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"Sepsis merupakan kondisi yang sulit untuk didiagnosis. Definisi sepsis berdasarkan International Consensus Conference on Pediatric Sepsis 2005 terlalu sensitif dan tidak spesifik. Akibatnya sering terjadi underdiagnosed/overdiagnosis terhadap sepsis. Sampai saat ini tidak ada data tentang karakteristik pasien sepsis, kepatuhan diagnosis berdasarkan konsensus yang disepakati, dan luaran sepsis pasien di PICU. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran karakteristik sepsis di PICU RS dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif retrospektif dari data rekam medis pasien sepsis di PICU periode Januari 2012 sampai April 2016. Didapatkan 85 pasien yang didiagnosis dokter dengan sepsis, 7 pasien diantaranya tidak memenuhi kriteria konsensus. Hanya 1 pasien yang didiagnosis sepsis berat oleh dokter, sedangkan berdasarkan konsensus didapatkan 66 pasien sepsis berat. Infeksi respiratorik adalah penyakit primer penyebab sepsis di PICU (51,3%). Angka kejadian sepsis berat di PICU sebesar 85% dan syok septik 70%. Klebsiella pneumonia kuman gram negatif terbanyak penyebab sepsis (22%). Angka kematian sepsis sebesar 29%, pada sepsis berat 32% dan meningkat pada syok septik 37%. Penelitian ini menunjukkan kepatuhan diagnosis sepsis oleh dokter berdasarkan konsensus masih kurang. Diagnosis sepsis pasien di PICU berdasarkan kadar prokalsitonin yang meningkat.

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Sepsis is a condition that is difficult to diagnose. Definition of sepsis based on the International Consensus Conference on Pediatric Sepsis 2005 is too sensitive and not specific. As a result underdiagnosed/overdiagnosis often occurs in sepsis. Until now there are no data on the characteristics of sepsis patients, compliance to diagnosis based on consensus, and the outcome of sepsis patients in PICU. The aim of this study is to determine the characteristic features of sepsis in PICU of dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital. The methods is descriptive retrospective study from medical records of sepsis patients in PICU from January 2012 until April 2016. There were 85 patients diagnosed with sepsis by physicians, 7 of them did not meet the criteria of consensus. Only one severe sepsis patients diagnosed by a doctor, but based on the consensus, there are 66 patients with severe sepsis. Respiratory infections are the primary cause of sepsis (51.3%). The incidence of severe sepsis in PICU is 85% and of septic shock is 70%. Klebsiella pneumonia, Gram negative bacteria, is the most common cause of sepsis (22%). Sepsis mortality rate is 29%, severe sepsis is 32% and increased in septic shock by 37%. This study describes compliance of diagnosis of sepsis by doctor based on consensus is still lacking. The diagnosis of sepsis patients in PICU based on increased levels of procalcitonin."

"Latar belakang : Penggunaan antibiotik pada ruang perawatan intensif (Intensive Care Unit, ICU) masih sangat tinggi terutama pada kasus sepsis. Penggunaan terapi tidak rasional merupakan masalah serius dan umum terjadi dan dapat menyebabkan meningkatnya resistensi antibotik. Sepsis merupakan disfungsi organ yang mengancam kehidupan (life-threatening organ dysfunction) yang disebabkan oleh disregulasi imun terhadap infeksi. Terapi antibiotik merupakan komponen utama dalam tatalaksana sepsis. Pemberian antibiotik yang tepat sejak dini pada pasien sepsis perlu dilakukan, dengan pilihan obat yang sesuai dengan pola kuman di komunitas dan rumah sakit.Tujuan : Mengevaluasi pemilihan antibiotik secara kualitatif pada kasus sepsis yang menjalani perawatan di PICU RS Cipto Mangunkusumo.Metode : Desain penelitian potong lintang berdasarkan data pasien anak dengan sepsis yang dirawat  di PICU RSCM yang tercatat di rekam medis sejak April 2017 - Maret 2018. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan secara secara total sampling. Hasil : Subyek yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian yaitu 82 pasien. Sebagian besar subyek perempuan, dengan rentang usia enam bulan sampai satu tahun, status gizi baik, durasi rawat <7 hari, fokus infeksi tersering saluran napas, terutama infeksi komunitas. Penggunaan alat invasif yang paling banyak adalah ventilator, kateter urin dan selang nasogastrik. Antibiotik yang paling banyak digunakan adalah sefotaksim, meropenem, dan seftazidim dengan indikasi terbanyak sebagai terapi empirik, penggunaan kurang dari tujuh hari, dan jumlah antibiotik yang digunakan lebih dari satu jenis. Evaluasi pemilihan antibiotik secara kualitatif didapatkan pemilihan yang tepat sebesar 71,3%. Kesalahan tersering pemilihan antibiotik yaitu dosis dan interval antibiotik tidak tepat.Simpulan : Penggunaan antibiotik di PICU cukup tinggi. Evaluasi pemilihan antibiotik secara kualitatif didapatkan pemilihan yang tepat sebesar 71,3%.

