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"With the movement of capital, goods, and services, comes the movement of people as a driving force of globalization..."

"AbstrakThis article aims to analyze the current situation concerning legal regulations prohibitingunreasonable disparities in terms and conditions of employment (i.e. treatment) betweenregular and non-regular employees. Article 20 of the Labor Contracts Act (LCA) has beenthe key to those issues. The article prohibits unreasonable treatment of fixed-term employees,taking into account three factors (content of duties, the extent of changes in the job contentand work locations, and other circumstances). However, there are multiple points for debateregarding its interpretation, and judicial precedents have also been divided. Administrativedraft guidelines were issued in 2016 to clarify the interpretation, and in June 2018 the SupremeCourt issued its first judgment related to Article 20 of the LCA. In the same month, Article20 of the LCA and Article 8 of the Part-time Workers Act (PWA) were integrated into Article8 of the newly amended Part-time and Fixed-term Workers Act (PFWA). As a result, theframework for identifying unreasonableness based on the nature and purpose of each aspectof treatment has been established, but questions remain as to how to certify the nature andpurpose particularly of treatment with mixed nature. In this regard, the court decisions on thesubstantial unreasonableness will be structurally unpredictable. Judgement of whether thedifference in treatment corresponds to the difference of job will be also difficult in the majorityof actual cases which involve differences in capabilities and experiences among employees.Actually, the labor and management of each workplace could most properly carry out theassessment of what is reasonable or unreasonable within the workplace. There is a need forlegal interpretations that contribute to fundamental remedies, such as encouraging non-regularemployees participation in fixing their own working conditions."

"Seeking to offer a balanced perspective to gender inequality and the division of household labor among middle-class,working married men and women in Japan and Indonesia, this paper examines the effects of individual-levelcharacteristics (relative income, working hours, gender ideology) as well as the country-level factors (e.g. GEM:Gender Empowerment Measure) on the dynamics of housework distribution between spouses in both countries.Statistical analyses show a number of significant correlations between these variables, among which gender ideologyseems to be of particular importance. Perhaps the most enlightening finding of all is that despite their lower GEM rankcompared to Japan, the Indonesian respondents have relatively egalitarian division of labor in their households. Thisfinding provides a new insight that GEM, which emphasizes the political economy aspects of a country, may not besufficient to capture gender disparities without considering other socio-cultural factors in the complexity of day-to-dayactual division of housework.Makalah ini mengkaji dampak-dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh ciri-ciri pada level individu (jumlah pendapatan rata-rata,jam kerja, pandangan tentang gender) dan juga faktor-faktor pada level negara (seperti GEM atau UkuranPemberdayaan Gender) terhadap dinamika pembagian pekerjaan rumah tangga di antara suami dan istri di keduanegara. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menawarkan sudut pandang yang berimbang mengenai ketidaksetaraan gender danpembagian pekerjaan rumah tangga di antara laki-laki dan perempuan kelas menengah di Jepang dan Indonesia yangtelah menikah dan memiliki pekerjaan. Analisis statistik menunjukkan adanya sejumlah korelasi yang kuat di antaravariabel-variabel ini, dengan pandangan tentang gender sebagai variabel yang terlihat cukup signifikan. Temuan yangmungkin paling mencerahkan adalah bahwa ternyata responden Indonesia menerapkan sistem pembagian kerja yanglebih merata di dalam rumah tangga mereka, sekalipun menunjukkan skor GEM yang lebih rendah daripada orangJepang. Temuan ini membuka wawasan baru bahwa GEM, yang cenderung menekankan pada aspek-aspek politik danekonomi suatu negara, mungkin kurang memadai untuk mengukur kesenjangan gender karena tidak memerhatikanfaktor-faktor sosial budaya lain yang terkandung di dalam kompleksitas pembagian pekerjaan rumah tangga sehari-hari."

