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"ABSTRAKPentingnya penyimpanan biji telah dikenal manusia semenjak manusia mulai mendomestikasi tumbuhan. Telah diketahui bentuk hubungan antara kadar air dan viabilitas pada biji utuh dan potongan biji yang mengandung embrio Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Viabilitas diukur dengan nilai daya hantar listrik (DHL atau konduktivitas). Setiap 1,5 jam sekali dilakukan pengamatan terhadap kadar air biji dan nilai DHL yang dilakukan sampai waktu pengeringan 6 jam melalui 3 macam metode pengeringan (silica gel, matahari, dan oven suhu 40°C).Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan nyata antara kadar air awal biji utuh dan kadar air awal dan potongan biji yang mengandung embrio. Dari ketiga metode pengeringan, silica gel mengeringkan material paling cepat, diikuti pengeringan dengan matahari, dan oven. Bentuk potongan biji yang mengandung embrio lebih cepat mengering daripada biji utuh. Kerentanan biji Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. terhadap pengeringan memperlihatkan bentuk model regresi yang berbeda antara biji utuh dan potongan biji yang mengandung embrio. Kadar air diduga melalui perhitungan berat kering. Diperoleh hasil bahwa bentuk hubungan yang terjadi pads biji utuh adalah sesuai dengan model Y = 1339,544 - 22,1332X dengan koefisien determinasi sebesar 0,978, sedangkan pada potongan biji yang mengandung embrio adalah mengikuti model Y=965,575 - 14,772X dengan koefisien determinasi sebesar 0,948. Ada pun X adalah peubah kadar air (peubah bebas) dengan Y sebagai peubah viabilitas dengan nilai DHL (peubah).Biji nangka mampu bertahan pada suhu 14°C dengan viabilitas 100% dalam kondisi kadar air tanpa pengeringan dan kadar air 50% selama dua bulan atau lebih. Walau pun demikian kadar air kondisi tanpa pengeringan masih tetap mampu bertahan pada suhu 26°C selama dua bulan. Kadar air awal biji berpengaruh nyata dalam menentukan viabilitas biji selama disimpan.

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ABSTRACT

Seed is the most convenient part of the plant to store and have been known to survive for many weeks. The basic principles of a seed bank are to collect, conserve and provide or exchange germplasm. Seed can be deposited for different periods - short, mid, and long term for different purposes. The longevity of seed is considerable.

Seed can be classified into two groups, orthodox and recalcitrant. Many of seed of tropical tree is recalcitrant. Because many tree species in tropic have the economic value, so study of recalcitrant seed is needed. The aim of this study was to find out the relationship between the seed moisture content decreased with the viability decreased. Therefore, the results can be used as a basic information for the further research.

The research was conducted on two kind of material, the excised embryo and whole seed. Each of those materials was desiccated with three kind of desiccation methods - silica gel, sun, and oven_ The viability is known by a conductivity value.

The effect of desiccation on storability of recalcitrant seed of Artocarpus heterophyllus was studied. As the seed moisture of A. heterophyllus decreased, viability decreased while conductivity value increased. The excised embryo could be desiccated more rapidly rather than whole seed. The silica gel seem to be efective method for seed drying than that of the sun and the oven.

Whole seeds were stored in sealed thin plastic container. Seed with seed coat could germinate on 26°C in one month. In sealed container there were no significantly different of moisture content during eight weeks storage or more. Seed without desiccation is best for maintaining their viability especially at 14°C in sealed container."

