trust akan tetapi justru memiliki jaringan sosial (social network) yang lebih rendah. Selain itu, keberadaan berbagai fasilitas publik ternyata sama sekali tidak berhubungan dengan pembentukan modal sosial. Dengan data agregat, studi ini belum bisa memberikan rekomendasi kebijakan yang spesifik. Akan tetapi, para pembuat kebijakan perlu memikirkan peranan bentuk perkotaan terhadap pembentukan modal sosial.

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High-density urban development is claimed as a suitable urban form in enhancing social capital. However, the relationship between those two variables has not been well empirically explored, leading to the emergence of competing results in the literature. This study aimed to investigate the role of urban physical arrangement or urban form in the social capital formation using Indonesian metropolitan cities as a case study. This research was also the first empirical study to investigate the association between urban form and social capital in Indonesia. The multilevel logistic regression was used to investigate the association between the urban form and several indicators of social capital.The findings revealed that individuals in high residential density areas were less likely to know their neighbours, had lower levels of bridging trust, and less involved in the communitys activities. Meanwhile, street connectivity appeared to have a positive association with bridging trust but negatively related to social networks. Moreover, the land use mix did not seem to be significantly associated with any social capital variables. However, the aggregated data of urban form limited our ability of the present study to provide specific policy recommendations. Nonetheless, this study would still suggest that urban planners and policy makers should be mindful to consider that urban form features might influence the development of social capital."

"Studi mengenai aglomerasi ekonomi sudah cukup banyak dibahas dalam literatur. Akan tetapi, studi yang menunjukkan hubungan kausal di negara berkembang, yang didominasi oleh sektor informal dan pekerja dengan skill yang rendah, masih terbatas. Salah satu kendalanya, pada keterbatasan data longitudinal dan data ukuran perkotaan yang belum dapat menggambarkan kepadatan ekonomi. Untuk melengkapi gap literatur, studi ini memperbaiki ukuran kota menjadi urban dan suburban, yang mencerminkan arus commuting, dengan menggunakan data Landscan 2010 dan 2015 sehingga dapat menggambarkan ukuran kepadatan ekonomi yang lebih baik dan mengurangi bias akibat measurement error. Secara empiris, hubungan kausal antara ukuran kota terhadap premium pasar tenaga kerja individu diperoleh dengan menggunakan skor indeks risiko kejadian gempa dan ukuran kekasaran kabupaten sebagai instrument variable (IV) dan penggunaan industri fixed effect untuk mengatasi masalah endogenitas dalam mengestimasi parameter. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan kota dua kali lebih besar, meningkatkan upah sebesar 53 persen. Hasil ini lebih tinggi dari sebagian besar literatur lainnya, yang disebabkan sampel hanya meliputi wilayah perkotaan dan penggunaan ukuran kepadatan yang lebih presisi dibandingkan berdasarkan batas administratif, sehingga masalah bias akibat measurement error sangat mungkin diatasi dengan baik.

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The study of economic agglomeration has been widely discussed in the literature. However, studies that show causal relations in developing countries, which are dominated by the informal sector and workers with low skills, are still limited. The constraints are limitation of longitudinal data and urban size data, which cannot yet describe economic density. To complete the literature gap, this study improves the size of cities to become urban and suburban, reflecting the flow of commuting, using the 2010 and 2015 Landscan data to measure economic density better and reduce bias due to measurement errors. Empirically, using this density and using the 2SLS estimation technique with instrument variables in the form of earthquake risk and ruggedness measures and using industry and occupation fixed effect, the result of a city twice as large can increase wages 53 percent. This result is higher than most other literature because the sample only covers urban areas. The use of density measurements is more precise than based on administrative boundaries, so the problem of bias due to measurement error is very likely to be adequately resolved."

"Tesis ini membahas keterkaitan antara ketersediaan infrastruktur pelayanan dasar terhadap jumlah penduduk miskin di Kabupaten/Kota seluruh Indonesia periode tahun 2014-2017. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif regresi data panel dengan variabel dependen adalah jumlah penduduk miskin dan variabel independent adalah jumlah SD, jumlah SMP, jumlah SMA, jumlah SMK, Jumlah Puskesmas, Jumlah Apotek, Akses Air Minum Layak, dan Akses Air Bersih. Variabel kontrol yang digunakan adalah distribusi produk domestic bruto atas dasar harga konstan, tingkat inflasi daerah, tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja, serta luas wilayah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh variabel independen yang dipilih tersebut berpengaruh signifikan dan negatif terhadap variabel jumlah penduduk miskin. Disarankan kepada Pemerintah agar dalam perencanaan pembangunan infrastruktur pelayanan dasar yang memiliki tujuan untuk mengurangi jumlah penduduk miskin, agar menyusun prioritas berdasarkan nilai koefisien variabel independent yang membentuk model tersebut berdasarkan pemetaan setiap kabupaten/kota.