"Angka migrasi pekerja internasional meningkat setiap tahun, termasuk pekerja Indonesia. Migrasi keluar negeri sering diikuti dengan migrasi kembali. Banyak penelitian yang membahas migrasi internasional pekerja, namun sedikit yang berfokus pada migrasi kembali. Padahal, keuntungan finansial dan modal manusia dapat diperoleh dari migrasi kembali, seperti ide-ide baru dan keterampilan wirausaha. Namun, pekerja migran kembali bisa sulit terintegrasi dengan pasar tenaga kerja domestik karena ketidaksesuaian lapangan kerja atau hilangnya jaringan sosial. Penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan migrasi kembali dengan hasil pasar tenaga kerja domestik, yang diukur melalui tiga aspek, yaitu jabatan, sektor lapangan usaha, dan status pekerjaan utama. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga ingin melihat karakteristik individu para pekerja migran kembali dibandingkan dengan para pekerja non-migran. Hal ini menarik untuk diteliti karena pada dasarnya migrasi merupakan cara seseorang untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan, pendidikan, dan kehidupan yang lebih baik, sehingga individu dengan karakteristik individu yang berbeda akan memiliki keputusan migrasi yang berbeda pula. Karakteristik individu yang diamati adalah umur, jenis kelamin, status pernikahan, tingkat pendidikan, dan faktor keluarga. Dengan menggunakan model logistik multinomial dan data Sakernas 2019-2022 ditemukan bahwa pekerja berstatus migran kembali memiliki karakteristik tertentu. Peluang pekerja untuk berstatus migran kembali lebih besar dari kelompok umur 25-34 dan 35-44, pekerja pria, berstatus menikah atau bercerai, memiliki tingkat pendidikan yang lebih rendah, serta jumlah anggota rumah tangga yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan kelompok lainnya. Dari aspek hubungannya dengan hasil pasar tenaga kerja domestik, ditemukan bahwa para pekerja migran kembali dilihat dari jabatan probabilitasnya lebih besar untuk bekerja sebagai pekerja kasar, pekerja terampil pertanian, dan pekerja pengolahan. Kemudian, ditinjau dari sektor usaha, pekerja migran kembali meningkatkan probabilitas untuk bekerja di sektor konstruksi, industri pengolahan, dan komunikasi. Terakhir, dilihat dari status pekerjaan utama, dengan memiliki pengalaman kerja di luar negeri dan kemudian kembali, ini meningkatkan probabilitas mereka untuk bekerja sebagai wirausaha informal dan pekerja informal. Temuan penelitian ini mengindikasikan bahwa pekerja dengan pengalaman kerja di luar negeri dan berstatus migran kembali tidak serta merta membuat mereka bekerja di jabatan, sektor, maupun berstatus pekerjaan yang lebih produktif dan bernilai tambah tinggi, walaupun hal ini tetap perlu mempertimbangkan aspek lain, seperti tingkat pendidikan dan jenis pekerjaan di luar negeri.

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The number of international migrant workers increases every year, including Indonesian workers. Migration abroad is often followed by return migration. Many studies discuss international labor migration, but few focus on return migration. Yet, financial and human capital benefits can be gained from return migration, such as new ideas and entrepreneurial skills. However, returning migrant workers may struggle to reintegrate into the domestic labor market due to job mismatch or loss of social networks. This study analyzes the relationship between return migration and domestic labor market outcomes, measured through three aspects: job position, business sector, and main employment status. Additionally, it examines the characteristics of return migrant workers compared to non-migrant workers. This topic is intriguing because migration is fundamentally a means to achieve better employment, education, and living conditions, meaning individuals with different characteristics will have varying migration decisions. The observed individual characteristics include age, gender, marital status, education level, and family factors. Using a multinomial logistic model and data from Sakernas 2019-2022, it was found that return migrant workers possess certain characteristics. They are more likely to be aged 25-44, male, married or divorced, have lower education levels, and have fewer household members than other groups. Regarding domestic labor market outcomes, return migrant workers are more likely to work as laborers, skilled agricultural workers, and processing workers. In terms of business sectors, they are more likely to work in construction, manufacturing, and communication sectors. Finally, in terms of main employment status, having overseas work experience increases their probability of becoming informal entrepreneurs and informal workers. The study's findings indicate that having overseas work experience and return migrant status does not necessarily lead to higher productivity and value-added jobs, although other aspects, such as education level and type of job abroad, should still be considered."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang Tenaga Kerja Asing di Indonesia Pasca Penerbitan Peraturan Presiden No. 20 Tahun 2018 Dalam Perspektif Hukum Investasi. Pokok Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana keberadaan Tenaga Kerja Asing di Indonesia Pasca Penerbitan Peraturan Presiden No. 20 Tahun 2018 ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjaan dan Undang-Undang Penanaman Modal (UUPM) serta Bagaimana implikasinya dan langkah yang diambil terhadap perlindungan tenaga kerja dalam negeri. Tujuannya ialah untuk memberikan perlindungan dan kepastian hukum akan peran tenaga kerja dalam negeri didalam penanaman modal asing guna mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang (statute approach). Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Investasi Asing merupakan sumber daya penting dalam memberikan kontribusi terhadap perekonomian Indonesia dan perluasan kesempatan kerja, baik dalam perannya untuk meningkatkan modal maupun dalam meningkatkan produktifitas melalui kemajuan teknologi, manajemen dan sebagainya. Namun apabila investasi asing ini dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya tidak mengutamakan tenaga kerja warga Negara Indonesia sebagai salah satu prasyarat dalam Pasal 10 Undang-Undang No. 25 Tahun 2018 tentang Penanaman Modal, maka hal tersebut dapat menghilangkan dan merugikan kesempatan tenaga kerja dalam negeri. Dan keadaan ini semakin pelik dengan terbitnya Peraturan Presiden (Perpres) Nomor 20 Tahun 2018 tentang Penggunaan Tenaga Kerja Asing (TKA) yang resmi berlaku pada tanggal 26 Maret 2018, dimana Perpres ini menuai kontroversi dari berbagai pihak karena merombak aturan perizinan penggunaan TKA menjadi lebih mudah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis investasi asing dan TKA di Indonesia yang berkembang sangat signifikan khususnya dari negara China. Untuk itu diperlukan kebijakan regulasi yang adil dan terarah dengan pembatasan masuknya investor asing dan TKA, mengingat Negara kita masih belum mampu menampung tenaga kerja dalam negeri sendiri.

