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"Latar belakang: Black stain sering ditemukan pada anak dan tingkat rekurensinya tinggi. Dibutuhkan bahan antibakteri untuk mematikan bakteri Actinomyces penyebab black stain. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan viabilitas bakteri Actinomyces sp. setelah berkumur dengan chlorine dioxide dan klorheksidin. Metode Penelitian: Bakteri Actinomyces didapat dari plak black stain anak sebelum dan sesudah berkumur chlorine dioxide dan klorheksidin. Kemudian dilakukan uji viabilitas dengan MTT assay. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan selisih viabilitas bakteri Actinomyces sp. sebelum dan sesudah berkumur dengan chlorine dioxide dan klorheksidin. Kesimpulan: Penggunaan obat kumur chlorine dioxide menyebabkan penurunan viabilitas bakteri Actinomyces sp. yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan klorheksidin.

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Background: Black stain is often found in children and the recurrence rate is high. Antibacterial agent is needed to kill Actinomyces sp. causing black stain.

Aim: To compare Actinomyces sp. bacterial viability differences before and after rinsing with chlorine dioxide and chlorhexidine.

Method: Actinomyces sp. was obtained from black stain plaque in children before and after rinsing with chlorine dioxide and chlorhexidine. Bacterial viability was measured using MTT assay.

Results: Significant differences in Actinomyces sp. bacterial viability was found when rinsing with chlorine dioxide and chlorhexidine.

Conclusion: Using mouthrinse containing chlorine dioxide resulted in reducing Actinomyces sp. bacterial viability."

"Latar belakang: Black stain merupakan salah satu tipe stain ekstrinsik yangdapat mengenai gigi sulung dan puncaknya terjadi pada masa kanak-kanak lalumenurun prevalensinya saat pubertas dan mencapai dewasa. Salah satu etiologidari black stain adalah bakteri Actinomyces dalam jumlah yang melebihi batasnormal pada anak. Obat kumur klorheksidin merupakn salah satu agen bakteriyang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Actinomyces viscosus. Obat kumurchlorine dioxide dapat membunuh mikroorganisme patogen spektrum luas sepertibakteri, sedangkan penggunaan bahan alam sebagai salah satu alternatif obatkumur virgin coconut oil (VCO) dengan kandungan asam laurat dan monolaurinyang tinggi dapat membunuh bakteri gram positif dan gram negatif. Tujuan:Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek agen antibakteri klorheksidin,chlorine dioxide dan VCO terhadap waktu pembentukan, klasifikasi dan viabilitasbakteri Actinomyces penyebab black stain pada anak yang dilakukan pada 3 kalikunjungan. Metode penelitian: Penelitian dilakukan pada 15 anak yang dibagimenjadi 3 kelompok berkumur oil pulling dengan klorheksidin 0,1%, chlorinedioxide 0,1% dan VCO 25%. Hasil: Obat kumur klorheksidin 0,1%, chlorinedioxide 0,1% dan VCO 25% dapat memperpanjang waktu pembentukan blackstain kembali. Terdapat kecenderungan penurunan nilai klasifikasi (Gasparetto etal.) pada obat kumur klorheksidin 0,1%, chlorine dioxide 0,1% dan VCO 25%dari kunjungan 1, 2 dan 3. Obat kumur klorheksidin 0,1%, chlorine dioxide 0,1%dan VCO 25% efektif dalam menurunkan viabilitas bakteri Actinomyces yangbanyak dikaitkan sebagai faktor etiologi black stain. Kesimpulan: Obat kumurVCO 25% dapat direkomendasikan sebagai salah satu alternatif obat kumurberbahan dasar herbal yang dapat menghambat koagregasi dan pembentukan plak

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Background: Black stain is one type of extrinsic stain that can affect the

deciduous teeth and peak occurs in childhood then decreases its prevalence at

puberty and reaches adulthood. One of the etiologies of black stain is Actinomyces

in numbers that exceed the normal limits in children. Chlorhexidine mouthwash is

one of the bacterial agents that can inhibit bacterial growth of Actinomyces

viscosus. Chlorine dioxide mouthwash can kill broad-spectrum pathogenic

organisms such as bacteria, while the use of natural ingredients as an alternative

virgin coconut oil (VCO) with high lauric acid and monolaurin content can kill

gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Aim: The study was conducted to

investigate the effect of antibacterial agent of chlorhexidine, chlorine dioxide and

