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Laili Novita Sari
Perilaku Kristalinitas Komposit Polylactic Acid dengan Penguat Serat Bambu yang melalui perlakuan kimia = The crystallinity behavior of Polylactic Acid Composite strengthened by bamboo fiber which is treated using different chemical treatment
"Polylactid acid (PLA) adalah plastik berbasis alam yang memiliki potensial yang besar untuk menggantikan plastik berbasis minyak bumi karena tingginya modulus young dan kuat tariknya. Akan tetapi PLA memiliki kekurangan yaitu ketangguhan dan kecepatan kristalisasinya yang rendah yang membatasi aplikasinya.Pada penelitian ini, PLA diperkuat oleh serat bambu dengan perlakuan berbeda seperti perlakuan alkali (NaOH) dan perlakuan pemutihan (NaClO) yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kristalinitas PLA. Kandungan serat bambu dalam komposit adalah 5, 10 dan 20 %. Kandungan kimia dan kristalintas serat diselidiki dengan menggunakan FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red ) dan XRD (X ray Diffraction). Terbukti bahwa terjadi peningkatan kristalinitas seiring dengan penurunan lignin dan hemiselulosa. Kristalinitas serat bambu yang tidak diberi perlakuan adalah 56,5 %, sedangkan dengan perlakuan alkali adalah 64 % dan dengan perlakuan pemutihan adalah 66,6 %. Untuk mengetahui efek kristalinitas terhadap PLA dilakukan uji DSC (differensial Scanning Calorimetri) dan XRD pada masing – masing sampel komposit. Hasil XRD menunjukkan adanya interaksi antara serat dan PLA serta menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kristalinitas. Peningkatan kristalinitas terjadi ketika penambahan kandungan 10 % dan 20 % serat tetapi tidak pada kandungan serat 5 %. Tanpa memperhatikan komposit PLA – serat bambu kandungan serat 5 %, kristalinitas tertinggi terjadi pada PLA – serat bambu hasil perlakuan pemutihan. Sedangkan hasil DSC menujukkan kecenderungan peningkatan kristalinitas seiring dengan bertambahnya kandungan serat.
Polylactid acid (PLA) is a bio-based palstic that has a great potential to replace petroleum-based plastic due to its high Young's modulus and tensile strength. However, the drawbacks of PLA are low toughness and slow crystallization speed limited it's application. In this study, PLA reinforced by bamboo fibers with different treatments such as alkali treated (NaOH) and bleaching treated (NaClO) in order to improve the crystallinity of PLA. The concentration of bamboo fiber in the composite were 5, 10 and 20 wt%. The chemical content and cystallinity of fiber was investigated by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red ) and XRD (X ray Diffraction). It was proved that the crystallinty of fiber was increased with decreasing of lignin and hemicellulose. Bamboo fibers without treatment has 56,5 % cystallinity, while alkali treatment 64 % crystallinity and fiber bleaching treatment has 66,6 % crystalllinity. To determine the crystallinity effect of treated fiber on PLA composite, DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and XRD test was conducted on each composite sample. XRD result showed the interaction between fibers and PLA and an increasing of crystallinity with increasing of fiber content. The increasing of crystallinity happened on 10 % and 20 % fiber content but not in composite with 5 % fiber content. By obeying 5 % fiber content on PLA, the best cystallinty was PLA - bleached bamboo fiber composite. The DSC data showed that increasing of fiber content resulted in increasing crystallization rate of PLA."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2013
T35624
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Richa Syahwalia
Modifikasi bitumen dengan penambahan high density polyethylene hdpe atau polypropylene pp dengan metode hot melt mixing = Modification of bitumen by high density polyethylene hdpe or polypropylene pp with hot melt mixing
"[ ABSTRAK