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This study discusses about Foreign Workers in Indonesia Post Issuance of Presidential Regulation No. 20 of 2018 in the Investment Law Perspective. The main problem in this study is how the existence of foreign workers in Indonesia after the issuance of Presidential Regulation No. 20 of 2018 in terms of the Manpower Act and the Investment Law (UUPM) as well as the implications and steps taken to protect domestic workers. The aim is to provide legal protection and certainty about the role of domestic labor in foreign investment to support national economic growth. The research method used is a normative juridical research method using a statute approach.

This study found that foreign investment is an important resource in contributing to the Indonesian economy and expanding employment opportunities, both in its role to increase capital and in increasing productivity through advancing technology, management and so on. However, if this foreign investment in fulfilling its needs does not prioritize Indonesian citizen labor as one of the prerequisites in Article 10 of Law No. 25 of 2018 concerning Investment, then this can eliminate and harm the opportunity of domestic workers. And this situation is increasingly complicated with the issuance of Presidential Regulation No. 20 of 2018 concerning the Use of Foreign Workers (TKA) which was officially enacted on March 26, 2018, where the Perpres has drawn controversy from various parties because overhauling licensing rules for using TKA has become easier.

This study aimed at analyzing foreign investment and foreign workers in Indonesia that are developing very significantly, especially from China. For this reason, a fair and directed regulatory policy is needed with restrictions on the entry of foreign investors and foreign workers, considering that our country is still unable to accommodate its own domestic workforce."

"Penelitian tentang gerakan pekerja di Provinsi Jawa Barat terjadi pada pertengahan abad ke-20, tepatnya pada tahun 1952. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membuktikan bahwa persoalan ekonomi menjadi penyebab utama timbulnya pemogokan pekerja lepas di Jawa Barat?Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan teori aksi kolektif model mobilisasi dari Charles Tilly. Menurut Tilly aksi kolektif terdiri atas komponen: interest, organization, mobilization, opportunity, dan collective action. Sedangkan elemen vital aksi kolektif model meobilisasi meliputi: power, repression/fasilitation, dan opportunity/threat. SOBSI menjadi agensi bagi pekerja lepas mampu mengintegrasikan kelima komponen aksi kolektif yang kemudian berpuncak pada pemogokan. Tuntutan pekerja berhasil karena Ketua Panitia Aksi SOBSI K.Werdoyo mempunyai power yang besar baik yang berupa posisi dan perannya sebagai Ketua Fraksi Buruh di DPR maupun kemampuannya dalam bernegosiasi. K.Werdoyo mampu mengatasi tindakan-tindakan represif yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah dan memanfaatkan fasilitasi yang diberikan pemerintah kepadanya. K. Werdoyo juga mampu mengambil peluang yang diberikan oleh pemerintahan Perdana Menteri Wilopo (dari PNI) yang lebih lunak dalam menyikapi tuntutan pekerja lepas di Jawa Barat daripada Perdana Menteri sebelumnya, Sukiman dari Masyumi.Pemogokan pekerja lepas di Jawa Barat dikarenakan adanya tindakan ekploitasi dari Pemerintah Pusat. Pada hakekatnya kebijakan yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Pusat tersebut tidak melanggar ketentuan karena secara formal kewenangan tentang peraturan penetapan upah masih menjadi kewenangan Pemerintah Pusat. Persoalan utamanya lebih pada tindakan ketidakadilan yang dirasakan oleh pekerja lepas yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Pusat. Di tengah-tengah pekerja lepas mengalami kesulitan ekonomi yang serius, Pemerintah Pusat menurunkan pendapatan mereka.Tuntutan pekerja lepas di Jawa Barat berhasil, bahkan kemudian berujung pada terbitnya Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 1954 tentang Pekerja Pemerintah. Keberhasilan tutunan tersebut telah meredakan aksi-aksi pekerja lepas di Provinsi Jawa Barat yang juga telah meluas ke Provinsi Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur, meningkatkan kesejahteraan pekerja, semakin besarnya organisasi SOBSI, dan telah jelasnya kewenangan Pemerintah Daerah dalam menetapkan peraturan tentang pekerja lepas.