"Kromosom merupakan massa padat dari materi genetik yang terdapat dalam inti sel yang menentukan pewarisan sifat genetik suatu spesies dari generasi ke generasi berikutnya. Analisis kariotipe kromosom umurrmya didasarkan kepada dua sifat kromosom, yaitu jumlah diploid kromosom dalam sebuah sel somatik dan karakter morfologis setiap kromosom dalam set tersebut. Karakteristik morfologis sebuah kromosom ditentukan oleh posisi sentromer serta panjang relatif kromosom terhadap kromosom-kromosom lairmya dalam satu set haploid.Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mempelajari kariotipe monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis) dan beruk (Macaca namesirina). Kedua spesies primata ini banyak digunakan dalam berbagai perielitian ekologi, tingkah laku, nutrisi dan genetika, serta banyak pula dimanfaatkan dalam berbagai penelitian biomedis untuk studi berbagai jenis penyakit manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari jumlah kromosom, karakteristik kariotipe dan penyusunan idiogram monyet ekor panjang dan beruk, serta membandingkan kariotipe antar kedua spesies primata tersebut.Preparat kromosom untuk studi kariotipe dan penyusunan idiogram dipersiapkan dua kultur sel darah putih (leukosit), yang dikoleksi dari darah periferi tiga ekor monyet ekor panjang jantan dan tiga ekor beruk jantan. Kultur jangka pendek dengan penggunaan mitogen PHA dan ConA dilakukan pada suhu 37°C selama 72 jam. Melalui perlakuan peighambatan pembentukan spindel dengan penberian kolkisin dua jam sebelum akhir kultur, perlakuan hipotonis dengan larutan KCI 0.075 M dan perlakuan fiksasi dengan larutan methanol dan asam asetat dalam perbandingan 3:1, diperoleh selsel metafase untuk analisis kariotipe.Dari perhitungan kromosom dalam tiap sebaran metafase didapatkan bahwa jumlah diploid kromosom baik pada monyet ekor panjang maupun bank adalah 42 buah, terdiri dari 40 buah autosom, sebuah kromosom X dan sebuah kromosom Y. Panjang relatif kromosom untuk monyet ekor panjang dan beruk masing-masing berkisar antara 0.6324 ± 0.0063 dan 0.6317 ± 0.0056 (kromosom Y) sampai dengan 7.3705 ± 0.0106 dan 7.3714 ± 0.0095 (kromosom No. 1). Indeks sentromer untuk monyet ekor panjang dan beruk masing-masing berkisar antara 0 dan 0 (kromosom Y) sampai dengan 49.295 f 0.016 dan 49.295 ± 0.014 (kromosom No. 11). Nisbah lengan kromosom monyet ekor panjang dan beruk masing-masing berkisar antara 1.0284 ± 0.0006 dan 1.1024 f 0.0006 (kromosom No. 11) sampai dengan 2.6819 ± 0.0142 dan 2.6812 ± 0.0121 (kromosom No. 15), sedangkan nilai nisbah lengan untuk kromosom Y tidak dapat dihitung karena sentromer yang terminal (telosentrik).Dari pengamatan dan perhitungan didapat jumlah dan morfologi kromosom monyet ekor panjang tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata (P>0.05) dengan jumlah dan morfologi kromosom beruk Perbedaan morfologi dan anatomi yang sangat besar antara kedua spesies ini tidak tercermin dari kariotipenya (struktur makro materi genetik), diduga ada pads perbedaan struktur gen-gen, protein dan kodon-kodon dalam rangkaian DNA kedua spesies. Dengan pola pita replikasi terdeteksi adanya perbedaan pole pita pada tiga bush kromosom, yaitu pads kromosom No. 1, No. 5 dan No. 16.

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An experiment has been conducted to study karyotypes of long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques. The objective of the experiment is to obtain information about chromosome number and their morphological characters, to construct idiograms for each species, and to compare the kariotype of long-tailed macaque and of pig-tailed macaque.

Chromosome preparation for the karyotype study and idiogram construction was obtained from Ieukocyte cells culture. Peripheral blood samples were collected from respectively three male long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques and cultured using standard culture procedure.

Observation on metaphase chromosome spreads obtained show that both long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques have diploid chromosome number of 42, consisting of 20 pairs of autosomes, an X chromosome, and an Y chromosome. Relative chromosome length for long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques ranged from 0.6324 ± 0.0063 and 0.6317 ± 0.0056 (Y chromosome) to 7.3705 ± 0.0106 and 7.3714 ± 0.0095 (chromosome No. 1), respectively. Centromere index for long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques ranged from 0 and 0 (Y chromosome) to 49.295 ± 0.016 and 49.295 ± 0.014 (chromosome No. 11), respectively. Arm ratio for long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques ranged from 1.0284 ± 0.0006 and 1.1024 ± 0.0006 (chromosome No. 11) to 2.6819 ± 0.0142 and 2.6812 ± 0.0121 (chromosome No. 15), respectively. Arm ratio for Y chromosome was not calculated because of its terminal centromere position.