Bitumen merupakan bahan penyusun aspal serta memiliki fungsi sebagai binder pada aspal. Sifat dari bitumen mempengaruhi kinerja dari aspal. Aspal merupakan material yang biasanya digunakan untuk infrastruktur seperti aplikasi pada jalanan. Aspal merupakan material yang relatif murah namun aspal memiliki beberapa kelemahan karena sifat material penyusunya dan kondisi lingkungan sehingga dibutuhkan langkah untuk menangani kelemahan pada aspal tersebut. Salah satu metode yang dapat dilakukan untuk menangani masalah tersebut adalah melakukan pencampuran bitumen (bahan pengikat pada aspal) dengan limbah plastik kresek (high density polyehtylene atau polypropylene) untuk membentuk suatu komposit Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) sehingga perfoma dari aspal dapat meningkat dan membuat limbah plastik lebih berguna kembali. Percobaan ini mengunakan 2 buah jenis plastik kresek dan 3 buah variabel berbeda yaitu konsentrasi plastik kresek, waktu, dan temperatur pencampuran. Plastik kresek yang digunakan adalah HDPE dan PP. Konsentrasi High Density Polyethyelene (HDPE) yang digunakan adalah 4%, 5%, dan 6%, konsentrasi Polypropylene (PP) yang digunakan adalah 3%, 4%, dan 5%, waktu pencampuran yang digunakan adalah 15, 30, dan 45 menit, dan juga temperatur pencampuran yang digunakan adalah 140oC sampai dengan 200oC. Metode pencampuran basah digunakan untuk mencampurkan kedua material tersebut. Hasil atau kualitas komposit diketahui dengan melakukan investigasi melalui pengujian penetrasi, daktilitas, titik lembek, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA), dan Differential Scaning Calorimetry (DSC). Hasil penelitian mengenai PMB menyimpulkan bahwa kompatibiltas antara plastik kresek baik HDPE dan PP kurang baik terhadap bitumen namun penambahaan plastik kresek terhadap bitumen meningkatkan sifat mekanik dan kestabilan termal bitumen.
ABSTRACT Bitumen is a binder and one of constituents of asphalt so the characteristic of bitumen affects asphalt perfomance. Asphalt is a material that usually used in road application. However, there are also drawbacks of asphalt as material on pathway because of its constituents and environment condition. For the examples, asphalt is brittle in low temperature and will be soften when temperature increase so the action is needed to address this problems. One solution to solve these problems by adding wasted plastic bags made by High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) or Polypropylene (PP) to bitumen so it can increase asphalt efficiency and make wasted plastic bag more useful. This experiment used two type of plastic bags and three variables (concentration of plastic bags, mixing time, and mixing temperature). HDPE concentrations used were 4%, 5%, and 6%, PP concentrations used were 3%, 4%, and 5%, mixing times used were 15, 30, and 45 minutes, and also mixing temperatures were 140oC up to 200oC. Hot melt mixing method was used to mix those material. The quality of mixing material (composite) was tested by some instruments like ductility tester, softening point tester, penetration testing, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and Differential Scaning Calorimetry (DSC). The result is compatibilty of HDPE or PP to bitumen is not that enough, however, modification of bitumen by plastic bags increases mechanical properties and thermal resistance of bitumen.;Bitumen is a binder and one of constituents of asphalt so the characteristic of bitumen affects asphalt perfomance. Asphalt is a material that usually used in road application. However, there are also drawbacks of asphalt as material on pathway because of its constituents and environment condition. For the examples, asphalt is brittle in low temperature and will be soften when temperature increase so the action is needed to address this problems. One solution to solve these problems by adding wasted plastic bags made by High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) or Polypropylene (PP) to bitumen so it can increase asphalt efficiency and make wasted plastic bag more useful. This experiment used two type of plastic bags and three variables (concentration of plastic bags, mixing time, and mixing temperature). HDPE concentrations used were 4%, 5%, and 6%, PP concentrations used were 3%, 4%, and 5%, mixing times used were 15, 30, and 45 minutes, and also mixing temperatures were 140oC up to 200oC. Hot melt mixing method was used to mix those material. The quality of mixing material (composite) was tested by some instruments like ductility tester, softening point tester, penetration testing, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and Differential Scaning Calorimetry (DSC). The result is compatibilty of HDPE or PP to bitumen is not that enough, however, modification of bitumen by plastic bags increases mechanical properties and thermal resistance of bitumen.;Bitumen is a binder and one of constituents of asphalt so the characteristic