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Antibiotics are the most commonly used medicines in the Pediatirc Intensive Care Units (PICUs) espesially in sepsis cases. Irrational antibiotic therapy is a serious problem and can lead to increased antibiotic resistance. Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by immune dysregulation of infection. Antibiotic therapy is a major component in the management of sepsis. Proper administration of antibiotics in sepsis patients needs to be done, with a choice of drugs that are appropriate to the patterns of bacteria in the community and hospitals.Aim: To qualitatively evaluate antibiotic use in sepsis cases undergoing treatment in PICU Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Method: We perform cross sectional study, reviewing patient medical report of child diagnosed with sepsis admitted to PICU Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from April 2017 – March 2018. All antibiotic usage data was collected. Result: Subjects who met the study criteria were 82 patients with sepsis and given antibiotics. The majority patients given antibiotics were female, ranging in age from six months to one year, with good nutritional status, duration of stay <7 days, the most common focus infections was respiratory infection, and community infections. The most common invasive devices used were ventilator, urinary catheter and nasogastric tube. The most common antibiotics used cefotaxime, meropenem, and ceftazidim with mostly empiric therapy indication, use less than seven days, and more than one type of antibiotics were given. Qualitative evaluation of antibiotics was obtained with the appropriate use 71.3%. The most common mistake in choosing antibiotics were inappropriate dosage and inappropriate interval of antibiotics. Conclusions: Antibiotic use in PICU still high. Of sepsis patients recieving antibiotics treatment at PICU Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, 71,3% were given antibiotics appropriately."

