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"The Indonesian massacres of 1965-1966 claimed the lives of an estimated half a million men, women and children. Histories of this period of mass violence in Indonesia's past have focused almost exclusively on top-level political and military actors, their roles in the violence, and their movements and mobilization of perpetrators. Based on extensive interviews with women survivors of the massacres and detention camps, this book provides the first in-depth analysis of sexualised forms of violence perpetrated against women and girl victims during this period"

"The Indonesian massacres of 1965-1966 claimed the lives of an estimated half a million men, women and children. Histories of this period of mass violence in Indonesia’s past have focused almost exclusively on top-level political and military actors, their roles in the violence, and their movements and mobilization of perpetrators. Based on extensive interviews with women survivors of the massacres and detention camps, this book provides the first in-depth analysis of sexualised forms of violence perpetrated against women and girl victims during this period. It looks at the stories of individual women caught up in the massacres and mass arrests, focusing on their testimonies and their experiences of violence and survival. The book aims not only to redress the lack of scholarly attention but also to provide significant new analysis on the gendered and gendering effects of sexual violence against women and girls in situations of genocidal violence."

"Karolin Eva Kappler analyses the everyday life of victims of sexual violence, combining the normalcy of their daily life with the overwhelming experience of rape and sexual abuse. Based on a qualitative study, the author detects five patterns which characterize the victims? everyday coping practices and strategies. The grounded analysis of the interview material shows the fragility of the victims? lives, depending on paradoxes which reduce their freedom of choice and which explain the individual and social invisibility of sexual violence"

"Penelitian mengenai kekerasan seksual terkait konflik bersenjata (SVAC) telah berkembang pesat selama dekade terakhir. Tinjauan literatur ini menyoroti minimnya perhatian yang diberikan terhadap isu kekerasan seksual dalam konflik bersenjata secara politis pada tahun-tahun formatif disiplin HI. Melibatkan sintesis penelitian dari Ilmu Hubungan Internasional dan ilmu sosial lainnya, baik dalam pendekatan teoritis maupun empiris, penelitian ini menggunakan metode tinjauan kritis terhadap 63 literatur yang terdistribusi di berbagai basis data akademik yang terakreditasi. Dari analisis tersebut, tinjauan ini mengemukakan tiga tema besar yang mendominasi literatur terkait SVAC, yaitu konseptualisasi kekerasan seksual, tinjauan multidimensional, dan tata kelola global. Dengan memetakan konsensus dan perdebatan dari perspektif feminisme HI dan teori kritis HI, temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fokus pembahasan masih sebagian besar masih berkutat pada konseptualisasi dan kontekstualisasi SVAC. Oleh karena itu, penulis merekomendasikan perlunya penelitian empiris lebih lanjut, terutama dalam hal diversifikasi pembahasan dan evaluasi kebijakan normatif yang telah diterapkan, seiring dengan penegasan pengisian kesenjangan terkait dampak teknologi, peran aktor non-negara, dan studi khusus terhadap korban laki-laki serta pelaku perempuan dalam SVAC. Kekurangan dalam desain empiris, khususnya terkait representasi identitas, menunjukkan perlunya penerapan metode campuran dan pendekatan studi interdisipliner guna mendapatkan hasil penelitian yang lebih relevan bagi pembuat kebijakan dan praktisi.