VCO on formation time, difference of classification and viability of Actinomyces

that cause black stain on children performed on 3 visits. Methods: The study was

conducted on 15 children divided into 3 groups of gargling oil pulling with 0.1%

chlorhexidine, 0.1% chlorine dioxide and 25% VCO. Result: 0.1% chlorhexidine

0.1% chlorine dioxide and 25% VCO can extend the formation time of black stain.

There is tendency to decrease the classification value (Gasparetto et al.) on 0.1%

chlorhexidine, 0.1% chlorine dioxide and 25% VCO from 3 visits. 0.1%

chlorhexidine, 0.1% chlorine dioxide and 25% VCO are effective in reducing

Actinomyces viability, which is widely associated as an etiology factor.

Conclusion: 25% VCO mouthwash can be recommended as an alternative to

herbal based mouthwash that can inhibit coaggregation, plaque and black stain

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"Penelitian mengenai black stain pada permukaan email gigi masih jarang dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membedakan kuantitas Actinomyces di saliva anak dengan dan tanpa black stain pada permukaan email gigi. Subyek dipilih dari anak usia 4-11 tahun dengan dan tanpa black stain. Sampel saliva diambil dengan menginstruksi kepada subyek untuk meludah ke dalam container steril dan dimasukkan ke dalam plastik steril yang mengandung Oxoid Anaerob Gas pack untuk menjaga kondisi anaerob. Di laboratorium dilakukan pengenceran berseri dan dimasukkan ke dalam cawan petri yang telah mengandung Actinomyces Isolate Agar. Cawan petri dimasukkan ke dalam anaerob jar dan diinkubasi. Hasil biakan di cawan petri, dilakukan lagi pemeriksaan pewarnaan gram, lalu dihitung dengan metode colony forming unit. Hasil penghitungan dilakukan analisa dengan uji-t dua kelompok tidak berpasangan dengan batas kemaknaan p ≤ 0.05 dan disimpulkan bahwa kuantitas Actinomyces di saliva anak dengan dan tanpa black stain di permukaan email gigi berbeda tidak bermakna.

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Studies about black stain at the surface of tooth enamel is infrequently did. The aim of this study is to differentiate the quantity of Actinomyces on saliva of children with and without black stain at the surface of tooth enamel. Subject is chosen from children aged 4-11 years old with and without black stain. Saliva taken by instructing subject to expectorate into a steryl container and inserted into a steryl plastic with Oxoid anaerob Gas pack to keep the anaerob condition when transported to laboratorium. In Laboratory, serial dilution was done and sample was inserted into a plate which contains Difco Actinomyces Isolate agar. Put the plate into an anareob jar and incubated in incubator. From the plate, subculture identification was did to identify the morphology of Actinomyces. The colony of Actinomyces on the plate was count with colony counter using the colony forming unit method. The result was analyzed with t-test two group unpaired with p ≤ 0.05 and concluded that the quantity of Actinomyces on children?s saliva with and without black stain of the enamel surface is differ unmeaningful."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Virgin Coconut Oil VCO memiliki efek antibakteri. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek pemberian VCO berbagai konsentrasi terhadap viabilitas bakteri Actinomyces sp dan Prevotella sp. Metode penelitian: Bakteri Actinomyces sp dan Prevotella sp dipaparkan dengan VCO konsentrasi 12,5 , 25 , 50 , dan 100 . Selanjutnya dilakukan uji viabilitas dengan MTT Assay. Hasil: Penurunan viabilitas Actinomyces sp bermakna pada pemberian VCO 25 dan penurunan viabilitas Prevotella sp bermakna pada pemberian VCO 100 . Kesimpulan: Pada pemberian VCO dengan berbagai konsentrasi, penurunan viabilitas bakteri Actinomyces sp lebih besar dibandingkan dengan Prevotella sp.