"ABSTRAK Latar belakangKematian akibat sepsis dan syok septik pada pasien rawatan Intensive Care Unit (ICU) yaitu 20-30%. Pemberian antibiotik empirik yang tepat merupakan salah satu langkah awal yang sangat penting. Amikasin merupakan salah satu antibiotik terpilih untuk tata laksana sepsis di ICU RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Saat ini belum pernah dilakukan penelitian mengenai ketercapaian kadar terapi amikasin dengan menggunakan dosis standar amikasin pada pasien sepsis dewasa di ICU RSCM, sehingga studi ini menjadi penelitian pertama di Indonesia.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ketercapaian kadar amikasin optimal pada pasien ICU RSCM.MetodeData dikumpulkan secara potong lintang melalui observasi terhadap hasil pemeriksaan kadar plasma amikasin, pengukuran minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) dan perhitungan rasio Cmax/MIC pada pasien sepsis di ICU RSCM periode Mei-September tahun 2015.Hasil penelitianProporsi pasien sepsis dengan kadar amikasin optimal ialah sebesar 57% (4/7). Kadar puncak amikasin yang dapat dicapai dengan dosis 1000 mg sekali sehari tanpa menghiraukan berat badan ialah median 86,4 (43,5-238) µg/mL. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan 87% pasien dengan kadar puncak amikasin di atas 64 µg/mL, meskipun amikasin 1000 mg tersebut lebih rendah dari dosis yang dianjurkan untuk sepsis (25 mg/kgBB). Sebagian besar (78,3 %) subyek pada kenyataannya menerima dosis 15-25 mg/kgBB, dengan pemberian 1000 mg amikasin tanpa memperhatikan berat badan. Bakteri yang banyak ditemukan dari hasil kultur pasien sepsis di ICU RSCM, yaitu K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa dan E. coli. Rentang nilai MIC untuk patogen tersebut berturut-turut yaitu 0,75 - >256 µg/mL, 0,75 - >256 µg/mL, 1,5 - >256 µg/mL dan 0,75 - 16) µg/mL. Sebanyak 84% isolat K. pneumoniae masih sensitif terhadap amikasin, diikuti oleh 63% untuk A. baumanii, 47% P. aeruginosa dan 100% untuk E. coli.KesimpulanOptimalitas amikasin terhadap bakteri Gram negatif penyebab sepsis bergantung kadar puncak dan MIC bakteri. Kadar puncak plasma amikasin yang dicapai dengan dosis 1000 mg sekali sehari sangat bervariasi. Pemberian amikasin dengan dosis per kgBB dapat dipertimbangkan. Kepekaan beberapa bakteri Gram negatif terhadap amikasin mulai menurun dengan rentang MIC yang cukup lebar. Pengukuran ketercapaian kadar optimal dalam terapi definitif dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan keberhasilan terapi.ABSTRACT BackgroundThe mortality caused by sepsis and septic shock in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is 20-50%. The important first step to reduce this conditions is to give the right empirical antibiotics. Amikacin is one of the antibiotics of choice for the sepsis and septic shock in ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo (CM) Hospital. Studies on the amikacin plasma level in adult patients being given amikacin in ICU RSCM has never been done.The objective of this study is to explore the plasma level of amikacin in septic patients in CM Hospital.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study. Data on plasma amikacin level, microbiological culture, measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and amikacin optimal level in septic patients admitted to ICU of RSCM during May-September 2015.ResultsThe proportion of septic patients that achieve amikacin optimal level was 57% (4/7). Peak amikacin level that can be reached with 1 gram per day dose was 86,4 (43,5-238) g/mL. Although amikacin was given less than recommended dose for sepsis (25 mg/body weight), 87% patients was found to have peak amikacin level > 64 µg/mL. Most (78.3%) of the patients received amikacin with dose range 15-25 mg/kgBW, in which patients was given 1000 mg of amikacin regardless of the body weight. The organisms commonly identified from the microbiological culture septic in patients in ICU of RSCM were K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The MIC for these pathogen were 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 1.5 - >256 µg/mL and 0.75 ? 16 µg/mL, respectively. Most (84%) of K. pneumoniae isolates was still sensitive to amikacin, while 63% A. baumanii isolate, 47% of P. aeruginosa, and 100% of E. coli were sensitive to amikacin.ConclusionsAmikacin?s efficacy to eradicate Gram negative microorganism causing sepsis depend on peak level and MIC of the microorganism. By giving 1000 mg dose per day of amikacin, highly variable peak plasma concentration of the drug was observed. Therefore, amikacin dosing based on weight might be useful to reduce the wide variation. In this study, we found that sensitivity of some Gram negative pathogen are decreasing, with wide range of MIC. Evaluation of optimal level for definitive therapy might be useful to reach more successful treatment.;BackgroundThe mortality caused by sepsis and septic shock in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is 20-50%. The important first step to reduce this conditions is to give the right empirical antibiotics. Amikacin is one of the antibiotics of choice for the sepsis and septic shock in ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo (CM) Hospital. Studies on the amikacin plasma level in adult patients being given amikacin in ICU RSCM has never been done.The objective of this study is to explore the plasma level of amikacin in septic patients in CM Hospital.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study. Data on plasma amikacin level, microbiological culture, measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and amikacin optimal level in septic patients admitted to ICU of RSCM during May-September 2015.ResultsThe proportion of septic patients that achieve amikacin optimal level was 57% (4/7). Peak amikacin level that can be reached with 1 gram per day dose was 86,4 (43,5-238) g/mL. Although amikacin was given less than recommended dose for sepsis (25 mg/body weight), 87% patients was found to have peak amikacin level > 64 µg/mL. Most (78.3%) of the patients received amikacin with dose range 15-25 mg/kgBW, in which patients was given 1000 mg of amikacin regardless of the body weight. The organisms commonly identified from the microbiological culture septic in patients in ICU of RSCM were K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The MIC for these pathogen were 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 1.5 - >256 µg/mL and 0.75 ? 16 µg/mL, respectively. Most (84%) of K. pneumoniae isolates was still sensitive to amikacin, while 63% A. baumanii isolate, 47% of P. aeruginosa, and 100% of E. coli were sensitive to amikacin.ConclusionsAmikacin?s efficacy to eradicate Gram negative microorganism causing sepsis depend on peak level and MIC of the microorganism. By giving 1000 mg dose per day of amikacin, highly variable peak plasma concentration of the drug was observed. Therefore, amikacin dosing based on weight might be useful to reduce the wide variation. In this study, we found that sensitivity of some Gram negative pathogen are decreasing, with wide range of MIC. Evaluation of optimal level for definitive therapy might be useful to reach more successful treatment.;BackgroundThe mortality caused by sepsis and septic shock in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is 20-50%. The important first step to reduce this conditions is to give the right empirical antibiotics. Amikacin is one of the antibiotics of choice for the sepsis and septic shock in ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo (CM) Hospital. Studies on the amikacin plasma level in adult patients being given amikacin in ICU RSCM has never been done.The objective of this study is to explore the plasma level of amikacin in septic patients in CM Hospital.MethodsThis was a cross sectional study. Data on plasma amikacin level, microbiological culture, measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and amikacin optimal level in septic patients admitted to ICU of RSCM during May-September 2015.ResultsThe proportion of septic patients that achieve amikacin optimal level was 57% (4/7). Peak amikacin level that can be reached with 1 gram per day dose was 86,4 (43,5-238) g/mL. Although amikacin was given less than recommended dose for sepsis (25 mg/body weight), 87% patients was found to have peak amikacin level > 64 µg/mL. Most (78.3%) of the patients received amikacin with dose range 15-25 mg/kgBW, in which patients was given 1000 mg of amikacin regardless of the body weight. The organisms commonly identified from the microbiological culture septic in patients in ICU of RSCM were K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. The MIC for these pathogen were 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 0.75 - >256 µg/mL, 1.5 - >256 µg/mL and 0.75 ? 16 µg/mL, respectively. Most (84%) of K. pneumoniae isolates was still sensitive to amikacin, while 63% A. baumanii isolate, 47% of P. aeruginosa, and 100% of E. coli were sensitive to amikacin.ConclusionsAmikacin?s efficacy to eradicate Gram negative microorganism causing sepsis depend on peak level and MIC of the microorganism. By giving 1000 mg dose per day of amikacin, highly variable peak plasma concentration of the drug was observed. Therefore, amikacin dosing based on weight might be useful to reduce the wide variation. In this study, we found that sensitivity of some Gram negative pathogen are decreasing, with wide range of MIC. Evaluation of optimal level for definitive therapy might be useful to reach more successful treatment."

"Cairan dibutuhkan oleh tubuh untuk konservasi energi Ketidakseimbangan cairan akan menyebabkan gangguan proses fisiologis yaitu pengaturan suhu tubuh media transportasi membantu proses memperbaiki sel di dalam tubuh dan metabolisme Karya ilmiah ini membahas mengenai penerapan Konservasi Energi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan cairan anak post operasi Terdapat lima kasus yang dibahas Intervensi diberikan berdasarkan pinsip prinsip konservasi mencakup semua trophicognosis yang ditemukan pada klien Hasil evaluasi pada akhir perawatan dari trophicognosis pada kelima kasus terpilih menunjukkan ada yang teratasi belum teratasi tetapi sudah menunjukkan perbaikan dan ada juga yang belum teratasi Pemantauan asupan dan haluran cairan memegang peranan penting dalam menyelesaikan masalah klien Kata kunci Kebutuhan Cairan Post Operasi Konservasi Energi.

