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"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas dampak European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) sebagai smartpower Uni Eropa (UE) terhadap demokrasi di negara-negara Commonwealth ofIndependent States (CIS) yang menjadi mitra ENP. Penelitian ini adalah penelitiankualitatif dengan menggunakan metode studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian inimenyimpulkan bahwa strategi smart power UE di dalam ENP yang dibentuk sejaktahun 2004 dapat mempengaruhi demokrasi di negara-negara CIS mitra ENP,yakni Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova dan Ukraina. Strategi smart powerdalam action plan ENP dan besaran bantuan yang dialokasikan untuk mendukungpromosi demokrasi di negara-negara eks-Soviet memberikan pengaruh terhadapkemajuan yang terjadi di sektor demokrasi. Keterbatasan strategi smart powerterlihat dalam kasus Ukraina yang justru mengalami penurunan terkaitdemokratisasi pasca diberlakukannya ENP. Penurunan yang dialami Ukrainadipengaruhi oleh faktor internal dan eksternal.

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Abstract This thesis studies the impact of the ENP as the EU's smart power on democracyin the CIS countries that are ENP's partner. This is a qualitative research based onthe study of literature method. The result of this research concludes that the EU'ssmart power strategy in the ENP which was established in 2004 could influencedemocracy within the CIS countries who are partners of the ENP, i.e., Armenia,Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. The smart power strategy in ENP'saction plans and the amount of assistance allocated to support the promotion ofdemocracy in ex-Sovyet countries have impacted the progresses of democracysector in those countries. The limitation of the smart power strategy can be seen inthe case of Ukraine, which in fact experienced deterioration regardingdemocratization after the ENP was established. The deterioration of democracy inUkraine was caused by various internal and external factors."

"Semakin berkembangnya kelembagaan dan misi eksternal Uni Eropa khususnya dalam mempromosikan norma-normanya mendorong literatur-literatur untuk membahas peran Uni Eropa sebagai normative power. Normative power dianggap sebagai salah satu peran internasional Uni Eropa yang membedakannya dengan aktor-aktor internasional lainnya. Kendati telah banyak digunakan dalam berbagai literatur mengenai Uni Eropa, namun konsep normative power belum mendapat perhatian serius dari literatur-literatur disiplin Ilmu Hubungan Internasional yang lebih luas. Kajian literatur ini membahas bagaimana perkembangan literatur mengenai Uni Eropa sebagai normative power. Dengan metode taksonomi, kajian literatur ini menunjukkan perkembangan literatur Uni Eropa sebagai normative power berada dalam empat kategori: 1 konseptualisasi normative power; 2 penggunaan normative power, 3 persepsi aktor mitra terhadap normative power, dan 4 Uni Eropa sebagai normative power dalam perspektif Hubungan Internasional. Berdasarkan berbagai literatur yang sudah dikaji, kajian literatur ini berpendapat bahwa peran Uni Eropa sebagai normative power merupakan suatu konstruksi yang dikembangkan oleh akademisi dan pejabat Uni Eropa untuk menemukan relevansi dan mengangkat posisi politik Uni Eropa dalam peran internasionalnya. Konstruksi ini dipertegas melalui seleksi memori yang dilakukan oleh Uni Eropa terhadap klaim normative power-nya. Kajian literatur ini juga menunjukkan terbatasnya keberhasilan penggunaan normative power oleh Uni Eropa terhadap para mitranya. Perkembangan literatur turut mengidentifikasi kecenderungan skeptisisme aktor-aktor mitra Uni Eropa terhadap penggunaan normative power oleh Uni Eropa. Selain itu, kajian literatur ini berargumen bahwa konsep normative power memiliki kecenderungan adanya bias Eurosentris dan perkembangan literatur didominasi oleh literatur-literatur liberal dan konstruktivis. Berdasarkan literatur-literatur yang ditinjau, tulisan ini menemukan adanya celah riset pada persepsi aktor mitra Uni Eropa terhadap normative power dan penulisan melalui perspektif non Eropa.

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The development of European Union's institutions and external mission, especially in promoting its norms, encourages literature to discuss the role of the EU as normative power. Normative power is considered one of the EU's international roles that distinguishes it from other international actors. Although widely used in literature on the European Union, the concept of normative power has not received serious attention from the wider International Relations readers.

This literature review discusses how the development of literature on the European Union as normative power. Using taxonomy method, this literature review shows the literature development of the EU as normative power fall into four categories: 1 the conceptualization of normative power; 2 the use of normative power, 3 partner actors' perceptions of normative power; and 4 EU as normative power according to IR perspectives.