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The objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between the availability of basic service infrastructure to the number of poor people in the Regency / City throughout Indonesia for the period 2014-2017. This research is a quantitative research panel data regression with the dependent variable is the number of poor people and independent variables are the number of elementary schools, the number of junior high schools, the number of high schools, number of vocational schools, number of health centers, number of pharmacies, access to decent drinking water, and access to clean water. The control variable used is the distribution of gross domestic product on the basis of constant prices, regional inflation rates, labor force participation rates, and area size. The results showed that all the selected independent variables had a significant and negative effect on the variable number of poor people. It is suggested to the Government that the basic service infrastructure development plan which aims to reduce the number of poor people, so as to set priorities based on the coefficients of the independent variables that make up the model based on the mapping of each regency."

"Perkembangan wilayah perkotaan di Indonesia merupakan proses dari aglomerasi ekonomi yang sangat besar dan biasanya diawali dari perkembangan meningkatnya skala produksi sektor industrI manufaktur. Aspek lokasi sangat penting dalam tahapan pembangunan ekonomi dari suatu negara. Aspek ruang memiliki dimensi geografis dan lansekap ekonomi (economic landscape) yang menjadi sangat penting dalam kerangka teori ekonomi pembangunan. Aspek ini dapat dianalisis dari ekonomi spasial dengan melihat dampak yang ditimbulkan dari konsenytasi ekonomi dan penduduk melalui proses aglomerasi ekonomi.Dengan menggunakan data panel dari tahun 2000-2012 pada 27 kota besar di Indonesia, maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat faktor-faktor penentu dari konsentrasi ekonomi dan penduduk di Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga melakukan analisis pengaruh dari aglomerasi ekonomi di wilayah perkotaan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode estimasi OLS Panel Data untuk model konsentrasi ekonomi dan penduduk, serta GMM untuk model Pertumbuhan Ekonomi yang dipengaruhi oleh aglomerasi perkotaan di Indonesia.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bentuk aglomerasi yang terjadi pada wilayah perkotaan adalah jenis lokalisasi ekonomi dan berkembang menjadi urbanisasi ekonomi. Kondisi ini didorong oleh variabel PDRB signifikan terhadap produktifitas output sebagai representasi dari konsentrasi ekonomi. Semakin ke wilayah dataran rendah/pinggir pantai maka konsentrrasi ekonomi menjadi lebih tinggi. Variabel tenaga kerja dengan pendidikan tinggi dan produktifitas dari modal juga memiliki hubungan yang positif dengan konsentrasi ekonomi di wilayah perkotaan Indonesia.Konsentrasi penduduk dengan variabel city rank dipengaruhi oleh pendapatan per kapita, jumlah penduduk, kepadatan penduduk dan belanja pemerintah. Semakin ke Pulau Jawa maka konsentrasi penduduk perkotaan di Indonesia akan semakin tinggi. Jadi orang memilih untuk tinggal di kota karena memiliki peluang untuk memperoleh pendapatan yang lebih besar, dibanding wilayah pinggiran. Kota Jakarta tetap menjadi dominasi (super primate city) baik untuk konsentrasi ekonomi maupun penduduk dibannding dengan kota lainnya di Indonesia. Model rank size menunjukkan bahwa penduduk Indonesia sangat terkonsentrasi pada 3 kota utama dengan nilai koefisien paretonya dibawah 0,9.Penduduk sangat terkonsentrasi pada kota utama (urban primacy) yakni Jakarta, Surabaya dan Bandung dimana ketiganya berada di Pulau Jawa. Distribusi ekonomi justru jauh lebih tidak merata dibanding dengan konsentrasi penduduk, karena koefisien pareto nya sebesar 0,2. Variabel aglomerasi perkotaan yakni konsentrasi ekonomi dan penduduk juga memiliki hubungan yang signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, sehingga kota akan menjadi lebih besar skala ekonominya secara terus menerus. Belanja pemerintah akan mendorong tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi kearah yang lebih tinggi lagi.