of bitumen affects asphalt perfomance. Asphalt is a material that usually used in road application. However, there are also drawbacks of asphalt as material on pathway because of its constituents and environment condition. For the examples, asphalt is brittle in low temperature and will be soften when temperature increase so the action is needed to address this problems. One solution to solve these problems by adding wasted plastic bags made by High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) or Polypropylene (PP) to bitumen so it can increase asphalt efficiency and make wasted plastic bag more useful. This experiment used two type of plastic bags and three variables (concentration of plastic bags, mixing time, and mixing temperature). HDPE concentrations used were 4%, 5%, and 6%, PP concentrations used were 3%, 4%, and 5%, mixing times used were 15, 30, and 45 minutes, and also mixing temperatures were 140oC up to 200oC. Hot melt mixing method was used to mix those material. The quality of mixing material (composite) was tested by some instruments like ductility tester, softening point tester, penetration testing, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and Differential Scaning Calorimetry (DSC). The result is compatibilty of HDPE or PP to bitumen is not that enough, however, modification of bitumen by plastic bags increases mechanical properties and thermal resistance of bitumen.;Bitumen is a binder and one of constituents of asphalt so the characteristic of bitumen affects asphalt perfomance. Asphalt is a material that usually used in road application. However, there are also drawbacks of asphalt as material on pathway because of its constituents and environment condition. For the examples, asphalt is brittle in low temperature and will be soften when temperature increase so the action is needed to address this problems. One solution to solve these problems by adding wasted plastic bags made by High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) or Polypropylene (PP) to bitumen so it can increase asphalt efficiency and make wasted plastic bag more useful. This experiment used two type of plastic bags and three variables (concentration of plastic bags, mixing time, and mixing temperature). HDPE concentrations used were 4%, 5%, and 6%, PP concentrations used were 3%, 4%, and 5%, mixing times used were 15, 30, and 45 minutes, and also mixing temperatures were 140oC up to 200oC. Hot melt mixing method was used to mix those material. The quality of mixing material (composite) was tested by some instruments like ductility tester, softening point tester, penetration testing, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and Differential Scaning Calorimetry (DSC). The result is compatibilty of HDPE or PP to bitumen is not that enough, however, modification of bitumen by plastic bags increases mechanical properties and thermal resistance of bitumen., Bitumen is a binder and one of constituents of asphalt so the characteristic of bitumen affects asphalt perfomance. Asphalt is a material that usually used in road application. However, there are also drawbacks of asphalt as material on pathway because of its constituents and environment condition. For the examples, asphalt is brittle in low temperature and will be soften when temperature increase so the action is needed to address this problems. One solution to solve these problems by adding wasted plastic bags made by High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) or Polypropylene (PP) to bitumen so it can increase asphalt efficiency and make wasted plastic bag more useful. This experiment used two type of plastic bags and three variables (concentration of plastic bags, mixing time, and mixing temperature). HDPE concentrations used were 4%, 5%, and 6%, PP concentrations used were 3%, 4%, and 5%, mixing times used were 15, 30, and 45 minutes, and also mixing temperatures were 140oC up to 200oC. Hot melt mixing method was used to mix those material. The quality of mixing material (composite) was tested by some instruments like ductility tester, softening point tester, penetration testing, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and Differential Scaning Calorimetry (DSC). The result is compatibilty of HDPE or PP to bitumen is not that enough, however, modification of bitumen by plastic bags increases mechanical properties and thermal resistance of bitumen.]"