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Fluid imbalance will cause physiological processes The process is the regulation of body temperature transport media assist in the repair cells in the body and metabolism This paper discusses the application of Energy Conservation to meet the child 39 s needs postoperative fluid There are five cases discussed Interventions are given based on conservation principles pinsip trophicognosis include all those found on the client The evaluation results of treatment in five cases trophicognosis selected indicates there are resolved not resolved but is showing improvement and there are also unresolved Fluid intake and output monitoring is an important role of problem solving Key words Fluid needs Post operative Energy Conservation."

"Latar belakang. Sepsis merupakan salah satu penyebab utama kematian pada pasien sakit kritis. Pada sepsis berat dan melanjut, akan terjadi ketidakseimbangan sitokin inflamasi dan anti-inflamasi. Berbagai penelitian telah mencoba mengungkapkan peran mikronutrien bagi sistem imun, di antaranya adalah zinc. Defisiensi zinc dapat menyebabkan gangguan sistem imun alamiah dan didapat. Namun, sejauh ini di Indonesia, belum terdapat studi yang meneliti interaksi antara defisiensi zinc dengan sistem imun terutama pada sepsis melanjut.Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) profil kadar zinc serum, TNF-α, IL-10, IFN-γ, (2) hubungan antara kadar zinc serum dengan skor PELOD. (3) hubungan antara masing-masing kadar zinc serum, TNF-α, IL-10, IFN-γ dengan luaran sepsis melanjut, (4) korelasi antara kadar zinc serum dengan TNF-α, IL-10, IFN-γ dan rasio TNF-α/IL-10 pada sepsis melanjut.Metode. Penelitian potong lintang di Unit Perawatan Intensif (ICU) Anak RSCM, dengan subjek berusia 1 bulan?18 tahun. Pasien dengan diagnosis sepsis, berlangsung lebih dari 5 hari, memiliki skor PELOD ≥10, tanpa dugaan infeksi HIV, keganasan, dan tidak mendapat suplementasi zinc, dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar zinc serum, TNF-α, IL-10, dan IFN-γ. Dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar zinc serum pada populasi anak non-sepsis (dari pasien yang menjalani toleransi operasi elektif dengan diagnosis non-infeksi dan non-keganasan).Hasil. Sebanyak 23 dari 52 subjek dengan sepsis memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Seluruh subjek memiliki kadar zinc serum yang rendah (median 0,56 μg/dL; 0,06-3,39 μg/dL), berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok kontrol (median 31,13 μg/dL; 21,71-55,57 μg/dL) (p = 0,00). Median kadar TNF-α, IL-10, dan IFN-γ pada penelitian ini berturut-turut adalah 13,73 (1,53-43,59) pg/mL, 5,15 (0,86-52) pg/mL, dan 5,17 (0,16-36,10) pg/mL. Zinc serum tidak berhubungan dengan mortalitas (p=0,186), namun berkorelasi terbalik dengan skor PELOD (r=-0,489, p=0,018). Kadar TNF-α berkorelasi lurus dengan mortalitas sepsis (r=-0,42, p= 0,046), namun IL-10 dan IFN-γ tidak terbukti berhubungan dengan luaran sepsis. Kadar zinc serum cenderung berkorelasi negatif terhadap kadar TNF-α dan IFN-γ, namun tidak berkorelasi dengan kadar IL-10 dan rasio TNF-α/IL-10.Simpulan. Pada anak dengan sepsis melanjut terdapat penurunan kadar zinc serum yang berkorelasi dengan perburukan skor PELOD. Kadar zinc serum yang rendah cenderung berhubungan dengan peningkatan kadar TNF-α dan IFN-γ. Mortalitas pada sepsis melanjut berhubungan dengan peningkatan kadar TNF-α.

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Background. Sepsis is a major cause of mortality in critically ill patients. Imbalance of the inflammatory and antiinflammatory reactions will results in severe and prolonged sepsis. Many researches have showed the role of micronutrients, such as zinc, in immune system. Yet, no research in Indonesia studied the interaction between zinc deficiency and the immune system, particularly in prolonged sepsis.

Objectives. This study was designed to identify: (1) serum zinc, TNF-α, IL-10, and IFN-γ profile in prolonged sepsis, (2) the relationship between serum zinc level and PELOD score in prolonged sepsis, (3) the relationship between serum zinc, TNF-α, IL-10, and IFN-γ with sepsis outcome in prolonged sepsis, (4) the correlation between serum zinc level and TNF-α, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α/IL-10 ratio in prolonged sepsis.

Method. All patients age between 1 month ? 18 years old, with PELOD score ≥10 on >5 days after sepsis onset, and without any immunosupressive underlying disease, admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit from June through November 2012, were eligible for enrollment. After consent, blood samples were collected and pooled for serum zinc, TNF-α, IL-10, and IFN-γ level analysis. A control group consist of pre-operative children were also enrolled to compare the serum zinc level.