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The development of urban areas in Indonesia is a process of agglomeration economies are very large and usually starts from the development of increased production scale manufacturing. Location is very important aspect in the stage of economic development of a country. Aspects of space as a geographic dimension and economic landscape, which became very important in terms of the theory of economic development . This aspect can be analyzed from the spatial economy by looking at the impact of economic and population concentration through the process of agglomeration economies.By using panel data from the years 2000-2012 in 27 major cities in Indonesia , the study aims to look at the determinants of economic concentration and the population in Indonesia . This study was also conducted an analysis of the effects of economic agglomeration in urban areas to the economic growth . This study uses panel data OLS estimates for the concentration of economic and population models , as well as the GMM for Economic Growth models are affected by urban agglomeration in Indonesia.The results showed that the shape of agglomeration occurs in urban areas is a kind of economic localization and urbanization evolved into the economy. This condition is driven by the GDP variable significantly to productivity output as the representation of economic concentration . The more to the lowlands / beachside then economic concentration becomes higher .Variable workforce with higher education and productivity of capital also have a positive relationship with the concentration of the economy in the region. The more to the lowlands / beachside then konsentrrasi economy becomes higher. Variable workforce with higher education and productivity of capital also have a positive relationship with economic concentration in urban areas of Indonesia.The concentration of residents with city rank variables influenced by income per capita, population , population density and government spending . Getting to the island of Java , the concentration of urban population in Indonesia will be higher. So people choose to live in the city because it has a chance to earn a larger income , compared to a suburb. Jakarta city remains a domination ( super primate city ) for both economic and population concentration than with other cities in Indonesia . The model shows that the rank size of the Indonesian population is highly concentrated in three major cities with pareto coefficient below 0.9 .Residents are concentrated in major cities (urban primacy ) namely Jakarta , Surabaya and Bandung which three are located in Java Economic distribution is far more uneven than the concentration of population , because of its Pareto coefficient of 0.2. Variable urban agglomeration namely economic and population concentration also has a significant relationship to economic growth , so that the city will be greater economies of scale continuously. Government spending will drive economic growth rate towards higher again."

"Indonesia merupakan negara dengan angka kematian ibu tertinggi ke-2 di wilayah ASEAN. Persalinan di fasilitas kesehatan dapat mencegah kematian ibu. Berdasarkan data SDKI 2017, sebesar 74% wanita telah bersalin di fasilitas kesehatan, namun masih terdapat disparitas antarwilayah tempat tinggal, dengan persentase persalinan di fasilitas kesehatan sebesar 88% di wilayah perkotaan dan 60% di wilayah pedesaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan pemanfaatan fasilitas kesehatan saat persalinan di wilayah perkotaan dan pedesaan Indonesia berdasarkan analisis data SDKI 2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross sectional dengan sampel wanita usia subur (15 – 49 tahun) yang telah menikah/tinggal bersama dengan pasangan dan melahirkan anak terakhir secara normal dalam kurun waktu 5 tahun sebelum survei. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pendidikan, tingkat pendidikan suami/pasangan, pengetahuan terkait tanda-tanda bahaya saat persalinan, status ekonomi, kepemilikan jaminan kesehatan, kelengkapan kunjungan ANC, dan persiapan persalinan berhubungan signifikan dengan pemanfaatan fasilitas kesehatan saat persalinan di wilayah perkotaan dan pedesaan Indonesia. Sementara itu, paritas, usia saat melahirkan, pengetahuan terkait tanda-tanda bahaya saat kehamilan, komplikasi persalinan, dan komplikasi kehamilan berhubungan signifikan dengan pemanfaatan fasilitas kesehatan saat persalinan hanya pada wilayah pedesaan Indonesia. Bentuk intervensi untuk meningkatan cakupan persalinan di fasilitas kesehatan di Indonesia dapat mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor tersebut.

