Islamic leadership in the European lands of the former Ottoman and Russian Empires: legacy, challenges and change
edited by Egdunas Racius, Antonina Zeljazkova
Brill, 2018
 eBooks
Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah
The political system of empires
Free Press, 1969
 Buku Teks
The economic decline of empires
edited by Carlo M. Cipolla
Methuen, 1970
 Buku Teks
Erwin Ramedhan
To be or not to be European
2005
 Artikel Jurnal
Tuna, Mustafa, 1976-
Imperial Russia's Muslims: Islam, empire and European modernity, 1788-1914
Cambridge University Press, 2015
 Buku Teks