Observation, measurement and statistical analyses show that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between chromosome number and morphology of long-tailed macaque and those of pig-tailed macaque. Using replication banding technique, different banding pattern were detected at chromosome No. 3, 5 and 16. Great differences in anatomical and life history variables between these two primate species seem to be due to differences in the level of genes, proteins and codons in DNA strands of the two species."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mengenai pengaruh keberadaan Taman Nasional terhadap pengetahuan keanekaragaman hayati dan nilai pelajaran biologi siswa SMU. Pelaksanaannya dilakukan di SMUN-SMUN sekitar Taman Nasional Way Kambas pada tahun 1995/1996.Pengumpulan data untuk pengetahuan keanekaragaman hayati dilakukan melalui angket yang sebeiumnya sudah diujicobakan di SMUN-SMUN Kodya Bandar Lampung, sedangkan data pelajaran biologi berasal dari catur wulan 1,11,111. Penelitian terhadap 212 siswa menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata pengetahuan keanekaragaman hayati adalah 6,3 (nilai terendah 5,9 dan tertinggi 6,8). Nilai rata-rata paling tinggi berasal dari siswa SMUN Kota Gajah. Niiai rata-rata siswa seluruh SMUN dikategorikan sedang.Kunjungan yang dilakukan secara pribadi oleh siswa tidak berpengaruh terhadap pengetahuan keanekaragaman hayati siswa. Niiai rata-rata pelajaran biologi adalah 6,3 (nilai terendah 5,8 dan tertingg 6,8) dan nilai paling tinggi diperoleh siswa SMUN Way Jepara. Nilai rata-rata seluruh siswa SMUN dikategorikan sedang. Kunjungan siswa secara pribadi oleh siswa berpengaruh terhadap prestasi pelajaran biologi. Kunjungan secara ekstrakurikuler tidak terlaksana. Tidak ada korelasi antara pengetahuan keanekaragaman hayati dengan nilai pelajaran biologi.

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ABSTRACT

Indonesia is a megadiversity country (KLH, 1993). However, species extinction has been concern, among others due to primary forest exploitation (Turner et al. 1994). National parks are the last refuges of primary forest. Therefore, through the formal education. processes the sustainbility of biodiversity is hopely guaranteed (Walhi, 1995). This research has been conducted on the highschool (SMU) surrounding the Way Kambas National Park, Central Lampung province. The questionnaries have been used to gather the knowledge on biodiversity among students of the SMU, while the grades on biology have been gathereed through their quarterly points (reported by teachers).

The results showed that ;

There is-no corelation between the biology grades and the knowledge on biodiversity among the 212 students. There is no relation on distance of the school to the national park and the knowledge on biodiversity and the grades on biology. The is no organized visit by the school to the park.

It is recommended that :

The schools must used more properly the Way Kambas National Park to increase and improve the quality of their formal educational programs. The Way Kambas National Park management must make extension program more effectively, especially for the surrounding schools. The research must be extended to other national park of the country, for more understanding of the value of national park to the nations."

