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"ABSTRAKBlood lipid is one of the factors which might cause atheroschlerosis especially if hyperlipidemia occurs (blood total cholesterol > 200 mg/dl and triglyceride a 150 mg/di). Consumption of foods with !ow lipid content can prevent hyperlipidemia. Soybeans and products made from them, such as soybean tempe, were reported to have a hypolipidemic effect. Those foods can decrease the human blood cholesterol and trigyceride level.Ergosterol is a sterol in cell membranes of microorganism, especially fungi and was found in the hyphae and spores of fungi. Ergosterol in Rhizopus spp. has not yet been studied, while Rhizopus moulds are used in the fermentation of soybean cotyledons into soybean tempe, a product which is widely consumed by all strata of the Indonesian community. The University of Indonesia Culture Collection (UICC) has a number of Rhizopus species, which are most isolated from Indonesian soybean tempe. Morphologically two groups of Rhizopus moulds can be distinguished according to length of hyphae, measurements of the sporangiospores, and growth temperatures. The groups are macro-Rhizopus and micro-Rhizopus.This thesis consists of two parts. Part i is on the ergosterol content of the dry biomass of each UICC Rhizopus strain and in the soybean tempe. In Part II is studies the potency of ergosterol to decrease the blood lipid level in rats The studies were carried out at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Laboratory of Plant and Animal Reproduction Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Indonesia; at the Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Technologies, of The Ministry of Health; Jakarta Ill College; and also Laboratory of Chemical Analysis LIPI Bandung, on June 2006 - April 2007.The aim of this study was to analyse the ergosterol content in the dry biomass of Rhizopus and in the soybean tempe obtained. Five UICC Rhizopus strain respectively UICC 52 (Rh. arrhizus), UICC 128 (Rh. oryzae), UICC 531 (Rh. microsporus var. microsporus), UICC 550 (Rh. microsporus var. oligosporus), and UICC 551 (Rh. microporus var. oligosporus); and to know the potency of ergosterol to decrease the blood lipid level in rats which were fed with the respective biomass of the five Rhizopus spp. and compared with the rats fed with the soybean tempe using the five mentioned Rhizopus spp. as inoculum the respective fermentation processes. The rats (Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar) were obtained from the Laboratory of Animal Drug Testing, Gunung Sindur, Bogor. The rats were males and 2 - 3 months old. Analysis of the ergosterol content was carried out using HPLC. The Diagnostic Liquicolour Cholesteroloxidase 4-aminophenazone (CHOD-PAP) method was used for the measurement of blood total cholesterol level, and Gliserophosphoxidase Paraaminophenazone (GPO-PAP) for measurement of triglyceride level of the rats. Soybean tempe was prepared using an inoculum of each Rhizopus strain, and then powdered. The rats were given palm oil orally during 7 days to boost up the blood lipid level. Then they were fed with the fungal biomass or with the soybean tempe powder.The results obtained were : the ergosterol content in the dry biomass of the five UICC Rhizopus spp. studied varied between (278,8 - 673,17) mg/g, while in the soybean tempe (3,3 - 8,1) mg/g. Both were able to decrease the blood lipid level in rats. However, soybean tempe gave a higher decrease (58 %) in comparison with the results of the dry biomass of the Rhizopus spp. (51.6 %)."

"Thesis Supervisors: Dr. Suyanto Pawiroharsono; Prof. Dr. Indrawati GandjarSUMMARYFood deterioration is often due to lipid oxidation, excluding bacterial andenzymatic spoilage. The end-products of lipid oxidation, such as aldehydes,ketones, and alcohols are responsible for unacceptable off-tiavors and off-odors in food. Lipid oxidation can be inhibited by antioxidants.Soybean tempe is the most popular indigenous fermented food inIndonesia. Soybeans are known to contain isotiavones. Four major forms areknown respectively as acetylglycosides, malonylglycosides, glycosides, andaglycones.Tempe were produced from soybean fermentation by Rhizopus oryzaeUICC 524 and Rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis UICC 521. The tempesamples were extracted with methanol and the extraction defatted with hexa»ne. The isoflavone aglycones were isolated using column chromatography,and then anaiyzed using a gradient elution reverse phase of high-pressureliquid chromatography (HPLC). After HPLC analysis, isotiavone aglyconeswere evaporated to dryness and added to soybean oil at the 100, 200, 300,iii ' and 400-ppm concentration in test tubes, then heated at 170°C for 30 minu-tes. The oxidation of soybean oil was measured using the thiobarbituric acid(TBA) test. The result, called thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) value, was expressed as pmolll and compared to the syntheticantioxidant, buthylated hidroxytoluene (BHT), at the same concentration.The profile of isoflavone aglycones isolated contains daidzein andgenistein. No factor-2 (6,7,4'-trihidroxyisoflavone) and glycitein were detec-ted. Daidzein resulted from biotransformation of daidzin was dominant inboth tempe samples. The isoflavone biotransformation was much greater byR. microsporus var. chinensis UICC 521 than by R. oryzae UICC 524, exceptfor the 24 hours incubation. After 72 hours of incubation, the total isoflavoneaglycones in tempe using R. microsporus var. chfnensis UICC 521 was721.6 pglg and when using R. oryzae UICC 524, 268.2 p.glg.The oxidized soybean oil without any antioxidants had a TBARS value of327.32 1 20.31 pmol/1. Addition of the antioxidants showed a decreasedTBARS value following increasing concentration for both. For concentrationuntil 300 ppm, the TBARS values of oxidized soybean oil added with isofla-vone aglycones were greater than when added with BHT, respectively55.40 zl: 2.77 pmol!! and 45.20 i 2.63 pmolll. However at concentration of400 ppm, the TBARS values of oxidized soybean oil added with isoftavoneaglycones and added with BHT did not show a significant difference.ix + -51 pp; 6 append; 5 plates; 3 tables.Bilb 35 (1964-1999).iv"

