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"ABSTRAKPada masa Orde baru, muncul program- program agribisnis demi memenuhi kebutuhan pangan Indonesia. Program- program agribisnis ini terangkum dalam sebuah keputusan, yakni Program Tebu Rakyat Intensifikasi atau biasa disebut dengan TRI yang bercita memenuhi kebutuhan gula nasional serta mencapai swasembada gula. Beberapa daerah di seluruh Jawa terkena imbas akibat program ini. Kabupaten Cirebon, Jawa Barat merupakan salah satu daerah yang mendapat program ini. Selama pelaksanaan program TRI, banyak jalan yang harus ditempuh. Di satu sisi pemerintah sudah mempersiapkan programnya dengan baik, di satu sisi para petani merasa baik- baik saja selama pelaksanaan program. Namun hal ini menjadi pertanyaan besar mengapa pada akhirnya di tahun 1997, banyak para petani tebu memilih untuk beralih ke tanaman pangan yang lain dibandingkan dengan tebu.

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ABSTRACT<>br>During the New Order period, agribusiness programs emerged to meet the needs of Indonesian food. These agribusiness programs are summarized in a decision, namely the Intensification of Smallholder Sugar Cane Program or commonly referred to as TRI that fulfills the national sugar needs and achieves self sufficiency in sugar. Several areas throughout Java were affected by this program. District of Cirebon, West Java is one of the areas that got this program. During the implementation of the TRI program, there are many ways to go. On the one hand the government has prepared the program well, on the one hand the farmers feel fine during the program implementation. But this is a big question why in the end in 1997, many sugar cane farmers chose to switch to other food crops compared to sugarcane."

"ABSTRAKPada tahun 1957 Pabrik Gula Gondang Winangoen menjadi milik Pemerintah RI, dan pengawasannya diserahkan kepada Pusat Perkebunan Negara PPN Baru unit Semarang, dan nama Pabrik Gula PG. ini berganti nama menjadi PG. Gondang Baru. Buruh berperan sebagai motor penggerak nasionalisasi pada PG. Gondang Gondang Baru sepanjang tahun 1958-an. Sesuai PP No. 164/1964 tanggal 1 Juli tahun 1964, PG. Gondang Baru beralih di bawah naungan PPN Jawa Tengah V Surakarta. Selanjutnya PPN dibubarkan berdasarkan PP No.14/1968, dan diganti Perusahaan Negara Perkebunan PNP XVI yang berkedudukan di Solo. Perkembangan selanjutnya tahun 1969 terjadi perubahan dari PNP XVI yang menyebabkan perusahaan ini kemudian masuk menjadi PT. Pabrik Gula Gondang Baru.Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan pergerakan industri gula pada masa pemerintahan Republik Indonesia, dari tahun 1957 sampai 1969, khususnya yang terjadi pada pabrik gula ini. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam menunjang penelitian ini adalah metode sejarah yaitu heuristik, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi. Data tambahan diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan narasumber yang mengetahui hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan PG. Gondang Baru.

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ABSTRACTIn 1957 the Gondang Winangoen Sugar Factory belonged to the Government of Indonesia, and its supervision was handed over to the New Plantation Enterprise of the State Pusat Perkebunan Negara PPN Baru unit of Semarang. The name Gondang Winangoen Sugar Factory was changed to Gondang Baru Sugar Factory. The Labourers had a role as a driving force of nationalization at the Gondang Baru Sugar Factory during the 1958 rsquo s. According to Government Regulation No. 164 1964 July 1 1964, PG. Gondang Baru was registered and placed under the auspices of the PPN V Surakarta, Central Java. Subsequently the PPN was dissolvedbased on Government Regulation No.14 1968 and in the end of 1968 replaced to State Plantation Company Perusahaan Negara Perkebunan PNP XVI based in Solo. In this case PG. Gondang Baru was included under the auspices of PNP XVI.In 1969 PNP XVI underwent changes and was then registered as PT. Gondang Baru Sugar Factory. This thesis aims to show the movement of the sugar industry during the Republic of Indonesia, from 1957 to 1969, especially what happened to this sugar factory. The research methods used in this paper are historical method that is heuristics, critics, interpreting and historiography. Additional data was obtained through interviews with informants who are able to relate the history of Gondang Baru Sugar Factory. "