"Penelitian foraminifera bentik telah dilakukan tanggal 19 November - 3 Desember 1995 di Delta Solo dan Porong Jawa Timur untuk mengetahui distribusi dan kelimpahan foraminifera bentik dan untuk mengetahui foraminifera aglutinin di Delta Solo dan Porong. Untuk itu telah diambil sampel sedimen dengan menggunakan Van Veen grab di 15 stasiun pada masing-masing delta, kemudian dianalisis di laboratorium.Untuk mengetahui keterkaitan antara komunitas foraminifera bentik dan beberapa faktor lingkungan yang berpengaruh dalam kehidupan biota ini, maka dilakukan juga pengukuran terhadap sifat fisik perairan seperti kedalaman , salinitas, PH dan turbiditas. Hasil analisa laboratorium kemudian dibagi ke dalam 3 kategori yaitu melimpah, umum dan jarang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi dan kelimpahan foraminifera bentik dan untuk mengetahui foraminifera aglutinin di Delta Solo dan Porong.Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat 53 spesies foraminifera bentik dengan jumlah individu 7288 yang termasuk dalam 10 famili di Delta Solo dan 37 spesies dengan jumlah individu 6223 yang termasuk dalam 9 famili di Delta Porong. Seluruh spesies yang dijumpai di dua delta tersebut termasuk dalam subordo Rotaliina, 1VIilioliina dan Textulariina. Spesies yang melimpah di Delta Solo adalah Ammonia beccarii dan Asterorotala trispinosa yang dijumpai di semua stasion penelitian. Terdapat 35 spesies yang termasuk kategori umum dan 16 species pada kategori jarang. Di Delta Porong dijumpai 6 spesies dalam kategori melimpah yaitu Ammonia beccarii, Asterorotalia trispinosa, Ammobcculites agglutinans, Haplophragmoides canariensis, Textularia pseudogramen dan Trochammina amnicola. Sedangkan spesies yang umum 16 species dan 15 species yang tergolong jarang.Sebaran dan kelimpahan foraminifera bentik di Delta Solo dan Porong dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor lingkungan terutama jenis substrat, pH dan turbiditas. Hasil pengamatan terhadap foraminifera aglutinin menunjukkan keadaan sebaliknya dan hasil foraminifera bentik secara umum, yaitu Delta Porong lebih kaya akan species dibandingkan dengan Delta Solo. Di Delta Solo di jumpai 5 species yang hanya dijumpai di II stasiun, sedangkan di Delta Porong dijumpai 6 jenis yang dijumpai di semua stasiun penelitian. Hal ini kemungkinan besar dipengaruhi oleh kondisi lingkungan perairan dan keadaan delta tersebut.

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Solo and Porong Deltas, located in East Java, have different morphological forms. The differences in morphological forms are due to the variation in the sediment types. Solo River which flows from Mount Lawu and Mount Merapi in Central Java supplies a large number of sediment to Solo Delta. The type of sediment of Solo Delta is dominated by clay, silt and fine sand. Porong River receives water from Brantas River which originates from Mount Semeru and Mount Arjuno. The type of sediment of Porong Delta is dominated by sand. Benthic foraminiferans, which live and grow at the bottom of the sediment, are sensitive to environmental changes. Distribution and abundance of benthic foraminifera depend on some environmental factors, and that various ecological factors influence each other.From 15 stations observed in Solo Delta and 15 stations in Porong Delta there was a difference either in the species number or in the number of individuals found. The species are belong to 3 subordos, i.e Rotaliina, Milioliina and Textulariina. The main difference between the two deltas was the abundance of species. The number of species found in Solo Delta were 53 and the number of individuals were 7288, while in Porong there were 37 spesies with 6223 individuals. The predominant species found in almost all stations in two deltas were Ammonia beccarii and Aslerorotalia trispinosa.In Solo Delta the common species found were Ammonia umbonata, Amphistegina lessonii, Bucella frigida, Elphidium crispum, E. craticulatum, E. advenum, E. lessonii, Calcarina calcar,Chrysalidinella dimorpha, Quinqueloculina sp, Q.semirrulum, Q. intricata, Nonion sp, Nonion depressulum, Triloculina trio ata, Reuse/la simplex, Pseudorotalia schroeteriana, Spiroloculina communis, Ammobaculites agglutinans, Textularia pseudogramen. The less common species found were Buliminella elegantissima, B. basicostata, Cymbaloporetta squwnmosa, Cibicides lobatum, Hauerina braayi, Heterostegina depressa, Lagena laevis, Lagena grad/lima, Loxostomum lobatum, L. limbatum, Massilina milled, Operculina ammonoides, Triloculina trigonula, Ammotium cassis, Haplophragmoides canariensis and Textularia sagittula.In Porong Delta, besides Ammonia beccarii and Asterorotalia trispinosa other species which were found abundant in almost all of the stations were Ammobaculites agglutinans, Haplophragmoides canariensis, Textularia pseudogramen and Trochammina amnicola. The latest species are agglutinated foraminifera which live well at the sandy sediment dominating Porong Delta.The common species were Adelosina semistriata, Ammotium cassis, Elphidium advenum, E craticulatum, E. lessonii, Pseudorotalia shroeteriana, Heterostegina depressa, Flintina bradyana, Operculina ammonoides, Quinqueloculina seminulum, Q. lamarchiana, Nonion sp, Reusella simplex, Triloculina tricarinata, spiroloculina commis, Textularia sagittula. The rare species found were Amphistegina lessonii, Calcarina calcar, Cibicides praecinctus, Crysalidinella dimorpha, Loxoslomum lobatum, L. limbatum, Miliolinella subrotunda, M sublineata, Nonion depressulum, N. cf asterizans, Qrbitolites duplex, Quinqueloculina cultrata, Q. venusta, Q. granulocostata, Triloculina trigonula.The range of salinity in Solo Delta was 15 - 32 %o and in Porong Delta was 10 - 30 %o. Previous researchers showed that foraminiferan species adapt and produce well at salinity between 15 - 40 %o. That means that the salinity in Solo Delta is probably more suitable for foraminifera than in Porong Delta. The everage pH in Solo Delta was 7,86 while in Porong Delta was 8,20. According to some researchers, foraminiferans were found abundant in lower pH. Turbidity in Solo Delta was between 33,0 - 87,5 NTU, while in Porong Delta areas was between 37,8 - 200 NTIJ. That means that the water in Solo Delta was clearer than in Porong Delta. Water clearance influences penetration of sunlight , and results in decreasing photosynthesis activities of plankton which leads to food deficiency. According to previous researchers the population of some foraminiferans decreases at zones with high turbidity. Those above factors might influence the distribution and abundance of the benthic foraminifera, of both deltas.The study of aglutinated foraminiferan was done simultaneously with the study of distribution and abundance of benthic foraminiferans in Solo and Porong Delta. From 15 stations studied in each delta 5 species were found in Solo Delta and 6 species were found in Porong Delta. All species belongs to 3 families, namely Lituoliidae, Textulariidae and Trochanuniniidae. The 5 species found in Solo Delta were Ammobaculites agglutinans, Ammotium cassis, Haplophragmoides carurriensis, Textularia pseudogramen and T. sagittula. In Porong Delta, besides those 5 species, another species, i.e. Throcarnmrna amnicola, was also found.In general, Porong Delta is richer than Solo Delta in number of species and number of individuals of species. This might be due to the differences in types of sediment and water conditions of both deltas."