Results. Twenty-three out of 52 patients with sepsis were enrolled. All subjects had a low serum zinc level (median 0,56 μg/dL; 0,06-3,39 μg/dL), significantly differ to control group (median 31,13 μg/dL; 21,71-55,57 μg/dL) (p = 0,00). The median level of TNF-α, IL-10, and IFN-γ in this research were 13,73 (1,53-43,59) pg/mL, 5,15 (0,86-52) pg/mL, and 5,17 (0,16-36,10) pg/mL. Serum zinc did not correlate to mortality (p = 0,186), but correlate to PELOD score (r = -0,489, p = 0,018). There were trends toward an increase in the TNF-alpha, IL-10 and IFN-gamma level in the non-survivor group compare to the survivors, but these trends were not significantly different, except for the TNF-alpha level (r = -0.42, p = 0.046). The serum zinc level tend to inversely correlate to TNF-α and IFN-γ level, but not to IL-10 level and TNF-α/IL-10 ratio.

Conclusion. In children with prolonged and severe sepsis, the decrease in serum zinc level is correlate to PELOD score deterioration and tend to correlate with the increase of TNF-α and IFN-γ level, adding a risk toward increase mortality."

"Anak yang dirawat di ICU cenderung mengalami malnutrisi sejak masuk atau selama perawatan yang dapat memperberat penyakit dasar, memperpanjang lama rawat serta meningkatkan mortalitas. Baik underfeeding atapun overfeeding dapat terjadi di ICU Anak selama perawatan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang, menggunakan data rekam medis. Selama 3 bulan penelitian. didapatkan 45 subjek penelitian. Dari 45 data pasien didapatkan 127 peresepan untuk menilai keseuaian peresepan dengan pemberian nutrisi pada pasien. Pemberian nutrisi pada pasien yang dirawat di ICU Anak merupakan hal yang sangat penting. Perlu perhitungan kebutuhan nutrisi yang cermat, pemberian nutrisi tepat yang sesuai kebutuhan pasien agar tidak terjadi malnutrisi yang lebih berat lagi.

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Children admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) are at risk for poor and potentially worsening nutritional status, a factor that further increases comorbidities and complications, prolongs the hospital stay, increases cost and increases mortality. Both underfeeding and overfeeding are prevalent in PICU and may result in large energy imbalance. This was cross sectional study design, with 3 month consecutive sampling in PICU which met 45 patients as the subject and 127 prescription of nutrition. Nutrition support therapies in PICU is very important .Adequate nutrition therapy is essential to improve nutrition outcomes in critically ill children."

"Latar belakang: Sepsis neonatal masih menjadi masalah besar di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Penggunaan antibiotik pada sepsis neonatal penting untuk eleminasi kuman penyebab. Untuk meningkatkan pemakaian yang bijak dan mengurangi potensi terjadi resistensi terhadap antibiotik, penggunaannya perlu selalu dievaluasi. Evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik dan antimikroba lain khususnya pada sepsis neonatal belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan kajian kualitatif dan kuantitatif peresepan antibiotik dan antimikroba lainnya pada pasien sepsis neonatal yang dirawat di Neonatal Intensive Care Unit NICU RSCM pada periode September 2014-Desember 2015. Ketepatan penggunaan antibiotik dievaluasi berdasarkan alur Gyssen, kuantitas penggunaan antibiotik dihitung berdasarkan Defined Daily Dose, kesesuaian pemilihan jenis antibiotik empiris dengan hasil kultur darah juga dievaluasi. Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat observasional deskriptif dengan rancangan potong lintang menggunakan data retrospektif. Analisis dilakukan terhadap 192 kasus sepsis neonatal yang terdiri dari dua kelompok: berat lahir normal 96 pasien dan berat lahir rendah 96 pasien. Hasil: Dari 192 pasien dengan diagnosis sepsis neonatorum 96 pasien berat lahir normal, dan 96 pasien berat lahir rendah didapatkan 4763 peresepan antimikroba 4408 antibiotik dan 355 antimikroba lainnya . Tiga rejimen antibiotik yang paling banyak digunakan pada kelompok neonatal berat lahir normal dan neonatal berat lahir rendah berturut-turut adalah kombinasi ampisilin - sulbaktam dan gentamisin 42,1 dan 35,3 , yang merupakan antibiotik lini pertama untuk diagnosis klinis sepsis neonatorum, disusul oleh piperasilin - tazobaktam dan amikasin lini ke dua, 26,0 dan 29,6 dan meropenem lini ke tiga, 15,5 dan 12,8 . Ketepatan penggunaan antibiotik Gyssens kategori I mencapai 90,35 pada bayi berat lahir normal dan 88,11 pada neonatal dengan berat lahir rendah. Ketidaktepatan penggunaan antibiotik sebagian besar tergolong dalam Gyssen kategori V tidak tepat indikasi . Terdapat 12 jenis antibiotik yang diresepkan dengan total nilai DDD/100 bed-days sebesar 79,72 untuk kelompok berat lahir normal dan 66,807 untuk kelompok berat lahir rendah. Nilai DDD /100 bed-days terbesar adalah ampisilin sulbaktam 40,60 untuk kelompok berat lahir normal dan 39,10 untuk kelompok berat lahir rendah, disusul oleh meropenem 13,72 untuk kelompok berat lahir normal dan 12,86 untuk kelompok berat lahir rendah , dan piperasilin tazobaktam 10,40 untuk kelompok berat lahir normal dan 16,05 untuk kelompok berat lahir rendah . Di antara antimikroba lain, yang terbanyak digunakan adalah nistatin 1,19 DDD/100 bed-days untuk kelompok berat lahir rendah , dan mikafungin 0,19 DDD/100 bed-days untuk kelompok berat lahir normal dan 0,15 DDD/100 bed-days untuk kelompok berat lahir rendah , yang digunakan sesuai indikasi profilaksis antijamur pada pasien sepsis neonatal. Dari 192 sampel darah yang dikultur, yang berhasil tumbuh 27 sampel 14,06 dengan bakteri terbanyak Acinetobacter baumanii. Uji resistensi memperlihatkan 37 bakteri yang tumbuh resisten terhadap semua rejimen antibiotik empiris lini I, II, dan III untuk terapi sepsis neonatal yang tercantum di Pedoman Penggunaan Antibiotik Divisi Neonatologi Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak RSCM 2015. Kesimpulan: Ketepatan penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien sepsis neonatal di Neonatal Intensive Care Unit RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo cukup baik khususnya pada kelompok neonatal berat lahir normal. Tiga rejimen antibiotik dengan persentase penggunaan terbanyak sesuai dengan antibiotik lini I, II dan III pada Pedoman Penggunaan Antibiotik Divisi Neonatologi Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak RSCM 2015. Didapatkan 37 kasus resistensi terhadap antibiotik lini I, II dan III tersebut. Kuantitas penggunaan antibiotik di NICU RSCM tahun 2015 secara total relatif lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan di Belanda pada tahun 2005 rata-rata 221,26 DDD/100 bed days dan di Polandia pada tahun 2013 352,17 DDD/100 bed days.