"ABSTRAKTebu merupakan bahan baku untuk membuat gula putih yang merupakan salah satu kebutuhan pokok masyarakat di Indonesia. Tebu yang dipotong ketika panen akan mengalami penurunan kualitas karena kehilangan gula yang terkandung di dalam batang tebu. Kehilangan gula ini akan bertambah seiring dengan lamanya waktu tunda tebu tersebut untuk digiling. Waktu tunda akan menjadi semakin lama apabila terjadi antrian truk di pabrik karena proses bongkar tebu sebelum dilakukan proses penggilingan. Antrian yang terjadi di pabrik gula pada umumnya mengikuti pelayanan FCFS First-Come First Serve . Sistem antrian memiliki beberapa teknik disiplin pelayanan, antara lain disiplin pelayanan dengan prioritas priority service , pelayanan secara acak random order service dan pelayanan dengan kedatangan terakhir Last-Come First-Serve Penelitian ini akan membahas tentang pengaruh disiplin pelayanan terhadap waktu tunda dan pengaruhnya terhadap kualitas bahan baku tebu dengan didukung oleh rancangan penelitian berdasarkan kondisi sistem antrian. Analisis yang dilakukan menggunakan model simulasi sehingga dapat dikembangkan skenario lanjutan untuk memperbaiki sistem antrian di pabrik gula

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ABSTRACTSugarcane is a raw material for making white sugar which is one of the basic needs of society in Indonesia. Stalks of sugarcane will decrease quality because of the loss of sugar. This losses will increase by the time because of delay time happened in the queue of trucks at the factory due to the process of unloading of sugar cane before the milling process. Queues servce in sugar mills is mostly using first come first serve FCFS dicipline. The queuing system has several service discipline techniques, among others are last come first serve LCFS, services with priority, random service and last come first serve. This research will analysze the delay time and impact on the quality of sugarcane with using design of experiment. Analyzes made using the model simulation which can be used to improve queuing systems at sugar mills. "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengeliminasi berbagai pemborosan yang ada pada proses produksi gula di Pabrik Gula Meritjan Kediri, yang merupakan unit bisnis dari PT Perkebunan Nusantara X, dengan menggunakan value stream mapping (VSM) yang diintegrasikan dengan activity based costing (ABC) untuk mencapai lean manufacturing. Observasi dan wawancara menggunakan pertanyaan terbuka dilakukan untuk mengerti proses produksi gula. Berbagai anggota pabrik yang terlibat dalam proses produksi diwawancara melalui kunjungan dan diskusi di pabrik. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan VSM untuk memahami produksi gula, mengidentifikasi berbagai pemborosan, dan merancang solusi untuk mengeliminasi berbagai pemborosan tersebut. Sedangkan pendekatan ABC diintegrasikan dengan current state map dan future state map untuk menghitung biaya aktivitas yang ada pada value stream, termasuk value added cost dan non-value added cost. Hasil utama dari penelitian ini adalah telah diidentifikasi lima pemborosan penting diantaranya menunggu, persediaan yang tidak perlu, transportasi yang tidak efisien, proses yang tidak tepat, dan produksi berlebih. Prioritas solusi yang dihasilkan adalah menjaga kontinuitas supplai bahan baku tebu dengan penjadwalan penebangan malam hari, penghapusan persediaan yang tidak perlu pada penerimaan tebu, dan menerapkan teknologi sugar bag handling system dan sistem paletisasi pada persediaan akhir gula. Pada future state map, berbagai solusi tersebut ditargetkan untuk mengurangi total lead time dari 6,92 hari menjadi 5,35 hari dan penghematan pada total biaya hingga 13% yang terdiri dari 30,4% penghematan non-value added cost dan 0,4% penghematan value added cost. Penelitian ini juga memberikan saran praktis implementasi berbagai improvement yang tertuang dalam value stream plan tahunan dengan membaginya dalam tiga kelompok aktivitas: supplier loop, processing loop, dan pacemaker loop.

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This study is purposed to identify and eliminate various wastes in the sugarcane production of Meritjan Kediri Sugarcane Factory of PT Perkebunan Nusantara X by using a value stream mapping (VSM) integrated with activity based costing (ABC) to achieve lean manufacturing. Critical interview techniques and observations were used with open-ended questions to understand the process involved in the sugarcane production. Different chain members were investigated through personal visits and discussions. This study using VSM approach is to understand the value stream of sugarcane production, identify wastes, and purpose solution to eliminate wastes. ABC approach is integrated with the current state map and the future state map to calculate cost of activity involved in the value stream both value added cost and non-value added cost. Major findings obtained from the study are five wastes being identified which are waiting, unnecessary inventory, inefficient transportation, inappropriate process, and overproduction. The prioritized improvements purposed are maintaining continuity of cane supply by night harvest scheduling, removing unnecessary inventory in the cane loading area, and installing sugar bag handling system and palletization system in the finished good warehouse. In the future state map, those improvements are targeted to achieve reduction on total lead time from 6,92 days to 5,35 days and reduction on total cost by 13% consisting 30,4% reduction on non-value added cost and 0,4% reduction on value added cost. This study also suggests practical implementation showed in yearly value stream plan by dividing entire improvement plan into three loop of activities: supplier loop, processing loop, and pacemaker loop."