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2016
S62223
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Aldo Zulfahmi Putra
Proses alkalinisasi serat ijuk (Arenga Pinnata) sebagai pengisi pada komposit Matriks Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) = Alkaline treatment process of sugar palm as a reinforcement on Matrix Polylactic Acid (PLA) composite
"Urgensi akan permasalahan limbah makin meningkat. Salah satu limbah yang paling sulit di olah adalah limbah plastik, maka kebutuhan akan plastik yang dapat di degradasi secara cepat menjadi salah satu alternatif solusi untuk permasalahan tersebut. Material berbahan dasar organik seperti serat ijuk dan polylactic acid mulai di kembangkan. Akan tetapi perbedaan sifat permukaan kedua bahan tersebut menimbulkan masalah apabila di padukan. Untuk mengatasi masalah kompatibilitas tersebut dibutuhkan perlakuan alkalinisasi pada kedua bahan tersebut.
Alkalinisasi dilakukan dengan larutan NaOH 0,25 M dan 0.5 M selama 6 jam ,8 jam, dan 10 jam di harapkan dapat meingkatkan kompatibilitas antar 2 bahan tersebut. Kompatibiltas dapat di tunjukan melalui sifat mekanis material komposit tersebut. Mencari fraksi volum serat yang optimal menjadi suatu hal yang harus di lakukan karena dapat berpotensi menimbulkan void. Maka fraksi volume 5%, 7,5%, dan 10% menjadi variabel dalam penentuan fraksi volume yang optimal.
Nowadays the urgency of the waste problem is increasing. One of the most difficult waste to be processed is plastic waste, the idea of plastic that can be degraded quickly become one of alternative solutions to these problems. materials such as organic fibers and polylactic acid bio-polymer begin to develop. However, differences in the surface properties of the two materials is become a problem to be solved. To overcome the compatibility issues, Fibers need alkalinization treatment on both of the materials.
Alkalinization performed with NaOH solution 0.25 M and 0.5 M for 6 hours, 8 hours, and 10 hours are expected to boost the compatibility of surface properties between two materials. Good compatibility can be indicated through the mechanical properties of the composite material. Searching for the optimal fiber volume fraction becomes a thing that should be done because it can potentially resulting voids in the microstructure. Then the volume fraction of 5%, 7.5%, and 10% are the variables to determine the optimal volume fraction of the composite."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2015
S60412
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Hasyim Aidilichsan Muliawan
Studi Penambahan Polipropilena Sebagai Agregat Kasar dan Lignin Sebagai Coupling Agent Terhadap Sifat Pencampuran Paving Block = Study of Addition of Polypropylene as Coarse Aggregate and Lignin as Coupling Agent for the Mixing Properties of Paving Block
"Paving block merupakan komposisi bahan bangunan yang dibuat dari campuran semen portland atau bahan perekat hidrolis sejenisnya, air dan agregat yang digunakan sebagai bahan perkerasan jalan. Beberapa studi telah melakukan usaha untuk menggunakan plastik sebagai agregat pada paving block sebagai salah satu bentuk usaha daur ulang plastik. Lignin yang merupakan limbah dalam industri kertas merupakan polimer bipolar yang memiliki dua muka sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai coupling agent dalam pencampuran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari sifat pencampuran antara plastik, lignin, dan agregat pada paving block. Eksperimen ini menggunakan plastik tipe polipropena dengan penambahan variasi konsentrasi lignin sebesar 0; 0,1; 0,3; dan 0,5 wt%. Pengujian sudut kontak dilakukan untuk mengetahui tegangan permukaan yang dimiliki oleh masing-masing komponen. Pengujian FT-IR dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi gugus fungsi yang dimiliki oleh campuran. Pengujian SEM dilakukan untuk mengamati morfologi yang terbentuk dari campuran yang dihasilkan. Hasil pengujian sudut kontak menunjukan polipropena dan lignin yang kompatibel karena persamaan sifat hidrofobisitas yang dimiliki. Ikatan gugus fungsi yang dihasilkan dengan variasi konsentrasi lignin menunjukan tidak terdapat ikatan baru yang dihasilkan setelah komponen-komponen dicampurkan. Morfologi yang dihasilkan menunjukan terdapat celah antara polipropena dengan campuran yang mengindikasikan lignin tidak menjembatani plastik dan agregat secara baik.