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Indonesia has the 2nd highest MMR in the ASEAN region. Delivery in health facilities can prevent maternal death. Based on 2017 IDHS, 74% of women have given birth in health facilities, but there are still disparities between areas of residence, with the percentage of deliveries in health facilities of 88% in urban areas and 60% in rural areas. This study aims to determine the factors associated with facility-based childbirth in urban and rural areas of Indonesia using 2017 IDHS. This study used a cross-sectional study design with a sample of women of childbearing age (15-49 years) who were married/lived with their partner and gave birth to their last child normally in the 5 years preceding the survey. The results showed that education level, husband/spouse education level, childbirth danger signs knowledge, economic status, health insurance ownership, ANC visits completeness, and delivery preparation were significantly associated with facility-based childbirth in urban and rural areas of Indonesia. Meanwhile, parity, age at delivery, pregnancy danger signs knowledge, pregnancy and delivery complications were significantly related to facility-based childbirth only in rural areas of Indonesia. The form of intervention to increase the coverage of deliveries in health facilities in Indonesia can take these factors into account."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian dilakukan mengenai Perilaku Pencarian Pengobatan IMS Pada WUS di Wilayah Perkotaan Indonesia berdasarkan Analisis Data SDKI 2012. Responden merupakan WUS menikah maupun pernah menikah yang memiliki gejala terkait IMS. Sumber data yang digunakan ialah data sekunder kuesioner Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) 2012. Desain Studi Cross-Sectional. Analisis dilakukan secra univariat dan bivariat dengan jumlah sampel 1594 responden. Dari hasil analisis didapatkan : 68,6% responden tidak mencari pengobatan atau melakukan pengobatan non medis, dan pengobatan medis 31,4%. Karakteristik berdasarkan faktor predisposisi: responden berusia 25-49 tahun (83,2%), dengan rata-rata umur 32,48 tahun, berpendidikan menengah (60,9%), memiliki pengetahuan rendah mengenai gejala IMS (96,4%), bekerja (53,5%), status ekonomi berada pada level atas (50,6%), melakukan hubungan seksual pertama kali pada usia kurang 21 tahun (54%), dan tidakmenggunakan kondom saat terakhir kali berhubungan seksual (94,7%). Berdasarkan faktor pemungkin menunjukan 57,5% responden tidak memiliki asuransi kesehatan. Berdasarkan faktor pendukung: responden mengambil keputusan mengenai pemeriksaan kesehatan bersama dengan pasangan 48,3%. Tidak pernah terpapar sumber informasi IMS (69,7%) sumber informasi mengenai IMS terbanyak didapatkan dari teman (30,94%). Analisis hubungan faktor predisposisi menunjukan faktor pendidikan (p-value = 0,006), status ekonomi (p-value = 0,000), penggunaan kondom (p-value = 0,000) terbukti secara statistik memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan perilaku pencarian pengobatan IMS. pada faktor pemungkin terlihat bahwakepemilikan asuransi kesehatan terbukti memiliki hubungan dengan perilaku pencarian pengobatan IMS (p-value = 0,013). Sedangkan pada faktor pendukung menunjukan variabel keterpaparan sumber informasi terbukti secara statistik memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan perilaku pencarian pengobatan IMS (p-value = 0,001). Peningkatan pendidikan, ekonomi, kepemilikan asuransi sangat penting untuk meningkatkan akses pengobatan IMS ke pelayanan kesehatan medis oleh WUS, Selain itu pemberian pengetahuan mengenai gejala IMS dan penggunaan kondom pada WUS dirasa penting untuk meningkatkan kewaspadaan WUS mengenai IMS.

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ABSTRACTResearch conducted on STI treatment seeking behavior on Women in reproductive age at Indonesian Urban Areas. As per the analysis of SDKI 2012 Data, this research was conducted on Female in reproductive Age who is or was married have symptoms related to STIs. Data source used is from questionnaires in Indonesia Health Demographic Survey (SDKI) 2012, with Cross-Sectional Design Study,with univariate and bivariat analycist used. The sample used is 1594 Female in reproductive Age that meets sample criteria. From the analysis result, it is found that the proportions of treatment seeking behavior of Women during reproductive age in Indonesian urban area are as: 68.6% did not seek treatment or non medical treatment and 31.4% was seeking medical treatment. Characteristics based onpredisposing Factor indicated that the respondents were mostly aged 25 -49 years 83,2% with an average age of 32,48 years, 60,9% respondents were mediumeducated, 99.9% respondent had low knowledge of STI symptoms, 53.5% respondent were working or had a job and 50,6% of the respondent were on the top status of economic level. 54% of the respondent had their first sexual intercourse at age less than 21 years and 94,7% did not use condom during last sexual intercourse with partner. Characteristics based on enabling Factor shows that 57,5% respondents did not have health insurance. Characteristics based on the reinforcing Factor shows that 48.3% respondents make decision about health examination with husband or partner and most of the respondents were never exposed to any source of information on STIs, whereas 30.94% of the respondent obtained the information on STIs from their friends. Analysis of the relationship between predisposing Factor and treatment seeking behavior, the relationships proved statistically are: educational Factor (p-value = 0,006), economic status (p-value = 0,000) and the use of condoms (p-value = 0,000). The result of the relationship analysis between enabling Factor shows that the ownership of health insurance has been proven statistically related to STI treatment seeking behavior (p-value = 0,013). Also based on analysis result of correlation between reinforcing factor with STI treatment seeking behavior, it is seen as the only variable of exposure to the informationsource of STI. Statistically it is proven that the exposure source have significant relation with treatment seeking behavior of STI (p-value = 0,001). Increased education, economics, insurance ownership is essential to improve access to STI treatment to medical services. In addition, the provision of knowledge about STI symptoms and condom use in is also important to increase awareness of STIs."