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ABSTRACT Background Virgin Coconut Oil VCO has antibacterial effect. Objective To analyze effects of VCO administered in various concentrations on viability of Actinomyces sp and Prevotella sp. Methods Actinomyces sp and Prevotella sp was exposed to VCO in concentrations 12.5 , 25 , 50 and 100 . Afterwards, viability testing with MTT Assay was conducted. Results Significantly reduce viability was reached by Actinomyces sp with VCO 25 and significance was reached by Prevotella sp administering VCO 100 . Conclusion When VCO was administered in various concentrations, the decline rate in bacterial viability of Actinomyces sp was higher than Prevotella sp. "

"Dental black stain merupakan diskolorisasi gigi berupa garis pigmen hitam atau kumpulan titik hitam pada sepertiga servikal mahkota gigi. Plak pada gigi dengan dental black stain memiliki kadar kalsium dan fosfat yang lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan plak pada gigi tanpa dental black stain. Komposisi kalsium dan fosfat pada saliva dicurigai merupakan penyebab tingginya kadar kalsium dan fosfat plak pada gigi dengan dental black stain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar kalsium dan fosfat pada saliva anak dengan dental black stain dengan saliva anak tanpa dental black stain. Subjek penelitian berusia 4-8 tahun, sebanyak 30 anak yang terdiri dari 15 anak dengan dental black stain dan 15 anak tanpa dental black stain. Pengukuran kadar kalsium dan fosfat dilakukan dengan metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar kalsium dan fosfat pada saliva anak dengan dental black stain lebih tinggi secara bermakna jika dibandingkan dengan saliva anak tanpa dental black stain.

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Dental black stain is discoloration of the teeth which appears as black pigmented line or collection of black dots on the cervical third of the tooth crown. Plaque on tooth with dental black stain has calcium and phosphate concentrations that were higher when compared to plaque on tooth without dental black stain. Calcium and phosphate composition in saliva suspected as the cause of calcium and phosphate level elevation in dental black staion plaque. This study aims to determine the level diffrence of calcium and phosphate in the saliva of children with dental black stain and without dental black stain. The subjects were children aged 4-8 years, as many as 30 children which consist of 15 children with dental black stain and 15 children without dental black stain. The samples were calcium and phosphate levels which obtained from children’s saliva. The levels of calcium and phosphate were measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the levels of calcium and phosphate in the saliva of children with dental black stain were significantly higher when compared to the one without dental black stain."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Penggunaan obat kumur sudah menjadi kebiasaan disampingmenyikat gigi. Salah satu obat kumur yang beredar di masyarakat mengandung zataktif zinc acetate dan chlorine dioxide yang berkhasiat sebagai antimikroba,antikalkulus dan mengurangi halitosis. Bagaimana dampak penggunaannyaterhadap protein saliva perlu diteliti. Tujuan: Menganalisis perubahan profilprotein saliva sebelum dan setelah penggunaan obat kumur yang mengandungzinc acetate dan chlorine dioxide selama waktu tertentu. Metode: Whole salivadari 5 subyek dikumpulkan sebelum berkumur dan 1 minggu, 2 minggu serta 3minggu setelah berkumur. Profil protein saliva dianalisis dengan menggunakanSDS-PAGE. Hasil: Rentang pita protein sebelum bekumur yaitu 21-192 kDa; 1minggu setelah berkumur yaitu 21-236 kDa; 2 minggu setelah berkumur yaitu 20-83 kDa; dan 3 minggu setelah berkumur yaitu 29-240 kDa. Kesimpulan: Secaradeskriptif, terlihat perubahan profil protein saliva setelah menggunakan obatkumur yang mengandung zinc acetate dan chlorine dioxide.