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Background: Neonatal sepsis is still a major problem in developing countries like Indonesia. The use of antibiotics in neonatal sepsis is important for the elimination of the causative microorganism. To improve the prudent use and to reduce the potential of antibiotic resistance, antimicroial use should always be evaluated. Evaluation of antibiotics and other antimicrobials use, especially in neonatal sepsis has not been done frequntly. The purposes of this study were to conduct qualitative and quantitative study of prescribing antibiotics and other antimicrobial in neonatal sepsis patients who were treated in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit NICU RSCM in the period of September 2014 December 2015. The accuracy of the use of antibiotics was evaluated based on the Gyssen methods, the quantity of antibiotic use was calculated based on Defined Daily Dose, the compatibility of selection of empirical antibiotics with blood culture results was also evaluated.

Methods: This research was a descriptive observational study with cross sectional design using retrospective data. The analysis is performed on 192 cases of neonatal sepsis consisting of two groups with normal birth weight 96 patients and with low birth weight 96 patients.

Results: Based on 192 patients with neonatal sepsis diagnosis 96 patients with normal birth weight, and 96 patients with low birth weight , 4763 antimicrobial prescriptions 4408 antibiotics and 355 other antimicrobials were obtained. The three most widely use empiric regimens of antibiotics in the neonatal group of normal birth weight and low birth weight neonatal were combination of ampicillin sulbactam and gentamicin 42.1 and 35.3 , which was the first line antibiotic for clinical diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, followed by piperacillin tazobactam and amikacin second line, 26.0 and 29.6 and meropenem third line, 15.5 and 12.8. The accuracy of antibiotics use Gyssens category I is 90.35 in normal birth weight neonates and 88.11 in low birth weight neonates. The inaccuracy of antibiotic use is largely classified as Gyssen category V no indication. There were 12 types of antibiotics which prescribed with a total DDD 100 bed days value of 79.72 for the normal birth weight group and 66.807 for the low birth weight group. The largest DDD 100 bed days values were ampicillin sulbactam 40.60 for normal birth weight group and 39.10 for low birth weight group, followed by meropenem 13.72 for normal birth weight group and 12.86 for birth weight group Low, and piperacillin tazobactam 10.40 for normal birth weight group and 16.05 for low birth weight group. Among other antimicrobials, the most widely used is Nystatin 1.19 DDD 100 bed days for groups of low birth weight , and micafungin 0.19 DDD 100 bed days for a normal birth weight group and 0.15 DDD 100 bed days for low birth weight group , which were used as indicated by antifungal prophylaxis for neonatal sepsis patients. Of 192 cultured blood samples, 27 samples 14.06 were successfully grown with most bacteria Acinetobacter baumanii. 37 of bacteria were obtained resistant to all first line, second line and third line empiric antibiotic regimen for the treatment of neonatal sepsis which listed Guidelines for the Use of Antibiotics Division of Neonatology Department of Pediatrics RSCM, 2015.