"ABSTRACTSkripsi ini membahas modal sosial dalam mendukung pelaksanaan urban farming di Kampung Berkebun RW 04. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pelaksanaan urban farming di Kampung Berkebun RW 04 didukung oleh modal sosial. Terdapat tiga bentuk modal sosial dalam pelaksanaannya, yaitu bonding capital, bridging capital, dan linking capital yang didukung komponen seperti kepercayaan, jaringan, norma, dan sanksi. Bonding capital menggambarkan hubungan antar anggota Kampung Berkebun RW 04. Bridging capital menggambarkan hubungan dengan warga RW 04 non anggota, pelaku urban farming di RW 08, dan tamu kunjungan. Linking capital menggambarkan hubungan dengan Dispangtan, PPL, dan Karang Taruna Kelurahan. Bentuk modal sosial tersebut diperkuat jaringan yang didorong oleh kepercayaan sehingga memungkinkan pertukaran sumber daya yang dibutuhkan. Norma dan sanksi mendukung bonding capital meskipun tidak terlalu mengatur hubungan yang ada. Penelitian ini menyarankan agar Kampung Berkebun RW 04 membuat penyuluhan terkait pengetahuan baru yang dijadikan sarana pertemuan sekaligus pertukaran pengetahuan antar anggota, bisa dengan bantuan Dispangtan, memunculkan key people lain yang memiliki kapasitas seperti pemimpin saat ini, mengembangkan media sosial yang dikelola sendiri untuk memperluas jaringan, dan berkolaborasi dengan pelaku urban farming di RW 08.

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ABSTRACTThis undergraduate thesis discusses social capital that supports urban farming implementation in Kampung Berkebun RW 04. This research is a qualitative research with descriptive design. The results conclude that urban farming implementation in Kampung Berkebun RW 04 supported by social capital. There are three forms of social capital in the implementation of urban farming, such as bonding capital, bridging capital, and linking capital supported by its components such as trust, network, norms, and sanctions. Bonding capital describes relationship between members in Kampung Berkebun RW 04. Bridging capital describes relationship with non member citizen of RW 04, urban farmer in RW 08, and visitors. Linking capital describes relationship with Food and Agriculture Departments Dispangtan , PPL, dan Karang Taruna Kelurahan. Each forms of social capital strenghtened by the existence of network, enhanced by trust so that enable for the exchange of resources needed. Norms and sanctions supports bonding capital but not really control the relationship. This research suggests Kampung Berkebun RW 04 to make knowledge development made as both meeting and transfer knowledge medium, raise another key people who have capacity like the current leader, developing self managed social media to expand relations, and collaborating with other urban farmers in RW 08."

"Diare merupakan penyebab kematian terbesar kedua pada anak usia di bawah lima tahun, dimana 1 dari 9 balita di dunia meninggal diakibatkan oleh diare. WHO menyebutkan bahwa sekitar 80% kematian diare disebabkan oleh air yang tidak aman, sanitasi yang tidak memadai dan kebersihan yang tidak memadai, terutama di negara berkembang. Diare tetap menjadi masalah utama tetapi sebagian besar dapat dicegah. Air, sanitasi, dan kebersihan yang lebih baik dapat mencegah kematian 297.000 anak di bawah 5 tahun setiap tahunnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis hubungan faktor WASH (sumber air bersih, air minum, fasilitas sanitasi, pembuangan tinja anak, dan fasilitas cuci tangan) dan faktor host (ASI eksklusif dan imunisasi campak) terhadap kejadian diare pada balita di wilayah pedesaan dan perkotaan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan desain penelitian potong lintang (cross-sectional). Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder, yaitu data SDKI 2017. Hubungan antara variabel independen dengan dependen akan dilihat menggunakan uji statistik kai kuadrat (chi-square). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor WASH dan host yang memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan diare balita di Indonesia, yaitu sumber air bersih (OR = 1,41), air minum (OR = 1,37), fasilitas sanitasi (OR = 1,39), pembuangan tinja anak (OR = 1,26), ASI eksklusif (OR = 1,68) dan imunisasi campak (OR = 1,19). Pada wilayah pedesaan, yaitu air minum (OR = 1,39), fasilitas sanitasi (OR = 1,19), dan ASI eksklusif (OR = 1,72) serta di wilayah perkotaan, yaitu sumber air bersih (OR = 1,69), fasilitas sanitasi (OR = 1,65), pembuangan tinja anak (OR = 1,30), dan ASI eksklusif (OR = 1,64). Diharapkan pemerintah untuk memperluas pedoman terkait diare balita yang disebabkan karena faktor WASH dan faktor host balita, untuk meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat.