Paving block is a composition of building materials made from a mixture of Portland cement or similar hydraulic adhesives, water and aggregates used as road pavement materials. Several studies have made an effort to use plastic as aggregate replacements in paving blocks as a form of plastic recycling. Lignin which is a waste in the paper industry is a bipolar polymer that has two faces so that it can be used as a coupling agent in the mixture. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mixing properties of plastics, lignin, and aggregates in paving blocks. This experiment uses polypropylene with mixing proportions of 0; 0.1; 0.3; and 0.5 wt% lignin. Contact angle testing were carried out to determine the surface tension of each component. FT-IR were carried out to identify the functional of the mixture. SEM were carried out to observe the morphology formed from the resulting mixture. The contact angle test results show that polypropylene and lignin are compatible because of the similarity in their hydrophobicity properties. The functional groups of resulting mixture showed there is no new bonds were formed after the components were mixed. The resulting morphology shows that there is a gap between polypropylene and the mixture which indicates that lignin does not bridge the plastic and aggregate properly."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2020
S-pdf
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Rudiyansah
Pengaruh formulasi filler CaCO3 dan Co-heat stabilizer epoxidized soya bean oil serta parameter proses pencampuran hot melt mixing terhadap sifat mekanik plasticized-poli vinil klorida = The Influence of filler CaCO3 and Co-heat stabilizer epoxidized soya bean oil formulation with hot melt mixing process parameters to mechanical properties of plasticized-poly (vinyl chloride)
"Poli Vinil Klorida (PVC) memiliki nilai kegunaan yang luas dan beragam dikarenakan sifat mekaniknya yang dapat disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan (contoh : Unplasticized PVC dan Plasticized PVC dimana penggunaan plasticized PVC mencapai 60% dari konsumsi PVC diseluruh dunia), namun memiliki keterbatasan dalam sifat kestabilan termal selama proses pencampuran hot melt mixing P-PVC. Kebutuhan akan plasticized-poly (vinyl chloride) (P-PVC) dengan nilai modulus kekakuan (modulus young) yang optimum dan nilai kekuatan tarik (tensile strength) yang tinggi dapat dicapai dengan menerapkan formulasi aditif plasticizer dan filler CaCO3 serta pengaturan nilai parameter proses hot melt mixing seperti suhu, waktu dan kecepatan pencampuran dalam ranah nilai yang optimal, dan penggunaan heat stabilizer beserta co-heat stabilizer epoxidized soya bean oil (ESBO) ditujukan untuk mengatasi keterbatasan termal P-PVC selama proses pencampuran P-PVC dalam alat rheomix (twin screw extruder).
Studi ini berusaha untuk memformulasikan filler CaCO3, plasticizer di-octyl Phatalate (DOP) dan ESBO serta parameter proses pencampuran dalam proses pencampuran PVC-P, dengan memvariasikan kadar filler CaCO3 dari 0 hingga 90 PHR (part per hundred PVC resin) dan ESBO di nilai 0 hingga 6 PHR dengan menjaga kadar DOP tetap di nilai 28 PHR dalam resin PVC-XXX selama proses pencampuran lelehan, serta memvariasikan suhu pencampuran di suhu 170˚C hingga 200˚C, variasi waktu mixing dari 60 hingga 420 sekon dan memvariasikan kecepatan mixing di angka 90 hingga 120 rpm untuk mencapai nilai modulus kekakuan dan nilai kekuatan tarik yang optimal.
Hasil menunjukan bahwa penambahan filler CaCO3 dari 0 hingga 90 PHR dalam proses pencampuran lelehan mampu meningkatkan nilai kekakuan PVC-P. Nilai kekuatan tarik dan modulus kekakuan mencapai nilai optimum di suhu, waktu dan kecepatan pencampuran di nilai 180˚C, 300s dan 100 rpm. Hal yang menarik adalah bahwa ESBO tidak hanya bertindak sebagai co-heat stabilizer, disaat bersamaan penambahan ESBO dari 0 hingga 4 PHR mampu menurunkan nilai modulus kekakuan (bertindak seperti plasticizer) PVC-P, dan ini menunjukkan bahwa ESBO berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai primary plasticizer yang berarti mengurangi penggunaan DOP.