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This research studies the workers movement in West Java Province that rose in the middle of twentieth century, especially in 1952. The main objective of the research is to prove that the economic problem was the main cause of the government workers strike in West Java.

In this research, author utilizes the theory of collective action - mobilization model of Charles Tilly. Tilly argues that the collective action consist of several components, which are interest, organization, mobilization, opportunity, and collective action. Meanwhile, the vital elements of the collective action - mobilization model comprise power, repression/facilitation, and opportunity/threat. SOBSI became an agency for the government workers that integrated five components of collective action, which later led to government workers strike. The demand of government workers was successful, because the Chair of Action Committee of SOBSI, K. Werdoyo had not only a great power within his position and role as the Head of Government workers Faction in the Parliament, but also in his negotiation ability. He not only controlled repressive actions that exercised by the government, but also utilized the government facilities that provided for him. K. Werdoyo was able to take opportunities that were given by Prime Minister Wilopo (from PNI), who acted softly in dealing with the demands of government workers in West Java rather than the former Prime Minister, Sukiman from Masyumi.

The government workers strike in West Java caused by the exploitation from the Central Government. Essentially, the policy of Central Government did not against any regulation because the regulation of wage determination was the authority of the Central Government. The main problem emphasized on the injustice action, which suffered by the government workers, by the Central Government. While the workers encountered a serious economic difficulty, the Central Government lowered their income.

The demand of government workers in West Java not only succeeded, but also later led to the issue of the Government Regulation Number 31 Year 1954 about the Government workers. The accomplishment of the demand relieved other government workers actions in West Java that already spread to Central Java and East Java Provinces, increased the welfare of government workers, made the organization of SOBSI bigger, and brought the authority to Regional Government in issuing the regulations about government workers."

"PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero) memiliki banyak kendala dalam menjalankan hubungan industrial. Berbagai dinamika hubungan industrial terjadi karena disebabkan oleh kurangnya komunikasi antara pihak perseroan dengan pihak serikat pekerja. Perseroan kerap mengeluarkan surat kebijakan tanpa berunding terlebih dahulu dengan serikat pekerja. Keluarnya surat kebijakan tanpa adanya pemberitahuan menyebabkan terjadinya berbagai permasalahan hubungan industrial yang dirangkum menjadi Matriks 9. Kurangnya komunikasi inilah yang menyebabkan terjadinya perbedaan sudut pandang. Perbedaan Sudut pandang inilah yang menyebabkan terjadinya gerakan serikat buruh. Usaha yang dilakukan PLN baru mengintensifikasikan Lembaga Kerjasama Bipartit. Usaha ini adalah sangat baik, namun akan menjadi lebih baik lagi apabila didukung dengan usaha pendekatan yang bersifat non-formal atau kasual. Penulis menyarankan agar dibuat wadah non formal seperi morning gathering, penggiatan klub olahraga, seni, atau organisasi keagamaan, dan penggiatan halal bi halal.

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PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero) has a lot of obstacles in running the industrial relations. The dynamics of industrial relations occur because of the lack of communication between the company and the trade union. The Company often issued policies without negotiating first with the union. Discharge letter policy without notice cause a variety of industrial relations problems are summarized into "Matriks Sembilan". The lack of communication is what causes the difference in perspective. Because of the difference perspective, PT. PLN (Persero) tries to intensify The Bipartite Cooperation. This effort was very good, but it would be even better if it is supported by the non-formal or casual approach. Writer recommend to the board management to use non-formal approach such as morning gathering, activate the sport, art, or religious organizations? activities, and liven up the gathering session."

"In few Asian countries is organized labor so important an economic and political factor as in contemporary Indonesia, and in few countries of the world has it been so politicized. The trade unions now faced a new situation and new problems. Since theyhad had an active part in the early struggle for independence and in the defense of the Republic. The purpose of this study is to trace and identify the ideological influences which have made fighting organizations of the Indonesian trade unions which pursue longrange political aims in addition to immediate economic gains. Special attention will be paid to Marxist and Leninist influences. To identify them, we have to refer to theindoctrination of the trade unions in the mother-country of communism, the Soviet Union. The reference to the Chinese communist trade union movement will show the importance of the communist victory in mainland China for other Asian countries, including Indonesia. In order to deepen our understanding of the Indonesian trade union movement, it is necessary to comprehend its political character, as manifested by the relationship of the trade unions to political parties and their propensity for political action. This understanding is required to explain the attitudes of Indonesian organized labor today. An understanding of the attitudes of the trade union movement will serve to unravel the confusing complexity of current labor relations in the country, and to explain the labor policy of the Indonesian Government."