"Sugarcane industry and trade (SIT) in Indonesia is significantly influenced by the government policies. This paper reviewed SIT policies from colonial period up to now to obtain valuable lessons for future development of SIT. Lessons learned include: (1) During the colonial era, the peak triumph was achieved through farmers' sacrifice; (2) High financial support for research institutions to produce super varieties, such as POJ 2838 and 3016 with productivity as high as 18 ton/ha of crystal; (3) In the beginning of independence, Indonesia's institutions and manpower were not exclusively ready to optimally develop SIT; (4) There were no comprehensive policies and several of the existing one were conflicting. Based on these lessons, a comprehensive policy issued by related institutions are strongly required for future development of SIT."

"Produksi gula adalah industri besar di Australia, yang menghasilkan pendapatan hingga 2,0 miliar Dollar Australia. Namun, terdapat kerugian pendapatan sebesar 7% untuk setiap panen, disebabkan oleh tebu yang rusak oleh pemanen mekanis. Kerusakan tersebut - terutama yang merupakan fraktur - berasal mesih pemanen yang menekuk dan memotong tebu tersebut dapat dipanen. Beberapa penelitian telah dilakukan untuk menemukan bagaimana proses panen dapat merusak tebu selama proses panen; dengan cara menemukan sifat-sifat batang tebu, hubungannya dengan pemotong, dan berapa banyak kekuatan yang ditimbulkan sehingga menyebabkan patah. Namun, tidak ada yang menemukan bagaimana data ini pada akhirnya dapat mengurangi kerusakan pada tongkat, sehingga kerugian dapat diminimalkan. Makalah ini akan mencoba menjawab pertanyaan tersebut: bagaimana cara mengurangi kerugian tebu saat dipanen. Dengan mengejar pemahaman yang lebih dalam tentang batang tebu, serta interaksinya dengan mesin pemanen.

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Sugar production is a major industry in Australia, generating up to $2.0 billion of income. However, 7% of revenue is lost for each harvest, caused by cane being damage by the harvester. The damage—mainly fracture—come from bending and cutting the cane for it to be harvested. Several studies have been conducted to discover how the harvesting process may damage the cane during the harvesting process; by finding the properties of the cane, the relation with the base cutter, and how much force needed to break it. However, nobody has found how these data can eventually reduce the damage on the cane, so the loss can be minimised. This paper will try to answer that question: how to reduce cane loss due to harvesting. By pursuing a deeper understanding of the sugarcane stalk, as well as its interaction with the harvester."

"Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh kebijakan Tebu Rakyat Intensifikasi (TRI) terhadap produktivitas Pabrik Gula (PG) Jatiroto dari tahun 1975 hingga 1998. Industri gula memiliki peran penting dalam perekonomian di Indonesia sejak masa kolonial. Meskipun Indonesia pernah menjadi produsen gula terbesar kedua di dunia pada awal abad ke-20, produksi gula menurun sejak krisis ekonomi 1930 hingga Perang Kemerdekaan. Ketergantungan pada impor gula semakin meningkat seiring dengan kurang efektifnya pengelolaan industri gula dan peningkatan konsumsi gula dalam negeri. Untuk mengatasi hal ini, pemerintah menerbitkan Instruksi Presiden (Inpres) No. 9/1975 mengenai sistem TRI. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode sejarah yang terdiri dari pemilihan topik, heuristik, verifikasi, interpretasi, dan historiografi dengan menggunakan sumber primer seperti dokumen pemerintah, arsip internal PG Jatiroto, wawancara dengan pegawai PG Jatiroto, serta sumber sekunder berupa buku, artikel, dan penelitian terdahulu yang memiliki aspek kajian serupa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sejak 1968, penanaman tebu di PG Jatiroto telah menggunakan lahan rakyat disamping pengusahaan tebu di lahan Hak Guna Usaha (HGU) milik pabrik gula. Pelaksanaan TRI di PG Jatiroto menemui hambatan yang menimbulkan keraguan petani untuk mengikuti program, namun PG Jatiroto berupaya meningkatkan partisipasi petani dan perluasan lahan dengan menyediakan fasilitas penunjang, membuka kantor wilayah khusus perluasan, menggunakan sistem glebagan, serta melibatkan Komando Rayon Militer (Koramil) Jatiroto. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tujuan TRI di PG Jatiroto belum dapat tercapai dengan baik, namun TRI memberi pengaruh signifikan terhadap produktivitas PG Jatiroto meliputi peningkatan kapasitas produksi, perluasan lahan tebu rakyat, peningkatan jumlah tebu giling, serta fluktuasi tingkat rendemen. Perbedaan rendemen tebu rakyat dengan tebu lahan HGU tidak signifikan karena pengelolaan lahan HGU yang lebih teratur, tetapi tingkat rendemen lahan rakyat setelah TRI seringkali lebih tinggi karena memengaruhi besaran penghasilan petani.