Poly (vinyl chloride) has versatile and varies application due to its mechanical properties that can be adjusted correspond to consumer needs (ex. Unplasticized PVC and Plasticized PVC where the usage of plasticized PVC reach 60% from all PVC consumption around the world), but still have many limitations which is PVC is unstable during processing (hot melt mixing). Demand of plasticized PVC with high tensile strength and modulus young can be achieved by optimizing the formulation of plasticizer, filler CaCO3 with other additive and apply the optimum adjustment of mixing parameter process (temperature, time, and speed of mixing), and the usage of heat stabilizer and co-heat stabilizer epoxidized soya bean oil (ESBO) where synergize to stabilizing the molecules of plasticized PVC during processing.
The aim of this research is to formulate the additive (filler, DOP, ESBO) and mixing parameter process which is can produce plasticized PVC with high mechanical properties by varying the concentration of filler CaCO3 from 0 up to 90 PHR (parts per hundred PVC resin) and the concentration of ESBO from 0 up to 6 PHR while at the same time keeping the concentration of DOP still on 28 PHR in matrix of PVC-P during hot melt mixing, and varying the mixing temperature from 170˚C going to 200˚, varying the duration of mixing from 60 going to 420 seconds and varying the speed of mixing from 90 going to 120 rpm to obtain the optimum of modulus young and tensile strength properties.
The result shown that the optimum modulus young and tensile strength of plasticized PVC was achieved by setting temperature, time, and rpm of hot melt mixing in certain value respectively 180˚C, 300 seconds and 100 rpm. The remarks is that ESBO is not only acted as co-heat stabilizer, at the same time the addition of ESBO from 0 up to 4 PHR can reduce the modulus young properties of plasticized PVC (ESBO acted as secondary plasticizer), and this lead to conclusion that ESBO has a great potential to become primary plasticizer to reduce the usage of DOP that can be reduce the risk in health issue during processing of plasticized PVC."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2012
S42653
UI - Skripsi Open  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Michael
Studi pengaruh plasticizer diethylene glycol dibenzoate (DEDB) terhadap modulus elastisitas dari produk PVC
"PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) merupakan salah satu material polimer termoplas yang paling banyak dipakai dan diproduksi di dunia sekarang ini. PVC menempati urutan ketiga dalam jumlah produksi plastik dunia. Produksi PVC diperkirakan akan mencapai 40 juta ton per tahun pada tahun 2016. PVC dapat dimodifikasi sifat-sifat mekanisnya dengan menambahkan aditif pada formulasi campuran PVC.
Penelitian ini fokus terhadap proses pencampuran bahan resin PVC dengan material aditif berupa plasticizer DOP dan DEDB. Pembahasan utama dalam penelitian ini adalah menganalisis efek penambahan plasticizer DOP dan DEDB terhadap modulus elastisitas dan fleksibilitas dari produk PVC. Untuk menganalis efek tersebut dilakukan pengujian tarik mikro pada sampel dan pengamatan morfologi melintang permukaan patahan dengan menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
Berdasarkan penelitian ini didapatkan hasil bahwa DEDB merupakan plasticizer yang baik untuk menggantikan DOP. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari penurunan nilai modulus elastisitas yang lebih besar dengan menggunakan DEDB. Analisis permukaan patahan dengan SEM menunjukkan bahwa suhu proses pencampuran lelehan panas mempengaruhi tingkat dispersi dan distribusi dari produk polimer.
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) is one of the most widely used and produced termoplast polymer material in the world today. PVC was third in the world plastics production. PVC production is expected to reach 40 million tonnes per year by 2016. PVC can be modified mechanical properties by adding a mixture of additives in PVC compounding formulation. This study focused on the process of mixing of PVC resin material with the additive in the form of DOP plasticizer and DEDB.