Based on the literature that has been studied, this literature review argues that the role of the EU as normative power is a construction developed by academics and EU officials to find relevance and elevate the political position of the European Union in its international role. It is reasserted by how EU do memory selection to its own history in claiming its normative power.

This literature review also shows the limited success of normative usage power by the EU against its partners. The development of literature also identifies the tendency of skepticism of EU partner actors against the use of normative power by the European Union. In addition, this literature review argues that the concept of normative power has a tendency for Eurocentric bias and the development of literature dominated by liberal and constructivist literature.

Based on the literature reviewed, this paper found a research gap on the perceptions of EU partner actors and writing through a non-European perspective. "

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Balkan conflict caused by the dissolution of Sosialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1990 which brought about various conflicts both inter-states or interenal conflicts among states of fomrer Yugoslavia. As a region which is contiguous directly to European Union (EU), the existing conflicts in Balkan could influence political stability and security that is developed by EU as "an area of jreedom, security and justice". The solution effort of Balkan conflicts carried out by EU as one of its ideas materialization to unifly Europe in one solid and strong institution European Union.

EU?s policy in solving the conflicts in Balkan region mentioned in Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), namely (i) strengthening "security building" as an effort to prevent conflict and enforcing regional stability by facilitating peaceful and constitutional agreements both through diplomacy or sending peace-keeping forces; and (ii) strengthening ?ins!itution building" or development economic aids with a view to creating an efficient policy-making in line with EU?s standards, with laying agenda of pre-access Balkan region into EU.

It is undeniable that the susceptibility of Balkan region mainly caused by its brittleness of political situation owing to the fall of communism which ended the cold war in 1990 and hardening the existed ethnic conflicts in the region. Dark history of inter-ethnic conflicts brought about by the existing copious ethnicities nationalism led to tragedy of ?ethnic cleansing" in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovia by Yugoslav ruler. lt was depicting how strong the situation and condition with nuance of "ethnopolirics " in Balkan region.

At the outset, EU regarded that the Balkan conflicts as domestic regional problem which may solved by its own region. However, for the sake of regional stability and security, EU was urged to take part more actively in the solution of Balkan conflict. Through CFSP, EU was demanded to be able to settle Balkan conflicts comprehensively through ?secw-ity and development? (soft politics) and ?de_nends? (hard politics) policies. Notwithstanding, the solution of various conflicts faced by Balkan states still leit problems which any time can come up and become new conflicts that EU will cope with the future."

"ABSTRAKKebijakan Amerika Serikat dibawah kepemimpinan presiden Donald Trump yang memindahkan kedutaan mereka dari Tel-Aviv ke Yerusallem sekaligus mengakui kedaulatan Israel terhadap kota tersebut memicu ketegangan dan instabilitas politik internasional. Kebijakan dan pengakuan tersebut ditentang oleh komunitas internasional yang menganggapnya sebagai penghianatan terhadap kesepakatan dunia menyangkut status Yerusallem sebagai corpus separatum dan dengan demikian dituding menghianati upaya perundingan damai yang seharusnya melibatkan kedua belah pihak yakni Israel dan Palestina (two state solution). Tanpa terkecuali Uni-Eropa selaku sekutu mereka juga mengecam tindakan pengakuan tersebut dan menghimbau komunitas dunia untuk tetap berpegang pada solusi dua negara. Namun tindakan Uni-Eropa itu sendiri selaku suatu organisasi supranasional nampaknya memiliki kesulitan tersendiri yang diakibatkan oleh terdapatnya beberapa negara anggota yang justru ingin mengikuti langkah Amerika untuk mengakui dan memindahkan kedutaan mereka menuju Yerusallem. Hal ini kemudian berdampak pada upaya Uni-Eropa untuk bangkit menjadi suatu kekuatan besar (great power) dalam panggung internasional terkhususnya dalam kapasitas mereka memainkan peran mereka menjaga tatanan dan ketertiban dunia internasional (Timur-tengah) sesuai dengan konsep great power management English school.

 

Kata Kunci: Pengakuan; Amerika; Uni-Eropa; Negara Anggota; Power; Tatanan & Ketertiban Dunia; English School

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United States policy under the leadership of President Donald Trump who moved their embassy from Tel-Aviv to Yerusallem while recognizing Israel's sovereignty over the city triggered tensions and instability in international politics. The policy and recognition were opposed by the international community who considered it a betrayal of the world agreement regarding Yerusallem's status as a corpus separattum and thus accused of betraying the efforts of peace negotiations that should involve both parties namely Israel and Palestine (two state solution). Without exception, the European Union as their ally also condemned the act of recognition and called on the world community to stick to the two-state solution. But the EU action itself as a supranational organization seems to have its own difficulties caused by the presence of several member countries who want to follow America's steps to recognize and move their embassy to Yerusallem. This then had an impact on the efforts of the European Union to rise to become a great power on the international stage especially in their capacity to play their role in maintaining the international order and order (Middle-East) in accordance with the great power management concept of English school.