"Acalypha indica Linn telah digunakan secara luas di masyarakat dalam pengobatan tradisional untuk menurunkan kadar asam urat dalam darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan khasiat rebusan akar, daun dan herba tanaman A.indica Linn dalam menurunkan kadar asam urat dalam darah tikus putih jantan yang diinduksi kafeina. Tikus dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok yang masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 5 tikus, yaitu kelompok kontrol normal yang diberikan larutan CMC 0,5% dan 5 kelompok lainnya diinduksi dengan kafeina untuk meningkatkan kadar asam urat dalam darah tikus. Bahan uji diberikan secara oral dengan dosis 5,4 gram/200 gram bb. Alopurinol digunakan sebagai kontrol pembanding. Pengukuran kadar asam urat dengan metode enzimatik dilakukan secara spektrofotometri pada panjang gelombang 520nm.Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa ketiga macam rebusan dapat menurunkan kadar asam urat mulai hari ketiga sampai kesembilan. Rebusan daun A.indica Linn. memiliki efek menurunkan kadar paling kecil dan rebusan herba memiliki efek menurunkan kadar asam urat paling besar pada dosis yang sama.

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Acalypha indica Linn has been widely used in traditional remedy to decreasing uric acid in the blood. The aim of the research was to identify the differences effect of decoction of roots, leaves and herbs of A.indica Linn to decrease uric acid in rats induced by caffeine. The rats were divided into 6 groups, each consisted of 5 rats.i.e normal control received 0,5% carboxymethyl cellulose solution orally. The others five group induced with caffeine was given orally to increase uric acid in the blood of rats. The decoction was given orally with the same dose of 5,4 gram/200 gram weight. Allopurinol was used as standard. The uric acid measurement was executed using enzymatic method spectrophotometrically at 520nm wavelength.The results showed that the three of decoction decrease uric acid on the blood from the days three until days nine. Decoction of leaves given the low effect to decrease uric acid and the decoction of herb given the highest effect to decrease uric acid in the blood of rats."