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Research on Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC) has witnessed significant growth over the past decade. This literature review highlights the limited political attention given to the issue of sexual violence in armed conflict during the formative years of the International Relations (IR) discipline. Involving a synthesis of research from International Relations and other social sciences, encompassing both theoretical and empirical approaches, this study employs a critical review method on 63 literature pieces distributed across various accredited academic databases. From this analysis, the review articulates three major themes dominating the SVAC literature, namely the conceptualization of sexual violence, a multidimensional examination, and global governance. By mapping consensus and debates from the perspectives of feminist IR and critical IR theories, research findings indicate that the focus of discussions still predominantly revolves around the conceptualization and contextualization of SVAC. Therefore, the author recommends the need for further empirical research, particularly in diversifying discussions and evaluating applied normative policies. This aligns with the emphasis on filling gaps related to the impact of technology, the role of non-state actors, and specialized studies on male victims and female perpetrators within the SVAC context. Shortcomings in empirical design, particularly concerning identity representation, underscore the necessity for employing mixed methods and interdisciplinary study approaches to yield research outcomes more relevant for policymakers and practitioners."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pengungkapan kasus kekerasan seksual melalui Twitter sebagai bentuk resistensi penyintas kekerasan seksual di Indonesia. Studi-studi terdahulu mengenai pengungkapan kasus kekerasan seksual membahas dua jenis pengungkapan, yaitu secara langsung dan secara daring melalui perantara media sosial. Akan tetapi, belum banyak studi yang melihat fenomena ini sebagai bentuk resistensi penyintas, khususnya melalui pewacanaan diskursus tandingan dengan menggunakan metode analisis wacana kritis. Penelitian ini berargumen bahwa pengungkapan kasus kekerasan seksual di Twitter merupakan bentuk resistensi penyintas dan terwujud melalui diskursus tandingan yang memicu dialog publik mengenai kekerasan seksual. Diskursus tandingan penyintas beroperasi dalam online counterpublics, yaitu arena diskursif berbasis teknologi internet di mana kelompok marjinal mampu mengontestasikan eksklusi mereka dari ruang publik. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan diskursus tandingan penyintas terlihat dalam teks yang merebut kembali narasi kekerasan seksual dari perspektif penyintas, menggambarkan bentuk kekerasan yang beragam, serta memberikan sanksi sosial kepada pelaku. Proses produksi teks utas juga merepresentasikan resistensi penyintas sebagai aktor yang aktif dalam proses pengambilan keputusan. Meskipun begitu, terdapat kontestasi antara diskursus tandingan penyintas dengan diskursus dominan yang mereproduksi nilai-nilai rape culture di arena diskursif yang sama. Resistensi penyintas juga diinterpretasi secara berbeda-beda oleh publik sehingga arena diskursif yang ada tidak menjadi ruang aman bagi penyintas untuk bersuara. Oleh karena itu, pengungkapan kasus kekerasan seksual melalui Twitter tidak menjadi jalur alternatif yang ideal bagi penyintas untuk mendapatkan keadilan di tengah konteks sosiokultural Indonesia yang masih melanggengkan kekerasan seksual.

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This study aims to explain how sexual assault disclosure on Twitter is a form of sexual violence survivors’ resistance in Indonesia. Previous studies on sexual assault disclosure mainly discussed two kinds of disclosure, which are direct or offline disclosure and disclosure through social media or online disclosure. However, there is little to no studies which analyzed the phenomenon as sexual violence survivors’ resistance through the construction of counter discourse, specifically using critical discourse analysis (CDA). This study argues that sexual assault disclosure on Twitter is a form survivors’ resistance which further manifested through counter discourse that encourages public discussion on sexual violence. Survivors’ counter discourse operates through online counterpublics, which is a discursive arena facilitated by the internet in which marginalized group contested their exclusion from the public sphere. The findings of this study show that survivors’ counter discourse can be seen through texts which reclaim sexual assault narrative, depict various sexual violence forms, and give social punishment to the perpetrators. The text production process also represents survivors’ resistance as an active actor in the decision-making process. However, there is a contestation between survivors’ counter discourse and the dominant discourse which reproduces rape culture values in the same discursive arena. Survivors’ resistance is also interpreted in different ways by the public, emphasizing how the discursive arena is not a safe space for survivors to speak up. Therefore, the sexual assault disclosure through Twitter is not an ideal alternative route for survivors to seek justice in the midst of Indonesia's sociocultural context which still perpetuates sexual violence"