"Banteng (Bos javanicus d?Alton) is naturally distributed throughout Asia. In Indonesia this species can be found in Jawa, Bali, and Kalimantan. The current population is small, making it categorized as an endangered species. Protection measures have been implemented in such national parks as in West Bali, Ujung Kulon, Baluran, and Alas Purwo. Scientifically, this species is a genetic resource potential for further domestication purposes. In fact this species has been traditionally utilized as a cross-breeder for Bali Cattle which originated from Bos sondaicus. Banteng is typically a crespuscular species, but due to disturbances it sometimes becomes nocturnal. The species generally live in groups of 5 to 15 individuals, with only 2 to 3 steers in a group, although groups with only one steer is not unusual. The groups spend most ,of their time grazing in a pasture. Alas Purwo is a national park located in Sothern Banyuwangi, East Jawa, and initially gazetted as an area for animal protection. The total area of this national park is about 43420 hectares, but the Banteng is usually found grazing in Sadengan a pasture area with a size of about 20 hectares. This thesis consists of two papers, i.e.,Daily behaviour of banteng, and Habitat selection for feeding. Samples of banteng have been taken directly, using the concentrated method, whereas the grass samples have been taken by using quadrates of 100 x 100 cm2, totalling 100 plots. Observations have been carried out in two locations, i.e., location I: around the tower, and location II: nearby and adjacent to the mountaineous area. The studies have been conducted from January 1996 to June 1996. The paper entitled Daily behaviour of bantengs concluded that (1). The environment significantly affected the daily behaviour of the cows.(2). Frequency of cows in pasture areas of Sadengan in Alas Purwo broken as if indicator of disturbance. It is recommended that to increase grazing intensity of cows, habitat management should be maintained properly, particularly monitoring of wild dogs. The paper entitled Habitat selection for feeding, concluded : (1). Potential of grasses in pastures of Sadengan in Alas Purwo National Park was very low, (2)Location of grazing areas was concentrated in one location, and was related to the biomass of grasses as their food resource. It is recommended that (1). Pasture areas of Sadengan in Alas Purwo National Park should be properly maintained, and (2). Grasses of Hyptis brevipes Porr. and Cassia Lora L. should be cut prior to flowering."