Conclusions: The appropiate use of antibiotics in neonatal sepsis patients in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo is good, especially in the normal birth weight neonatal group. Three antibiotic regimens with the highest percentage of use in accordance with first line, second line and third line antibiotics of the Guidelines for the Use of Antibiotics Division of Neonatology Department of Pediatrics RSCM 2015. It is obtained 37 of cases of all antibiotic empiric resistance. The quantity of antibiotic use in the NICU RSCM 2015 in total is relatively lower than Neonatal Centres in Netherlands in 2005 average of 221.26 DDD 100 bed days and in Poland in 2013 352.17 DDD 100 bed days. "

"Background: Amikacin is one of the antibiotics of choice for sepsis and septic shock. Pharmacokinetic of amikacin can be influenced by septic condition with subsequent effect on its pharmacodynamic. At Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM), Jakarta, adult patients in the ICU were given standard amikacin dose of 1 g/day, however the achievement of optimal plasma level had never been evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate whether the optimal plasma level of amikacin was achieved with the use of standard dose in septic conditions.Methods: all septic patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a national tertiary hospital receiving standard dose of 1g/day IV amikacin during May-September 2015 were included in this study. Information of minimum inhibitory concentration MIC was obtained from microbial culture. Cmax of amikacin was measured 30 minutes after administration and optimal level was calculated. Optimal amikacin level was considered achieved when Cmax/MIC ratio >8.Results: average Cmax achieved for all patients was 86.4 (43.5-238) µg/mL with 87% patients had Cmax of >64 µg/mL.MIC data were available for 7 of 23 patients. MICs for identified pathogens were 0.75 - >256 µg/mL (K. pneumonia), 0.75 - >256 µg/mL(A. baumanii), 1.5 - >256 µg/mL (P. aeruginosa)and 0.75 - 16 µg/mL(E. coli). Four out of seven patients achieved optimal amikacin level.Conclusion: despite high Cmax, only half of the patients achieved optimal amikacin level with highly variable Cmax. This study suggests that measurement of Cmax and MIC are important to optimize septic patients management."

"Latar belakang: Kelahiran hidup bayi prematur di Indonesia mencapai 675.700 kasus (15.5%) tiap tahun. Peningkatan insidens gangguan minum dan menelan pada bayi ditemukan terbanyak pada kelompok bayi prematur. Dampaknya akan meningkatkan komplikasi pasien berupa infeksi saluran napas, gangguan nutrisi, dan tumbuh kembang. Keadaan tersebut berisiko memperpanjang konversi pemberian makan per oral, perawatan, serta pembiayaan perawatan. Penelitian terdahulu belum melaporkan prevalensi dan karakteristik gangguan menelan serta gangguan koordinasi siklus isap-telan-napas (ITN) sebagai salah satu bentuk gangguan minum pada bayi prematur. Tujuan: Menilai prevalensi ganguan minum dan menelan pada bayi prematur, serta menilai karakteristik dan faktor risiko yang berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan minum dan menelan pada bayi prematur.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang pada bayi prematur dengan riwayat perawatan di NICU yang dilakukan Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) di Klinik Disfagia Terpadu  Departemen THT-KL RSCM periode Oktober 2020-Oktober 2022. Parameter yang dinilai adalah faktor karakteristik kelahiran, karakteristik paska lahir, karakteristik oromotor dan tonus postural, serta karakteristik pemeriksaan FEES.Hasil: Prevalensi gangguan menelan sebesar 25% dengan karakteristik temuan disfagia fase oral mekanik, disfagia fase faring neurogenik, dan disfagia fase orofaring neurogenik. Prevalensi gangguan koordinasi siklus ITN sebesar 62,5%. Faktor risiko penyakit refluks gastro esofagus (PRGE) berhubungan dengan gangguan menelan pada bayi prematur (p=0,015) dengan menggunakan uji chi-square. Parameter lain seperti kelompok PMA, high arched palate, standing secretion, nutritive sucking, penetrasi dan aspirasi memiliki hubungan terhadap gangguan menelan pada bayi prematur (p<0,05).Kesimpulan: Karakteristik gangguan minum dan menelan pada bayi prematur ditemukan prevalensi gangguan koordinasi siklus ITN lebih banyak dibandingkan gangguan fungsi menelan (disfagia). Kelompok PMA, PRGE, high arched palate, standing secretion ditemukan sebagai faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan gangguan menelan pada bayi prematur. Nutritive sucking, penetrasi, dan aspirasi  ditemukan sebagai faktor menentu diagnosis disfagia pada bayi prematur.

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Background: Preterm birth in Indonesia reaches 675,700 cases (15.5%) each year. This condition is the etiologic feeding difficulty and swallowing disorders in preterm babies. The impact will increase patient complications, such as respiratory tract infections, nutritional disorders, and growth and development. It precedes the risk of prolonging the conversion of oral feeding, and treatment, as well as a financial burden related to hospitalization. Previous studies have not reported the prevalence and characteristics of swallowing disorder or dysphagia and suck-swallow-breath (SSB) coordination disorder as a form of feeding difficulty in premature infants.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of feeding difficulty and swallowing disorders in premature babies and analyzed characteristics and risk factors that affect the ability to feed and swallow in premature babies.

Method: A cross-sectional study in preterm babies with a history of treatment in the NICU using a flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) for swallowing evaluation at the Dysphagia outpatient clinics Department of ORL-HNS RSCM for the period October 2020-October 2022. The parameters assessed were birth characteristics, postnatal characteristics, oro-motor characteristics, and postural tone, as well as FEES examination characteristics.