"Inoculum for making tempe is usually made from the mould Rhizopus oryzae or Rhizopus oligospons. Large scale use of an inoculum from one source only (LKN-LIPI) might threaten the biodiversity of microorganisms in traditionally made inoculum. The potential use of other Rhizopus moulds as inoculum for tempe production should be examined. Rh. microsporus var. rhizopodifonnis UICC 520 isolated from Hibiscus from Manado and Rh. microsporus var. chinensis UICC 521 isolated from tempe from Aceh were examined for their potentials to produce tempe.Rhizopus has also been known to be able to transform antioxidants such as isoflavone in tempe. The potential of Rhizopus microsporus v. Tiegh. var. chinensis (Saito) UICC 521 to transform glucoside isoflavones in soybean tempe has been evaluated.The results showed that Rh. microsporus var. rhizopodiformis UICC 520 has little potential as a tempe inoculum. Rh. microsporus var. chinensis UICC 521, however, is very potential as an inoculum to produce good tempe and produces abundant spores ((3-10)x106 cell/ml) on rice substrate.Two types of aglycon isoflavone, daidzein and genistein, were detected by TLC separation. The total isoflavone concentration during fermentation period of 24, 48, 72 hours was determined using HPLC. At 24 hours the concentration was 0.142 mg/g tempe, while at 48 and 72 hours the concentration were 0.181 and 0.135 mg/g tempe, respectively. The highest total isoflavone concentration was detected at 48 hours fermentation period. Hence, there was an increase of aglycon isoflavones up to 6000% after transformation of isoflavones in soybean by Rh. microsporus var. chinensis UICC 521 when compared to the initial concentration before transformation."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian fortifikanNaFeEDTA dalam tepung tempe dan susu kedelai terhadap kadar natrium plasmadarah tikus (Rattus norvegicus L.) jantan galur Sprague Dawley. Sebanyak 25ekor tikus dibagi ke dalam 5 kelompok: kelompok kontrol 1 (KK1) yang diberiCMC 0,5%, kelompok kontrol 2 (KK2) yang diberi tepung tempe atau susukedelai, dan tiga kelompok perlakuan (KP1, KP2, KP3) yang diberi tepung tempeatau susu kedelai dengan fortifikan NaFeEDTA dosis 1,35 mg Fe/ kgBB; 2,7 mgFe/ kgBB; 5,4 mg Fe/ kgBB selama 21 hari berturut-turut. Penentuan kadarnatrium plasma dengan alat AES (Atomic Emission Spectroscopy). Hasil ujiAnava satu arah (P > 0,05) menunjukkan tidak ada pengaruh nyata pemberianfortifikan NaFeEDTA dalam tepung tempe dan susu kedelai terhadap kadarnatrium antar kelompok perlakuan. Kadar natrium plasma pada T21 dengan bahanuji tepung tempe dan susu kedelai tetap berada pada rentang normal antara 0,456mg/ml -- 0,586 mg/ml.

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ABSTRACTThe effect of NaFeEDTA fortificant inserted in tempeh flour and soy milk intakeon plasma sodium concentration in male Sprague-Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicusL.) had been studied. Twenty five rats were divided into five groups: controlgroup 1 (KK1) was administered with CMC 0.5%, control group 2 (KK2) wasadministered with tempeh flour or soy milk; three treatment groups (KP1, KP2,KP3) were administered with tempeh flour or soy milk added with fortificantNaFeEDTA 1.35 mg Fe/kgBw; 2.7 mg Fe/kgBw; 5.4 mg Fe/kgBw consecutivefor 21 days. Plasma sodium concentration was measured by AES (AtomicEmission Spectroscopy). One way Anova test (P > 0.05) showed there is nosignificant effect of fortificant NaFeEDTA inserted in tempeh flour and soy milkintake on plasma sodium concentration in all treatment groups. Plasma sodiumconcentration on T21 which was administered with tempeh flour and soy milkremains in normal range between 0.456 mg/ml ? 0.586 mg/ml."

"Dalam dunia pengobatan, bahan alam dapat digunakan sebagai upaya preventif, promotif, maupun rehabilitatif. Diduga, kandungan isoflavon dalam susu kacang kedelai sebagai senyawa yang berkhasiat untuk menurunkan kadar asam urat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuktikan secara ilmiah efek pemberian susu kacang kedelai terhadap kadar asam urat darah tikus putih jantan yang dibuat hiperurisemia dengan kalium oksonat. Sejumlah 30 ekor tikus putih jantan Sprague-Dawley dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol normal dan perlakuan yang diberi larutan CMC 0,5% 3 mL/200 g bb tikus, kelompok pembanding yang diberi suspensi alopurinol 36 mg/200 g bb tikus, serta tiga kelompok bahan uji yang diberi susu kacang kedelai dengan dosis 1, 2, 3 berturut-turut yaitu 2,25 g, 4,5 g, dan 9 g kacang kedelai/200 g bb tikus/hari. Semua kelompok, kecuali kelompok kontrol normal, diinduksi kalium oksonat 50 mg/200 g bb tikus secara intraperitonial. Pengambilan sampel darah pada hari ke delapan dilakukan 2 jam setelah induksi. Pengukuran kadar asam urat dalam plasma dilakukan dengan metode kolorimetri enzimatik dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 520 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa susu kacang kedelai 2,25 g/hari dapat menurunkan kadar asam urat tikus (p < 0,05) dengan efektivitas sebesar 25,58%.

