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"Residual stresses are a common phenomenon in composite materials. They can either add to or significantly reduce material strength. Because of the increasing demand for high-strength, light-weight materials such as composites and their wide range of applications in the aerospace and automotive industries, in civil infrastructure and in sporting applications, it is critical that the residual stresses of composite materials are understood and measured correctly.The first part of this important book reviews destructive and non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for measuring residual stresses. Various mathematical (analytical and numerical) methods for calculation of residual stresses in composite materials are also presented. Chapters in the first section of the book discuss the simulated hole drilling method, the slitting/crack compliance method, measuring residual stresses in homogeneous and composite glass materials using photoelastic techniques, and modeling residual stresses in composite materials. The second part of the book discusses residual stresses in polymer matrix, metal-matrix and a range of other types of composites. Moreover, the addition of nanoparticles to the matrix of polymeric composites as a new technique for reduction of residual stresses is discussed."

"The increased use of polymer matrix composites in structural applications has led to the growing need for a very high level of quality control and testing of products to ensure and monitor performance over time. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of polymer matrix composites explores a range of NDE techniques and the use of these techniques in a variety of application areas.Part one provides an overview of a range of NDE and NDT techniques including eddy current testing, shearography, ultrasonics, acoustic emission, and dielectrics. Part two highlights the use of NDE techniques for adhesively bonded applications. Part three focuses on NDE techniques for aerospace applications including the evaluation of aerospace composites for impact damage and flaw characterisation. Finally, the use of traditional and emerging NDE techniques in civil and marine applications is explored in part four.With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors, Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of polymer matrix composites is a technical resource for researchers and engineers using polymer matrix composites, professionals requiring an understanding of non-destructive evaluation techniques, and academics interested in this field."

"Tribology of polymeric nanocomposites provides a comprehensive description of polymeric nanocomposites, both as bulk materials and as thin surface coatings, and provides rare, focused coverage of their tribological behavior and potential use in tribological applications.Providing engineers and designers with the preparation techniques, friction and wear mechanisms, property information and evaluation methodology needed to select the right polymeric nanocomposites for the job, this unique book also includes valuable real-world examples of polymeric nanocomposites in action in tribological applications."

"Dilakukan penelitian pembuatan biomaterial komposit polimer-kalsium fosfat karbonat. Polimer matriks terbuat dari reaksi kering sodium chloroacetate pada suhu 192°C yang menghasilkan polyglycolide yang berpori. Larutan kalsium fosfat karbonat ditumbuhkan pada matriks polyglycolide dengan cara presipitasi. Sampel dibuat dengan berbagai macam perbandingan konsentasi PO4 3- : CO3 2- : Ca2+.Kemudian hasil presipitasi di analisa dengan difraksi sinar X untuk identifikasi fase dan pengamatan morfologi dilakukan dengan scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hasil karakterisasi XRD menunjukkan apatit karbonat tipe A, apatit karbonat tipe B, hidroksiapatit, dan NaCl hadir dalam komposit polimer-kalsium fosfat karbonat.Hasil mikrogaf SEM menunjukkan kristal hidroksiapatit dan apatit karbonat tumbuh disamping matriks polyglicolide . Kemudian untuk mengetahui pengaruh ion Mg2+ pada pertumbuhan kristal apatit dilakukan penambahan ion Mg2+ pada sebagian sampel. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah yang mengandung fase amorf maupun fase kristal kalsium fosfat karbonat berasal dari larutan encer dengan tambahan ion CO3 2- dan Mg2+ dan hasil yang sama dapat diperoleh dari larutan yang relatif lebih kental namun hanya dengan tambahan karbonat.

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Precipitation of calcium phosphate carbonate at polymer Porous Polyglycolide have been done. Matrix polymer make from dry reaction sodium chloroacetate at 1920 C and result porous polyglycolide. Solution calcium phosphate carbonate grows at matrix polyglycolide with precipitation. Samples make with variation concentration PO4 3- : CO3 2- : Ca2+.

Afterwards result from precipitation on analyze with X-ray diffraction (XRD) for fase identification and for monitoring morfology analyze with Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Result caracteristic XRD show apatite carbonate tipe A, apatite carbonate tipe B, hydroxyapatite and NaCl be present at composite polimer calcium phosphate carbonate. Result micrograph SEM show crystal hydroxyapatite grows at matrix polyglycolide. Last for know influence ion Mg2+ at grow cristal apatite add Mg2+ at a part samples.

The result sample contain fase amorf and fase crystal calsium phosphate carbonate come from liquid of solution with added ion CO3 2- and Mg2+ and the same result from thick of solution but only with added carbonate."

"Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) merupakan salah satu jenis plastik yang paling luas penggunaannya, baik di dunia maupun di Indonesia. Penggunaan PVC setiap tahun mengalami peningkatan. PVC digunakan mulai dari bahan bangunan, automotif, alatalat kesehatan, hingga barang-barang yang dipakai dalam rumah tangga. PVC termasuk jenis plastik dengan aplikasi material yang luas dan mampu memenuhi spesifikasi produk yang diinginkan. Namun PVC merupakan salah satu jenis plastik berbahaya bagi kesehatan dan lingkungan.Diketahui bahwa PVC merupakan plastik berbahan dasar klorin, salah satu senyawa paling berbahaya yang pernah ada. PVC merupakan salah satu sumber penghasil dioksin. Selama proses pembuatan PVC baik dari pembentukan VCM hingga menjadi produk plastik memakai bahan yang berbahaya, seperti zat aditif yaitu stabilizer dan plasticizer. Di Eropa sendiri PVC sudah menjadi perhatian serius mulai dari akhir tahun 1990-an. Eropa melarang penggunaan PVC sampai tahun 2020. Di Indonesia belum ada peraturan yang secara khusus melarang penggunaan PVC. Produk-produk PVC dikhawatirkan menimbulkan bahaya terhadap kesehatan manusia dan lingkungan.Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah survei, kajian pustaka, kuesioner dan wawancara. Untuk tujuan pertama dilakukan survei dan kajian pustaka yaitu ingin mendapatkan data pemakaian dan konsumsi PVC di Indonesia. Untuk tujuan kedua dilakukan penyebaran kuisioner, wawancara dan kajian pustaka. Sedangkan pada tujuan ketiga ditambahkan kajian literatur yang mendukung hasil analisis SWOT. Analisis data menggunakan metode deskriptif dan analisis SWOT.Dari hasil penelitian didapat:(1) Penggunaan PVC di Indonesia yang paling tinggi adalah untuk pembuatan pipa dan kabel, yaitu sekitar 60% dari total penggunaan. Produk lainnya berturut-turut sesuai kuantitasnya adalah kulit imitasi, lembaran PVC, botol, peralatan rumah tangga ( houseware) , atap ( roofing), mainan anak, alas kaki dan lainnya. (2) Hasil analisis SWOT PVC tidak layak dipakai karena merupakan plastik yang berbahaya terhadap kesehatan manusia dan lingkungan (3) Dari hasil analisis SWOT dan kajian literatur terlihat bahwa sebagai pengganti plastik PVC dapat dipakai Polietilena (PE) karena bahaya terhadap manusia dan lingkungannya lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan PVC."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh sistem pemolesan terhadap perubahan warna Nano-ionomer. Nano-ionomer dibagi menjadi empat kelompok; dipoles dengan Sof-LexTM XT, PoGOTM, OptraPol®, dan tidak dipoles. Seluruh spesimen direndam dalam larutan kopi selama tujuh hari. Perubahan warna dinilai dengan sistem CIELAB. Hasil dianalisis dengan uji One Way Anova dan PairedSamples T Test. Nilai L* mengalami penurunan yang signifikan (p < 0,05) setelah dilakukan pemolesan. OptraPol® mengalami perubahan warna terkecil. Setelah perendaman, terjadi perubahan nilai L*, a*, dan b* yang signifikan (p < 0,05) pada seluruh kelompok. OptraPol® mengalami perubahan warna terkecil namun tidak berbeda bermakna terhadap PoGOTM dan tidak dipoles.

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ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to assess the influence of polishing systems on color change of Nano-ionomer. Specimens were divided into four groups; polished with Sof-LexTM XT, PoGOTM, OptraPol® and unpolished. Color values were evaluated using CIELAB system. Data were analyzed using One Way Anova and Paired Samples T Test. L* values were significantly lowered (p < 0,05) after polishing procedures. OptraPol® showed the least colour change. After immersion, therewere significant changes in L*, a* and b* values (p < 0,05) in all groups.OptraPol® showed the littlest colour change but it was not statistically significant compared to PoGOTM and unpolished."

"This book presents a comprehensive knowledge-set of matrix, fiber and interphase behavior under long-term aging conditions, theoretical modeling and experimental methods. This book covers long-term constituent behavior, predictive methodologies, experimental validation and design practice. Readers will also find a discussion of various applications, including aging air craft structures, aging civil infrastructure, in addition to engines and high temperature applications."

"This book, addresses the wide range of parameters that affect the interaction of fluids with polymers and polymeric composites. The book aims at broadening the scope of available data, mostly limited up to this time to weight-gain recordings of fluid ingress into polymers and composites, to the practical circumstances of fluctuating exposure. Various forms of experimental data are given, in conjunction with theoretical models derived from basic scientific principles, and correlated with severity of exposure conditions and interpreted by means of rationally based theoretical models. The practical implications of the effects of fluids are discussed.The issue of fluid effects on polymers and polymeric composites is of concern to engineers and scientists active in aerospace and naval structures, as an increasing portion of these structures are made of polymeric composites and employ polymeric adhesives as a joining device. "

"Concerns about global warming and the depletion of oil reserves have led to significant research into more sustainable composite materials made from natural materials. Recently, research has focussed on the development of nanoscale reinforcements for this new group of composites, significantly improving and extending their range of desirable properties. Environmentally friendly polymer nanocomposites summarises this wealth of research and its practical implications.After an introduction to the subject, part one looks at matrix and reinforcement materials as well as their characterisation. Part two reviews key properties such as tensile and dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability. It also considers issues such as barrier properties, biodegradability, rheology, electrical and thermal conductivity. The book concludes by reviewing potential applications."