The main discussion in this study was to analyze the effect of addition of plasticizer DOP and DEDB to the modulus of elasticity and flexibility of PVC products. To analyze the effect of micro tensile testing was conducted on the sample and the observation of fracture surface morphology of the cross section by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
Based on this study showed that DEDB is a good plasticizer to replace DOP. Analysis of fracture surfaces by SEM showed that the temperature of the hot melt mixing process affects the dispersion and distribution of the polymer product."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2012
S42243
UI - Skripsi Open  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Muhammad Nicko Azharry Setyabudi
Karakteristik Material Regrind Komposit PP/Talcum Hasil Proses Hot Melt Mixing = Material Characteristics of Composite PP/Talcum Regrind by Hot Melt Mixing Process
"Polipropilena (PP) merupakan salah satu jenis polimer termoplastik yang dibuat oleh industri polimer hulu dan digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi. Pada penggunaannya, PP banyak ditambahkan material lain (contoh: talcum) untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan memperbaiki sifat materialnya sesuai kebutuhan. Di Indonesia, PP merupakan salah satu material yang memiliki permintaan yang besar. Namun permintaan tersebut tidak diimbangi dengan produksi yang dilakukan oleh industri polimer hulu yang ada di dalam negeri. Pada tahun 2011, Indonesia menjadi negara pengimpor produk olefin terbanyak di ASEAN. Oleh karena itu, solusi alternatif diperlukan untuk mengatasi masalah ini, salah satunya dengan menggunakan material daur ulang (regrind).
Studi ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji karakteristik paduan yang terbentuk dari material regrind polipropilenatalcum (jenis komposit polipropilena yang banyak digunakan dalam industri otomotif) sehingga dapat diketahui apakah material regrind memiliki karakteristik yang tidak kalah baik dibandingkan material fresh-nya. Studi ini didukung dengan sebuah fakta bahwa material regrind polipropilena-talcum 20% memiliki titik leleh yang tidak berbeda jauh dengan temperatur leleh polipropilena (sekitar 176 °C), yaitu pada temperatur 176.4 °C.
Studi ini dilakukan dengan membentuk paduan dari material regrind polipropilena-talcum 20% dan 30% dan melalui proses dry mixing dan hot melt mixing. Karakteristik yang dikaji meliputi perubahan morfologi yang terjadi akibat proses regrinding dan pencampuran material, perilaku mekanik (kekuatan tarik dan modulus elastisitas), dan perilaku termal material tersebut.
Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic polymer made by the polymer industry and used in various applications. In the application, PP is added to other material (eg, talcum) to improve the quality and enhance the properties of material. In Indonesia, the PP is one of the materials that have a great demand. But the request is not matched by production undertaken by the existing polymer industry in the country. In 2011, Indonesia became a net importer of most olefin products in ASEAN. Therefore, an alternative solution is needed to solve this problem, such as using recycled materials (regrind).
This study was conducted to examine the characteristics of the alloy is formed from polypropylene-talcum regrind material (polypropylene composites are widely used in the automotive industry) to know whether regrind material characteristics has significant differences compared to the fresh material. This study was supported by the fact that regrind material polypropylene-talcum 20% has a melting point which is not much different from the polypropylene melting temperature (around 176.0 °C), which is at 176.4 °C.
This study was conducted to form alloys of polypropylene regrind material-talcum 20% and 30% and through the process of dry mixing and hot melt mixing. Characteristics examined include morphological changes that occur due to the regrinding and mixing materials, mechanical behavior (tensile strength and modulus of elasticity), and the thermal behavior of the material."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2013
S47763
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Christian Hidayat
Modifikasi limbah polipropilene dan limbah lignin sebagai material baru = Modification of polypropylene waste and lignin waste as new material
"Polipropilene(PP) sebagai bahan baku produk kemasan, seperti gelas air mineral, setelah pemakaian cenderung kurang diberdayakan padahal jumlah limbah PP tersebut setelah pemakaian sangat banyak. Pada sisi lain, kertas yang banyak digunakan pada proses pengolahannya menghasilkan limbah, salah satunya adalah lignin. Pemberdayaan limbah lignin hingga saat ini masih belum optimal, padahal jumlahnya juga sangat banyak. Modifikasi dari kedua limbah ini sebagai bahan baku suatu produk, menjadi sesuatu yang sangat menarik untuk diteliti. Penelitian ini mempelajari perubahan yang terjadi pada PP sebelum dan sesudah penggunaan dan juga pengaruh komposisi, waktu dan penambahan CaCO3 pada pencampuran lignin dan PP terhadap sifat mekanik, sifat fisik kemampuan pembentukan dan morfologi permukaan dan perpatahan produk yang dihasilkan. Analisa penelitian ini didukung oleh beberapa metode pengujian, seperti uji tarik, FTIR, uji densitas dan FESEM. Hasil dari pengujian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan kemampuan mekanik optimal diperoleh dengan penambahan lignin sebanyak 5 phr dengan waktu pencampuran 20 menit tanpa CaCO3.