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In therapeutics world, natural materials can be used as a preventive, promotive, and rehabilitative. Presumably, the content of isoflavones in soy milk as a nutritious compounds for lowering uric acid levels. The purpose of this study is to prove scientifically the effect of giving soy milk on blood uric acid levels of male white rats which made hyperuricemia by potassium oxonate. A number of 30 Sprague-Dawley male white rats were divided into 6 groups: normal control group and treatment control group were given 3 mL/200 g body weight (bw) of rat of 0,5% CMC solution, a comparison group who were given 36 mg/200 g bw of rat of allopurinol's suspension, and the three groups of test substance fed soy milk with a dose of 1, 2, 3 in a row 2,25 g, 4,5 g, and 9 g of soybean/200 g bw of rat/day. All groups, except the normal control group, induced by potassium oxonate 50 mg/200 g bw of rat via intraperitonial. Blood sampling was performed on the eighth day 2 hours after induction. Measurement of plasma levels of uric acid was done with the enzymatic colorimetric method performed with a spectrophotometer UV-Vis at 520 nm wavelength. The results showed that soy milk 2,25 g/day can reduce uric acid levels of rats (p < 0,05) with the effectiveness of 25,58%."

"SUMMARY This research was carried out to study the diversity of Rhizopus in Irian Jaya. Tempe samples were collected from regions in Irian Jaya. The aim of this research was to Isolate and Identify Rhizopus spp. from traditionally made tempe, to make usar from the Rhizopus sp. isolates, and to produce tempe from the chosen usar. Isolation was done using direct plating method. Nineteen Rhizopus spp. isolates have been isolated from soybean tempe collected from several regions in Irian Jaya. Examination of their morphological characteristics, growth temperature, and spore ornamentation, showed that eighteen isolates belong to the Rh. microsporus group: two isolates were Rh. microsporus var. oligosporus, sixteen isolates were Rh. microsporus var. chinensis. One isolate was Rh. oryzae. The isolates were examined for their ability to produce usar. Out of the nineteen isolates that were tested, only seven produced good usar (inoculum): six isolates from Rh. microsporus var. chinensis, and one of Rh. oryzae. The amount of spores before and after inoculum production were determined by Total Plate Count (TPC) method. The average of viable spores from all isolates before the inoculum production was ((2.5-3.2)x14' cetllmly, and after the inoculum production was ((1.2-1.8)x104 celllg). The usars (Inocula) from seven Isolates were examined to produce tempe. The Rh. oryzae inoculum produced better tempe than the Rh. microsporus var. chinensis Inoculum based on colour, texture, aroma and shelf-life."

"Gout merupakan penyakit metabolik yang menyebabkan kadar asam urat darah melebihi batas normal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menentukan nilai LD50 ekstrak air herba Akar Kucing ( Acalypha indica Linn.) dan pengaruhnya terhadap kadar asam urat dalam darah. Pada penentuan nilai LD50, 20 ekor mencit dibagi secara acak menjadi 4 kelompok. Mencit-mencit ini diamati selama 24 jam. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa nilai LD50 dari ekstrak air herba Akar Kucing adalah 8,1329 g/kg bb. Pada uji khasiat ekstrak air herba Akar Kucing digunakan 36 tikus jantan yang dibagi menjadi enam kelompok. Kelompok I, II dan III masing-masing diberi ekstrak air herba Akar Kucing dengan dosis 1,35 g/200 g bb; 2,7 g/200 g bb; and 5,4 g/200 g bb per hari. Sedangkan kelompok IV, V dan VI merupakan kelompok kontrol pembanding (alopurinol), perlakuan dan normal. Perlakuan diberikan selama 7 hari. Pada hari ke-8, semua kelompok (kecuali kontrol normal) diinduksi dengan kalium oksonat satu jam sebelum perlakuan. Dua jam setelah diinduksi, sampel darah diambil dan diukur. Penetapan kadar asam urat menggunakan metode kolorimetri enzimatik. Hasil menunjukkan dosis 2,7 g/200 g bb dan dosis 5,4 g/200 g bb per hari dapat menurunkan kadar asam urat secara bermakna (p<0,05).

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Gout is a metabolic disease that can cause much uric acid level in blood. The purpose of this research was to determinated LD50 level in the water extract of Akar Kucing (Acalypha indica Linn.) herb and it influence to uric acid level. In determinate LD50, 20 mice were randomly divided into 4 dose groups. The dosed animals were observed during 24 hour. Result show that LD50 of the water extract of Akar Kucing herb is 8,1329 g/kg body weight. In the observation about the influence of the water extract of Akar Kucing herb, 36 male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. Group I, II, and III received 1,35 g/200 g; 2,7 g/200 ; and 5,4 g/200 g body weight per day of the water extract of Akar Kucing herb. While group IV, V, and VI are group comparing (alopurinol), treatment, and normal control. This treatment was given for 7 day. In the 8 day, all group (except normal group) were injected with potassium oxonate 1 hour before drug administration. After 2 hours from injection of potassium oxonate, blood samples were collected and determinated. The determination was used colorimetric enzymatic method. Result showed that dose 2,7 g/200 g and dose 5,4 g/200 g rat per day has significant effect to reduce uric acid level (p<0,05)."