"Aktivitas migrasi tenaga kerja membawa peningkatan penghasilan, pendidikan pun sosial pada Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI) dan keluarganya. Bagi negara, migrasi tenaga kerja menyumbang devisa dan menyediakan peluang kerja. Aktivitas ini juga meninggalkan persoalan yang berulang, pada masa pra-penempatan, penempatan maupun purna penempatan. Pemerintah, organisasi non pemerintah dan swasta menyatakan bahwa sumber persoalannya berada pada masa pra-penempatan. Penempatan TKI diselenggarakan oleh pemerintah pusat, daerah termasuk desa serta pihak swasta, diantaranya perusahaan jasa penempatan.
Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada lingkup daerah asal yaitu Kabupaten Indramayu dan Cianjur, Provinsi Jawa Barat, bertujuan menelaah tata kelola pra-penempatan TKI yang berlangsung dan dalam inspirasi good enough governance meneroka tata kelola di kemudian hari. Informan dalam penelitian kualitatif ini meliputi pemerintah kabupaten, pemerintah desa, kelompok masyarakat yang peduli pada isu TKI, asosiasi perusahaan jasa penempatan dan Kantor Imigrasi. Selain itu, wawancara juga dilakukan dengan sponsor/calo dan budayawan setempat. Data diperoleh dari wawancara, diskusi kelompok terarah (FGD) dan sumber sekunder.
Pra-penempatan TKI diurus oleh dinas tenaga kerja sebagai bagian tugasnya. Pada aspek peraturan, peraturan yang telah terbit ditingkat kabupaten maupun desa dan prinsip kehati-hatian, belum sepenuhnya dapat melindungi CTKI. Ketegasan yang diberlakukan dapat menyebakan mereka menempuh jalan yang tidak sesuai prosedur. Sponsor/calo yang biasanya amat dikenal oleh CTKI dan keluarganya berperan besar dalam kegiatan rekrutmen dan penyiapan dokumen CTKI.
Namun demikian, ada praktik-praktik baik yang telah berlangsung di lingkup desa maupun kabupaten meskipun belum sempurna. Praktik baik tersebut dapat menjadi titik awal memperbaiki tata kelola prapenempatan secara bertahap. Dengan demikian, pilihan prioritas perlu dilakukan yaitu sosialisasi, pengembangan komunitas serta pendidikan dan pelatihan. Perluasan pemangku kepentingan merupakan salah satu jalan agar upaya perbaikan berkesinambungan. Dengan demikian, prapenempatan bukan melulu pada urusan administrasi dokumen melainkan juga sosialisasi migrasi tenaga kerja yang aman hingga tumbuh masyarakat yang melek migrasi di daerah kantong TKI.
Good enough governance perlu menegaskan unsur kesinambungan dan daya tahan didalamnya.
Worker migration activities increase incomes, education and social status to Indonesian Migrant Workers (TKI) and their families. For the country, worker migration contributes to foreign exchange and provides employment opportunities. This activity also left problems that were repeated, in the pre-placement, placement and after-placement. The government, non-governmental organization and private placement company association state that the source of the problem is in the pre-placement period. The placement of migrant workers is carried out by the central government, regions and private parties.
This research was conducted in the area of origin, namely Indramayu and Cianjur Regencies, West Java Province, aimed at examining the pre-placement governance of migrant workers that took place and in inspiring good enough governance to explore governance in the future. Informants in this qualitative study included district governments, village governments, community groups concerned with the issue of migrant workers, associations of placement companies and the Immigration Office. In addition, interviews were also conducted with brokers and local cultural figures. Data obtained from interviews, focus group discussions (FGD) and secondary sources.
Pre-placement of migrant workers is managed by the labor department as part of their duties. In terms of regulations, regulations that have been issued at the district and village levels and the precautionary principle, have not been able to fully protect prospective migrant workers. Assertiveness can cause them to take ways that are not in accordance with procedures. Sponsors brokers who are usually well known by prospective migrant workers and their families play a major role in the recruitment and preparation of their documents.
However, there are good practices that have taken place in both the village and district spheres, although not yet perfect. These good practices can be a starting point for gradually improving pre-placement governance. Thus, priority choices need to be made, namely socialization, community development and education and training. The expansion of stakeholders is one way for continuous improvement efforts. Thus, pre-placement is not only about the administration of documents but also the socialization of safe worker migration to the growth of people who are literate of migration in migrant worker enclaves.
Good enough governance needs to emphasize the element of sustainability and endurance in it."
Jakarta: Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia, 2020