 

Keywords: Recognition; America; European Union; Member State; Power; World Order; English School

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"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini merumuskan latar belakang Uni Eropa melakukan sentralisasi datapopulasi dan perumahan Uni Eropa dalam sebuah sistem daring diberi namaCensus Hub, serta dampaknya terhadap jumlah tunawisma dan ketersediaanhunian di Negara Anggota Uni Eropa. Permasalahan yang diangkat dalampenelitian ini adalah latar belakang Uni Eropa menciptakan aplikasi daring untuksentralisasi data populasi dan perumahan di Eropa. Permasalahan kedua yangdibahas adalah fenomena jumlah tunawisma dan ketersediaan hunian kosong diNegara Anggota Uni Eropa. Periodisasi penelitian diambil dari tahun 1980-2020.Metode penelitian adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Sumber datadiambil dari publikasi resmi yang dikeluarkan oleh Uni Eropa. Teori yangdigunakan adalah konstruktivisme untuk integrasi Eropa oleh Jeffrey T. Checkelmenekankan pada perspektif politik domestik untuk merumuskan latar belakanginisiatif sentralisasi data populasi dan perumahan di Uni Eropa. Konsep yangdigunakan adalah analisis pasar perumahan dilihat melalui faktor permintaan,penawaran, dan legal dari Erick Eschker untuk merekonstruksi dampaksentralisasi sensus terhadap jumlah tunawisma dan ketersediaan hunian di NegaraAnggota Uni Eropa. Dari kedua proses analisis untuk menjawab kedua masalah,peneliti menemukan, bahwa sentralisasi sensus populasi dan perumahan UniEropa melalui Census Hub tidak dapat menjadi indikator dalam mengatasipeningkatan jumlah tunawisma dan tingkat kekosongan hunian di NegaraAnggota Uni Eropa.

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ABSTRACTThis research formulates the background of the European Union centralizingpopulation and housing data of the European Union in an online system called theCensus Hub, and its impact on the number of homeless and housing availability inEU Member States. The problem raised in this research is the background of theEuropean Union creating an online application for centralizing population andhousing data in Europe. The second issue discussed is the phenomenon of thenumber of the homeless and the availability of empty dwellings in EU MemberStates. The research period is taken from 1980 to 2020. The research method isqualitative and quantitative research methods. The data sources are taken fromofficial publications issued by the European Union. The theory used isconstructivism for European integration by Jeffrey T. Checkel emphasizes thedomestic political perspective to formulate the background of the population andhousing data centralization initiative in the European Union. The concept used isan analysis of the housing market from Erick Eschker seen through demand,supply, and legal factors to reconstruct the impact of census centralization on thenumber of homeless people and the availability of dwellings in EU Member States.From the two analysis processes to answer the two problems, the researcher foundthat the centralization of the population and housing census of the EuropeanUnion through the Census Hub cannot be an indicator in overcoming the increasein the number of the homeless and in the level of vacancy dwellings in the EUMember States."

"Saat ini perkembangan CFSP bergerak Iambat. CFSP dibentuk oleh Uni Eropa untuk menghadapi tantangan regional dan global, serta berbagai ancaman. Seiring dengan itu, UE juga membentuk European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) pada tahun 1999. Kenyataannya, ESDP dan CFSP saling terkait sebagai pendekatan keamanan Eropa menghadapi berbagai masalah keamanan di kawasan UE. Dalam artikel ini, penulis berpendapat bahwa CSFP dan EDSP sangatlah penting dan harus menjadi kerangka kerja yang utuh bagi UE karena (1) UE telah menjelma menjadi aktor global. UE harus memiliki CFSP yang komprehensif untuk memainkan peran penting sebagai kekuatan yang harus dilatih dan diperkuat oleh kemampuan pertahan di era politik global, (2) CFSP harus meliputi agenda keamanan UE dan ESDP mencerminkan agenda pertahanan UE, dan (3) UE rnemiliki peran penting, peran global dalam menghadapi isu perdamaian dan keamanan. CFSP merupakan pendekatan yang efektif bagi UE dalam mernainkan peran tersebut."