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ABSTRACTBackgrounds: Using mouthwash has been a daily habit besides tooth brushing. A lotof mouthwash that present in the market with variety of component and function, oneof them is containing zinc acetate and chlorine dioxide as antimicrobial, anticalculus,and reducing halitosis. How its impacts to the salivary proteins need to beinvestigated. Objective: To analyze the effect of mouthwash containing zinc acetateand chlorine dioxide on salivary protein profile. Methods: whole saliva from 5subjects were collected before rinsing, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks after rinsing.Salivary protein profile analyzed by SDS-PAGE method. Results: Range of proteinband before rinsing are around 21-192 kDa, 1 week after rinsing are around 21-236kDa, 2 weeks before rinsing are around 20-83 kDa, and 3 weeks after rinsing arearound 29-240 kDa. Conclusion: There was alternation of salivary protein profileafter usage of mouthwash containing zinc acetate and chlorine dioxide."

"[ABSTRAKPenyakit jantung kongenital merupakan anomali kongenital yang paling sering terjadi dengan insiden 8-10 kasus dari 1000 kelahiran. Anak dengan penyakit jantung kongenital membutuhkan pengobatan dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Beberapa obat yang dikonsumsi oleh anak dengan penyakit jantung kongenital dapat menyebabkan terjadinya karies. Disebutkan bahwa anak dengan penyakit jantulng kongenital memiliki insiden karies yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan anak normal. Tingkat keparahan resiko terjadinya karies dapat diperiksa melalui penghitungan nilai pH plak. Probiotik sering digunakan untuk pencegahan karies pada anak. Manfaat penggunaan probiotik dapat mengurangi resiko terjadinya karies. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara mengambil sampel plak pada subjek sebelum berkumur minuman probiotik, kemudian subjek berkumur dengan minuman probiotik, dan 30 menit setelah berkumur minuman probiotik Hasil yang didapatkan dari 15 orang anak, probiotik dapat meningkatkan nilai pH plak (p=0,001) sebelum berkumur dan sesaat setelah berkumur, dan dapat bertahan 30 menit setelah berkumur minuman probiotik (p=0,430).

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ABSTRACTCongenital Heart Disease is the most common congenital anomaly occurred with an incidence of 8-10 cases out of 1000 births. Children with congenital heart disease are need treatment in the long term. Some drugs consumed by children with congenital heart disease may cause caries. As mentioned that children with congenital heart disease has a higher incidence of caries compared to normal children. The risk level of caries can be checked by calculating the plaque pH values. Probiotics are often used for prevention of caries in children. Benefits of using probiotics can reduce the risk of caries. This research is use samples of plaque on the subject before rinsing probiotic drink, then the subject gargling with probiotic drinks, and 30 minutes after rinsing probiotic drinks Results obtained from 15 children, probiotics can enhance the plaque pH values (p = 0.001) before rinsing and shortly after the rinse, and can last 30 minutes after rinsing probiotic drink (p = 0.430).;Congenital Heart Disease is the most common congenital anomaly occurred with an incidence of 8-10 cases out of 1000 births. Children with congenital heart disease are need treatment in the long term. Some drugs consumed by children with congenital heart disease may cause caries. As mentioned that children with congenital heart disease has a higher incidence of caries compared to normal children. The risk level of caries can be checked by calculating the plaque pH values. Probiotics are often used for prevention of caries in children. Benefits of using probiotics can reduce the risk of caries. This research is use samples of plaque on the subject before rinsing probiotic drink, then the subject gargling with probiotic drinks, and 30 minutes after rinsing probiotic drinks Results obtained from 15 children, probiotics can enhance the plaque pH values (p = 0.001) before rinsing and shortly after the rinse, and can last 30 minutes after rinsing probiotic drink (p = 0.430)., Congenital Heart Disease is the most common congenital anomaly occurred with an incidence of 8-10 cases out of 1000 births. Children with congenital heart disease are need treatment in the long term. Some drugs consumed by children with congenital heart disease may cause caries. As mentioned that children with congenital heart disease has a higher incidence of caries compared to normal children. The risk level of caries can be checked by calculating the plaque pH values. Probiotics are often used for prevention of caries in children. Benefits of using probiotics can reduce the risk of caries. This research is use samples of plaque on the subject before rinsing probiotic drink, then the subject gargling with probiotic drinks, and 30 minutes after rinsing probiotic drinks Results obtained from 15 children, probiotics can enhance the plaque pH values (p = 0.001) before rinsing and shortly after the rinse, and can last 30 minutes after rinsing probiotic drink (p = 0.430).]"