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This study examines the effect of the Smallholder Sugarcane Intensification (TRI) policy on the productivity of Jatiroto Sugar Factory (PG) from 1975 to 1998. The sugar industry has played an important role in Indonesia's economy since the colonial era. Although Indonesia was once the world’s second-largest sugar producer in the early 20th century, sugar production declined from the 1930 economic crisis until the War of Independence. Dependence on sugar imports increased along with ineffective management of the sugar industry and increased domestic sugar consumption. To overcome this, the government issued Presidential Instruction (Inpres) No. 9/1975 regarding the TRI system. The method used in this research is the historical method, which consists of topic selection, heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography using primary sources such as government documents, PG Jatiroto internal archives, interviews with PG Jatiroto employees, as well as secondary sources in the form of books, articles, and previous studies that have similar aspects of study. The results showed that since 1968, sugarcane cultivation in PG Jatiroto has used people's land in addition to sugarcane cultivation on Cultivation Rights (HGU) land owned by the sugar factory. The implementation of TRI in PG Jatiroto encountered obstacles that caused farmers' hesitation to join the program, but PG Jatiroto tried to increase farmers' participation and land expansion by providing supporting facilities, opening a special regional office for expansion, using the glebagan system, and involving the Jatiroto Military Regional Command (Koramil). This study shows that TRI goals in PG Jatiroto has not been achieved well, but TRI has a significant influence on the productivity of PG Jatiroto including an increase in production capacity, expansion of smallholder sugarcane land, increase in the amount of milled sugarcane, and fluctuations in the level of yield. The difference in the yield of smallholder sugarcane with HGU land sugarcane is not significant because of the more organized management of HGU land, but the yield level of smallholder land after TRI is often higher because it affects the amount of farmers' income."

"Latief AS, Syarief R, Pramudya B, Muhadiono. 2010. Productivity of sugarcane plants of ratooning with various fertilizing treatments. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 43-47. This research aims to determine the sugarcane plants of ratooning productivity with low external input of fertilization treatment towards farmers can increase profits. The method used is the Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with four treatments and three repetitions (4x3). Sugarcane varieties R 579 planted in each patch experiment 5x5 m2. Dosage of fertilizer: P0 = 3.6 kg/year plot experiment was 100% dosage usage of chemical fertilizers used by farmers. Further dosages were P1 (75%) = 2.7 kg/plot, P2 (50%) = 1.8 kg/plot and P3 (0.25%) = 0.9 kg/plot, each supplemented with fertilizer 5 mL of liquid organic/patch a year. Sugarcane crops with a variety of treatment showed no significant difference. The highest productivity was achieved at dosages of P2 (50% chemical fertilizers plus organic fertilizer) is 21.67 kg per square meter. Chemical fertilizers can be saved 7 quintals per hectare a year or Rp 997,500 per year. Additional costs of liquid organic fertilizer Rp.100,000 per hectare year and labor Rp 100,000 per hectare, so the additional advantage of saving farmers fertilizer Rp. 797,500 per year. "

"Torrefaction, which is used to improve the properties of sugarcane bagasse as fuel in pulverised fuel combustion and as carbon feed in gasification, is a low heating rate pyrolysis of biomass carried out at a temperature of 200–300oC, at an atmospheric pressure, and in an inert environment. In the present work, sugarcane bagasse was torrefied at heating rates of 3, 6, and 10oC/minute, respectively, to achieve a final temperature of 275oC and after the final temperature was reached, hold times of 0 and 15 minutes, respectively occurred at a constant temperature of 275oC for a heating rate of 6oC/minute. The physical characteristics of torrefied sugarcane bagasse samples to be determined were a particle size distribution accomplished by grinding, hydrophobicity by allowing the samples to absorb moisture from the ambient air, and pellet hardness of the sample pellets. The torrefaction results show that increasing heating rate and hold time reduced the cellulose content of the sugarcane bagasse to as low as between 5.35% to 10.61% by weight composition, respectively. As the lignin content increased, the sample pellets resulted in better hardness in comparison to that measured on raw sugarcane bagasse. As the hemicellulose content increased, the samples, after grinding and stronger hydrophobicity, produced a higher fraction of smaller particle sizes. The maximum weight fraction of particles in these samples with sizes smaller than 105 µm achieved was 83.43% weight in contrast to 0.62% weight in raw sugarcane bagasse. The maximum water absorption by the samples in 3 hours was 1.28% weight in contrast to 8.02% weight by raw sugarcane bagasse. The results indicate that torrefaction is able to improve sugarcane bagasse physical characteristics, which are favourable for biomass pelletization, storage and transportation."

"This volume looks at sugarcane, which plays a substantial role in world economy. Molecular marker strategies will be of help in understanding some aspects of sucrose metabolism and its regulation in this crop, thus complementing the ongoing crop improvement programmes."