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Ambar W. Roestam
"ABSTRAK
Petugas pemberi pelayanan kesehatan adalah suatu kelompok yang seharusnya menyadari bahwa dirinya termasuk kelompok risiko tinggi tertular AIDS/HIV. Untuk itu petugas kesehatan harus tahu cara pencegahannya. Mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku pemberi pelayanan kesehatan adalah penting untuk mengetahui tindakan yang harus dilakukan oleh pihak managemen dalam melindungi tenaga kerjanya.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku petugas kesehatan mengenai penyakit AIDS, baik etiologi, cara penularan dan usaha/tindakan pencegahannya.
Dilakukan survei tentang hal tersebut terhadap pemberi pelayanan kesehatan di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo pads bulan November 1993 sampai bulan Januari 1994. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dan mengisi kuesiner yang telah dikembangkan secara khusus untuk itu, dan juga dilakukan pengamatan terhadap dokter, dokter gigi, perawat, petugas laboratorium, pekarya dan petugas di kamar jenazah.
Responden terdiri dari 40 (14%) dokter, 156 (51%) perawat/bidan, 16 (5.5%) petugas laboratorium dan 30.5% pekarya dan petugas kamar jenazah.
Unit pelayanan yang diamati adalah OK Bedah, Unit Rawat Jalan, Instalasi Gawat darurat, Bagian Bedah Mulut, Unit Rawat Inap, Unit Kamar Jenazah dan Patologi Klinik.
Pengetahuan responden terhadap etiologi (host, agent dan environment) HIV, cara deteksi, cara penularan, pencegahan dan akibat AIDS menunjukkan tingkat baik pada 65.1% responden. Kelompok pekarya yang sebagian besar menjadi tenaga kebersihan dan petugas kamar jenazah dan mempunyai risiko tinggi terpapar HIV karena pekerjaannya, merupakan kelompok yang paling rendah tingkat pengetahuannya.
Namun, meskipun hampir seluruh responden mengetahui bahwa AIDS/HIV adalah penyakit menular dan dapat mengakibatan kematian, sikap setuju dan bersedia melakukan tindakan perawatan pada penderita dengan HIV positip dan kesediaan melakukan tindakan pencegahan ditemukan baik pada 72.4% responden.
Perilaku yang sudah pernah dilakukan oleh responden menunjukkan tingkat baik pada 46.38% saja. Pernah tertusuk jarum dialami oleh 1 dari 4 responden, demikian juga pernah tidaknya tersobek sarung tangan sewaktu melakukan tindakan pada penderita. Pemakaian alat pelindung seperti sarung tangan, apron dan masker juga hanya ditemukan pada sekitar 1 diantara 3 petugas kesehatan.
Hubungan antara pengetahuan tentang AIDS dan perilaku terhadap tindakan pencegahan tertular AIDS terbukti ada hubungan yang bermakna. Demikian juga terdapat hubungan bermakna antara sikap dan perilaku yang baik.
Faktor pemungkin (enabling factors) yaitu ketersedian sarana kerja dinyatakan kurang memadai menurut responden dan hasil pengamatan, demikian juga faktor penguat (reinforcing factors) antara lain anjuran/petunjuk atasan tentang cara pencegahan HIV masih kurang.
Meskipun menurut responden sumber informasi tentang AIDS sudah banyak sumber dan sangat beragam, namun disarankan masih perlu disebarkan informasi terutama untuk cara/tindakan praktis pencegahan agar tidak tertular HIV khususnya bagi petugas kesehatan terutama kelompok pekarya dan perawat.

ABSTRACT
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of AIDS Among Health Provider On Cipto Mangunkusumo HospitalThe health provider is any one who should concern that they have high risk on expose and transmitted of AIDS/HIV. They should know how to prevent it. To be able to know the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of AIDS/HIV among them is very important to management.
This survey is undertaken to know the level of knowledge, attitude and practice among health provider of AIDS especially on etiology, transmission of infection and prevention infection against AIDS/HIV and also to know the relation between those factors and other factors.
This survey were done among health provider in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital on November 1993 until January 1994. Data gathering done by interview and self-administered questionnaire and also by observation using observation checklist. The respondents are doctor,. dentist, nurse/midwives, laboratory personnel and janitor including cadaver unit personnel.
The total number of respondents is 304 covering 40 (14%) doctors and dentists, 156 (51%) nurses and midwives, 16 {5.5%) laboratory personnel and 92 (30.5%) janitor from many departments namely Surgery Operation Room Department, Accident/Emergency Department, Mouth dan Teeth Department, Out-patients Department, In-patients Department ( Unit IRNA A ) and cadaver Unit.