"Dental black Stain adalah suatu substansi eksogen berwarna hitam yang melekat erat pada email di sepertiga servikal mahkota gigi geligi. Bakteri kromatogen seperti Actinomyces dan Prevotella melaninogenica yang mengikat ferum yang berasal dari saliva dan eksudat gingiva dicurigai sebagai penyebab perlekatan stain hitam ini pada email gigi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar ferum dalam saliva pada anak dengan dental black stain dan kadar ferum dalam saliva pada anak tanpa dental black stain di Jakarta. Subyek penelitian berusia 4-11 tahun, sebanyak 30 orang anak yang terdiri dari15 anak dengan dental black stain dan 15 anak tanpa dental black stain. Sampel penelitian berupa kadar ferum yang terdapat didalam saliva. Kadar ferum diukur dengan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri serapan atom. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan rerata antara kadar ferum dalam saliva anak dengan dental black stain dan kadar ferum dalam saliva anak tanpa dental black stain di Jakarta, namun dari hasil analisa statistik menunjjukan perbedaan tidak bermakna diantara kedua kelompok (p>0.05). Kesimpulan penelitian ini terdapat perbedaan tidak bermakna antara kadar ferum dalam saliva pada anak dengan dental black stain dan kadar ferum dalam saliva pada anak tanpa dental black sta"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan obat kumur yang mengandung chlorine dioxide (ClO2) dalam mengatasi halitosis. Empat puluh orang dibagi rata ke dalam kelompok uji (berkumur dengan obat kumur yang mengandung chlorine dioxide) dan kelompok kontrol (berkumur dengan aquadest). Skor VSC dan skor organoleptik diukur saat sebelum kumur serta 30menit, 2jam, 4jam dan 6jam setelah kumur. Analisis uji Wilcoxon menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan (p<0,05) pada rata-rata skor VSC antara kelompok uji dengan kelompok kontrol pada keempat pengukuran setelah berkumur. Hasil penelitian membuktikan penggunaan obat kumur yang mengandung chlorine dioxide (ClO2) efektif dalam mengatasi halitosis.

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This study aims to ascertain the effectiveness of the use of mouthwash containing chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in addressing halitosis. Forty people were divided equally into Test Group (gargling with mouthwash containing chlorine dioxide) and Control Group (gargling with aquadest). VSC score and organoleptic score were measured before gargling and 30minutes, 2hours, 4hours and 6hours after gargling. Wilcoxon test analysis shows significant difference (p<0.05) on the average of VSC score between Test Group and Control Group on four testing periods after gargling. The results prove that the use of mouthwash containing chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is effective in addressing halitosis."

"Dental black stain adalah diskolorasi ekstrinsik berwarna hitam di sepertiga servikal mahkota gigi permukaan bukal atau lingual. Logam yang diduga dapat menyebabkan dental black stain adalah ferum dan magnesium. Salah satu faktor risiko yang dicurigai sebagai penyebab terjadinya dental black stain adalah konsumsi susu UHT yang mengandung ferum dan magnesium. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengukur kadar ferum dan magnesium dalam plak dan saliva anak dengan dental black stain. Sampel penelitian adalah plak black stain dan saliva anak dengan dental black stain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kadar ferum 30,50% (plak) dan 7,68 ppm (saliva) serta kadar magnesium 0,23% (plak) dan 1,59 ppm (saliva).

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Dental black stain is a black extrinsic discoloration at the cervical third buccal or lingual surface of the tooth crown. Metals that may cause dental black stain are ferum and magnesium. The risk factor that suspected as the cause of dental black stain is the consumption of UHT milk which contains ferum and magnesium. The purpose of this study is to measure the levels of ferum and magnesium in plaque and saliva of children with dental black stain. Samples were black stain plaque and saliva of children with dental black stain. The results showed ferum levels 30.50% (plaque) and 7.68 ppm (saliva) as well as magnesium levels 0.23% (plaque) and 1.59 ppm (saliva)."