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Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old, account for 1 in 9 child deaths worlwide. WHO states around 80% deaths from diarrhea are caused by unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and inadequate hygiene, especially in developing countries. Diarrhea remains a major problem but is largely preventable. Better water, sanitation, and hygiene could prevent the deaths of 297,000 children under five each year. This research aims to analyze the association between WASH risk factors (clean water sources, drinking water, sanitation facilities, disposal of children's feces, and hand washing facilities) and host factors (exclusive breastfeeding and measles immunization) on the prevalence of diarrhea among children under five in rural and urban areas in Indonesia. This research is a quantitative study using a cross-sectional research design. The data used is secondary data, SDKI 2017. The association between independent and dependent variables will be test using the chi-square statistical test. The research results show, clean water sources (OR = 1.41), drinking water (OR = 1.37), sanitation facilities (OR = 1.39), disposal of children’s feces (OR = 1.26), exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 1.68) and measles immunization (OR = 1.19), were significantly associated with children under five diarrhea. In rural areas, drinking water (OR = 1.39), sanitation facilities (OR = 1.19), and exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 1.72), were significantly associated with children under five diarrhea, and in urban areas, clean water sources (OR = 1.69 ), sanitation facilities (OR = 1.65), disposal of children's feces (OR = 1.30), and exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 1.64), were significantly associated with children under five diarrhea. The knowledge findings from this study suggest government to expands guidelines regarding children under five diarrhea caused by WASH factor and host factors, to increase public awareness."

"Penelitian ini merupakan studi yang membahas determinan kemiskinan dengan menggunakan data Susenas 2012 dan kemudian akan dilihat hubungan antara variable karakteristik rumah tangga tersebut serta dibandingkan dampak masing masing variabel di masing masing wilayah tersebut terhadap kemiskinan Penelitian ini menggunakan metode logistik pada data cross section Hal ini memiliki tujuan dan harapan agar kemiskinan semakin dapat diatasi serta Indonesia akan semakin membaik dalam jangka panjang Kata kunci Kemiskinan Perkotaan Pedesaan Karakteristik Socio economic dan Susenas 2012.

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This study is a study that addresses the determinants of poverty using data Susenas 2012 Study aims to know the factors that affect poverty in urban and rural household level This study using logistic method on cross section data Demographic characteristics of households indicates the direction of education in accordance with previous studies while the manufacturing and agricultural sectors shows the probability to be poor compared to the trade and educational services Keywords Poverty Urban rural Household Characteristics and Susenas 2012."

"Development successful of a state supported by many factors. One of sector which has contribution in its successful is transportation sector. Transportation sector is a important sector of state development. If the transportation is good, the development becomes more accomplished so the economic can grow and automatically politic stability increases. Public policy in transportation sector is veryimportant thing, because including people and goods movement to some area or place especially in urban. The problems of transportation in urban generally are traffic jam,traffic indiscipline, pollution, safety etc. Transportation policy directed to overcome the problems of transportation by providing priority of the more important problem to be overcome first. The air pollution caused by urban transportation is one of thebiggest contribution of carbon gas on atmosphere and this problem would be discussed in this thesis.Method which was used in this thesis was qualitative method by collecting data through library research and interview to the competence sides in this research.The conclusion of this research is state policy especially transportation sector still more emphasize certain groups particularly for the sake of business. and ignoredimportance of public, people conditions are still weak even though today has gone in reformation era which emphasizes people in making policy. However state remain participates in international policy that is ratifying Kyoto Protocol to reduce thedanger gas which causes climate alteration and global effect. Thus the state still halfhearted to perform the policy in this environment sector because of many importance, while in politic international which was leaded by state that is care about environment, that is a important issue and many pay attention in globalization eracurrently and in order to the state was not excommunicated in international world."