"Kekerasan seksual selama ini banyak dipahami dalam definisi subjektif. Maknanya bergantung pada pengetahuan dan batasan subjek penahu. Untuk memecahkan masalah ini, Superson mewakili model feminis analitik, mencoba merumuskan suatu kerangka definisi objektif yang melepaskan kondisi-kondisi: 1) subjek A tidak mengetahui apa itu kekerasan seksual, 2) subjek A tidak mendefinisikan bahwa tindakan B terhadapnya adalah kekerasan seksual, 3) subjek A mengetahui bahwa B melakukan kekerasan seksual terhadapnya namun enggan untuk mengartikulasikan. Studi ini merupakan bentuk dukungan terhadap gagasan objektivitas di dalam kekerasan seksual sekaligus koreksi dengan mempertimbangkan diskusi yang berkembang di dalam teori feminisme. Secara khusus, proses pertimbangan dan kritik yang saya lakukan menggunakan kerangka realisme konstruksi sosial Sally Haslanger. Sehingga, rekonseptualisasi atas definisi objektif saya formulasikan melalui kekuatan konstruksi sosial konstitutif. Amatan ini juga ditujukan pada implikasi argumen objektivitas di dalam kebijakan kekerasan seksual di Indonesia yang saya khususkan yakni UU TPKS (Undang-Undang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual No 12 Tahun 2022). Permasalahan tersebut saya urai dalam dua rumusan pertanyaan: 1) Bagaimana argumen objektivitas di dalam kekerasan seksual: 1.a) Bagaimana problem pendefinisian kekerasan seksual? 1.b) Bagaimana pemeriksaan argumen objektif dan sumbangsihnya dalam perdebatan teori feminisme mengenai kekerasan seksual?, 2) Apa implikasi teoretik argumen objektivitas bagi kebijakan kekerasan seksual? Kesimpulannya, argumen objektivitas memberikan sumbangan bagi perdebatan teori feminisme, yakni melalui pemeriksaan realisme konstruksi sosial kausal dan konstitutif. Dua model ini mampu menunjukkan mana argumen lemah dan kuat dalam tiga perspektif feminisme mengenai kekerasan seksual (natural-biologi, sosiokultural, dan liberal). Pembedaan tersebut setidaknya berguna dalam melihat keluasan tindakan kekerasan seksual di dalam UU TPKS. Kendati demikian, keluasan permasalahan yang ada dalam UU TPKS tidak sepenuhnya mampu ditangkap oleh model ini. Oleh karenanya, saya memberikan catatan tambahan yang menyangkut dimensi korban kekerasan seksual dan tindakan yang belum diakomodir di dalam UU TPKS.

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Sexual violence has been widely understood in terms of subjective definitions. Its meaning depends on the knowledge and limitations of the knowing subject. To solve this problem, Superson represents the analytic feminist model, trying to formulate an objective definitional framework that releases the conditions: 1) subject A does not know what sexual violence is, 2) subject A does not define that B's actions against him are sexual violence, 3) subject A knew that B had sexually assaulted her but was reluctant to articulate it. This study is a form of support for the idea of objectivity in sexual violence as well as a correction by considering the discussions that developed in feminism theory. In particular, the process of consideration and criticism that I carried out used the framework of Sally Haslanger's social construction realism. Thus, I have formulated a reconceptualization of the objective definition through the power of constitutive social construction. This observation is also aimed at the implications of objectivity arguments in the policy of sexual violence in Indonesia, which I specifically focus on, namely the UU TPKS (Law on the Crime of Sexual Violence No. 12, 2022). I will describe the problem in two questions: 1) What is the argument for objectivity in sexual violence: 1.a) How is the problem of defining sexual violence? 1.b) How is the objective argument examined and its contribution to the feminist theory debate on sexual violence? 2) What are the theoretical implications of the objectivity argument for sexual violence policy? In conclusion, the objectivity argument contributes to the debate on feminism theory, namely through an examination of the realism of causal and constitutive social constructions. These two models are able to show which arguments are weak and strong in the three feminist perspectives regarding sexual violence (natural-biological, sociocultural, and liberal). This distinction is at least useful in looking at the breadth of acts of sexual violence in the UU TPKS. However, the breadth of the problems contained in the UU TPKS cannot be fully captured by this model. Therefore, I provide additional notes concerning the dimensions of victims of sexual violence and acts that have not been accommodated in the UU TPKS."