Results: The prevalence of swallowing disorders was 25% with characteristics of mechanical oral phase dysphagia, neurogenic pharyngeal phase dysphagia, and neurogenic oropharyngeal phase dysphagia. The prevalence of SSB cycle coordination disorders was 62.5%. The risk factor associated with dysphagia in preterm babies was gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with a p-value = 0.015. Other parameters such as post-menstrual age (PMA) group, high arched palate, standing secretion, nutritive sucking, penetration, and aspiration have an association with swallowing disorders in premature infants (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Characteristics of feeding difficulties and swallowing disorders in preterm babies were found to have more prevalence of SSB cycle coordination disorders than impaired swallowing function (dysphagia). The PMA, GERD, high-arched palate, and standing secretion group were found to be risk factors associated with swallowing disorders in premature infants. Nutritive sucking, penetration, and aspiration were found to be the erratic factors of dysphagia diagnosis in premature babies."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Terdapat gangguan sistem imun pada sepsis. Fase awal ditandaidengan hiperinflamasi, sedangkan fase lanjut ditandai dengan imunosupresi.Kematian kumulatif lebih banyak pada fase lanjut. Saat ini belum terdapatpenelitian yang secara khusus meneliti faktor prognostik mortalitas sepsis faselanjut dan mengembangkan model prediksi mortalitasnya.Tujuan. Mengetahui faktor prognostik mortalitas sepsis berat fase lanjut di ICUdan mengembangkan sistem skor untuk memprediksi mortalitas.Metode. Penelitian kohort retrospektif dilakukan pada pasien dewasa yangmengalami sepsis berat di ICU RSCM pada periode Oktober 2011 – November2012 dan masih bertahan setelah > 72 jam diagnosis sepsis ditegakkan di ICU.Tujuh faktor prognostik diidentifikasi saat diagnosis sepsis berat ditegakkan diICU. Prediktor independen diidentifikasi dengan analisis Cox’s proportionalhazard. Prediktor yang bermakna secara statistik dikuantifikasi dalam modelprediksi. Kalibrasi model dinilai dengan uji Hosmer-Lemeshow dan kemampuandiskriminasi dinilai dari area under curve (AUC) dari receiver operating curve.Hasil. Subjek penelitian terdiri atas 220 pasien. Mortalitas 28 hari sepsis beratfase lanjut adalah 40%. Faktor prognostik yang bermakna adalah alasan masukICU (medis (HR 2,75; IK95%:1,56-4,84), pembedahan emergensi (HR 1,96;IK95%:0,99 – 3,90), indeks komorbiditas Charlson > 2 (HR 2,07; IK95%:1,32-3,23), dan skor MSOFA > 4 (HR 2,84; IK95%:1,54-5,24). Model prediksimemiliki kemampuan diskriminasi yang baik (AUC 0,844) dan kalibrasi yangbaik (uji Hosmer-Lemeshow p 0,674). Berdasarkan model tersebut risikomortalitas dapat dibagi menjadi rendah (skor 0, mortalitas 5,4%), sedang (skor 1 –2,5, mortalitas 20,6%), dan tinggi (skor > 2,5, mortalitas 73,6%).Simpulan. Alasan masuk medis dan pembedahan emergensi, indeks komorbiditasCharlson > 2, dan skor MSOFA > 4 merupakan faktor prognostik mortalitassepsis berat fase lanjut di ICU RSCM. Sebuah model telah dikembangkan untukmemprediksi dan mengklasifikasikan risiko mortalitas.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Immune system derrangement occurs during the course of sepsis,characterized by hyperinflamation in early phase and hypoinflamation andimmunosupression in late phase. The number of patient die during late phase islarger than early phase. Until now, there is no study specifically addressingprognostic factors of mortality from late sepsis and developing a mortalityprediction model.Aim. To determine prognostic factors of mortality from late phase of severesepsis in ICU and to develop scoring system to predict mortality.Method. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify prognosticfactors associated with mortality. Adult patients admitted to ICU duringNovember 2011 until October 2012 who developed severe sepsis and still alivefor minimum 72 hours were included in this study. Seven predefined prognosticfactors were indentified at the onset of severe sepsis in ICU. Cox’s proportionalhazard ratio was used to identify independent prognostic factors. Eachindependent factors was quantified to develop a prediction model. Calibration ofthe model was tested by Hosmer-Lemeshow, and its discrimination ability wascalculated from area under receiver operating curve.Result. Subjects consist of 220 patients. Twenty eight-day mortality was 40%.Significant prognostic factors indentified were admission source (medical (HR2.75; CI95%: 1.56 – 4.84), emergency surgery (HR 1.96; CI95%:0.99 – 3.90),Charlson comorbidity index > 2(HR 2.07; CI95%:1.32 – 3.23), and MSOFA score> 4 (HR 2.84; CI95% : 1.54 – 5.24). Prediction model developed has gooddiscrimination ability (AUC 0.844) and good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow testp 0.674). Based on the model mortality risk can be classified as low (score 0,mortality 5.4%), moderate (score 1 – 2.5, mortality 20.6%), and high (score > 2.5,mortality 73.6%).Conclusion. Medical and emergency surgery admission, Charlson comorbidityindex > 2, and MSOFA score > 4 were prognostic factors of mortality from latephase of severe sepsis in ICU at Dr.Cipto Mangunkusumo general hospital. Amodel has been developed to predict and classify mortality risk."