Sixty five percents of respondents have a good degree of knowledge about etiology, detection, transmission of infection, prevention and prognosis of AIDS. The janitor group who are those work as cleaning service and cadaver personnel which have high risk on expose to HIV, is the lowest degree of knowledge about AIDS/HIV. Although, almost all respondents know that AIDS/HIV is communicable disease with has death pronosis, they have a good degree of attitude and 72.4% of them agree to curing and caring HIV positive patients and have a good willing to do the infection prevention activities.
The past behavior about the prevention infection activities done by the respondents pointed that only 46.38% of all respondents have a good degree of behaviour. One person out of 4 respondent have experience of noccuring the needle stick injury and also damaging gloves during service.
Using of personnel protective equipment such as gloves, masker and special cloth wear only one person out of 3 respondents.
The relation between the degree of knowledge and behaviour to prevention infection activities against HIV and the relation between, between attitude and behaviour , proven that there is a significant relationship.
Regarding the enabling factors such as adequate supplies of work facilities (gloves, disposible spuit, masker etc) still not enough, based on observation results and respondents opinion. The same results concerning the reinforcing factors such as guidance from management about how to prevent HIV is still neglected.
However, although there are a lot of sources of information about AIDS, we recommend that information especially practice activities to prevent HIV needed to disseminate. This information concern especially for nurses and janitor or all of health provider."
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 1994
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UI - Laporan Penelitian  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Bastaman Basuki
"Sebagian penderita tekanan darah tinggi di Indonesia menggunakan pengobatan tradisional di samping obat-obatan antihipertensif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara beberapa pengobatan tradisonal seperti buah pace, belimbing, bawang putih, atau jamu, yang dipercaya dapat menurunkan tekanan darah pada hipertensi stage 1 dan 2. Data diperoleh dari hasil survai lapangan yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa tingkat 2 Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia tahun 2001, 2002, 2003 di Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat. Subjek penelitian dipilih secara random dari klaster rukun tetangga. Wawancara dan pengukuran tekanan darah dilakukan di rumah subjek oleh mahasiswa yang terlatih di bawah pengawasan staf pengajar. Terdapat 496 subjek dengan hipertensi stage 1 dan 2 dan sebanyak 11,5% menggunakan obat-obatan antihipertensi. Subjek hipertensi stage 2 yang minum obat antihipertensi 5,4 kali lipat jika dibandingkan dengan subjek hipertensi stage 1 (rasio odds suaian 5,44; 95% interval kepercayaan = 2,64 ? 11,27). Pengobatan tradisional yang dilakukan oleh subjek hipertensi terutama ketimun, belimbing, dan buah pace. Hal ini mungkin disebabkan kebiasaan yang kuat memakai obat tradisional dalam masyarakat, terbatasnya fasilitas kesehatan, dan harga obat antihipertensi yang mahal. Disimpulkan bahwa di daerah pedesaan, para penderita hipertensi melakukan pengobatan gabungan obat antihipertensi dengan obat-obat tradisional. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 246-51)

Some hypertensive subjects in Indonesia consume traditional herbal medicines in addition to the usual pharmacological drugs. This paper studied the relationship between several traditional herbal medicines, such as morinda, star fruit, garlic, or jamu, believed to control hypertension and the risk of current pharmacological antihypertensive drug users in subjects with stage 1 and 2 hypertension in a rural community West Java, Indonesia. The data were obtained from 3 field studies by the second year medical students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia conducted in 2001, 2002, and 2003 in a subdistrict of the Bogor regency. The subjects were selected randomly from neighborhood clusters. Interviews and blood pressure measurements were conducted at the houses of the subjects by specially trained second year medical students supervised by faculty members. There were 496 subjects with stage 1 or 2 hypertension, with 11.5% under current antihypertensive drugs. Compared with the hypertension stage 1 subjects, hypertension stage 2 subjects were 5.4 times more likely to be currently taking pharmacological antihypertensive medication (adjusted odds ratio = 5.44; 95% confidence interval = 2.64-11.27). The combined of current antihypertensive medication with traditional medicines were cucumber which being the most dominant followed by star fruit and morinda. Reasons for this were probably the strong influence of culture, the limited medical facilities, and high cost of the antihypertensive drugs. It was concluded that in a rural Indonesia, it was common for hypertensive subjects to take pharmacological drugs as well as traditional medicine for antihypertensive therapy. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 246-51)"
Medical Journal Of Indonesia, 2004
MJIN-13-4-OctDec2004-246
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library