As a raw material for packaging Polyproylene (PP), such as plastic cups, PP after consuming not being optimally utilized even the quantity of PP waste is very abundant. On the other side, the pulp making process produces wastes, such a lignin in abundant amount. Utilization of lignin waste in Indonesia still not effective. Modification of the two materials as a new raw material is an interesting subject. This research studied change of PP properties before and post consumption and effect of composition, mixing time and addition of CaCO3 at mixing of lignin and PP to mechanical and physical properties, formability and morphology of surface of the product. Characterization of the product was performed by measuring UTM, FTIR, density test and FESEM. The results showed that the best Young Modulus was 74 MPa at 5 phr of lignin with mixing time 20 minute without CaCO3."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2014
S56455
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
cover
Dick Ferieno Firdaus
Sintesis dan karakterisasi nanokomposit shape memory polymer magnetik polyurethane Fe3O4 = Synthesis and characterization of magnetic shape memory polymer nanocomposite polyurethane Fe3O4 / Dick Ferieno Firdaus
"ABSTRAK
Dalam penelitian ini, polyurethane dengan bahan dasar Polyethylene Glycol (PEG mw:6000) sebagai macrodiol atau soft segment, 4,4′-Methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI) sebagai hard segment dan 1,1,1-Trimethylol Propane (TMP) sebagai chain extender digunakan sebagai material kandidat shape memory. Bahan komposit yang digunakan adalah partikel nano magnetite (Fe3O4) berukuran 20-50nm. Variasi komposisi digunakan sebagai variabel dengan pengujian yang dilaksanakan adalah FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) dan NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) untuk menginvestigasi rantai polimer yang terbentuk, FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy) untuk melihat interface yang terbentuk antara bahan kompositik dan matriks serta pengujian tarik dengan UTM (Universal Testing Machine) dan STA (Simultaneous Thermal Analysis) untuk analisa kekuatan mekanis dan uji recovery fisik. Uji XRD juga dilakukan untuk mengetahui kristalinitas parsial dari sampel. Pada penelitian ini diketahui bahwa, penambahan HMDI yang lebih banyak akan memicu separasi fasa, komposisi terbaik yang didapatkan adalah sampel dengan perbandingan 1 mol PEG, 6 mol HMDI, 2 mol TMP dan 1 mol partikel nano Fe3O4 dengan Rf dan Rr yang cukup baik, yaitu masing-masing 94,4% dan 97,22% walaupun kekuatan tarik yang didapatkan masih minim yaitu 0.61 MPa. Secara umum, antarmuka diantara partikel nano Fe3O4 adalah kompatibel secara fisik dan kimiawi yang dibuktikan dari hasil Gambar SEM dan spektra FTIR. Penambahan partikel nano Fe3O4 juga dibuktikan oleh pengujian STA dapat menurunkan kristalinitas namun akan meningkatkan Tm dari SMPU.
Kata kunci: biomedik; Fe3O4, HMDI; magnetite; nanokomposit; PEG; SMPU
ABSTRACT
In this study, polyurethane with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG MW: 6000) as macrodiol or soft segment, 4,4'-Methylenebis (Cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI) as hard segment and 1,1,1-Trimethylol propane (TMP) as a chain extender will be used as a candidate for shape memory material. Composite materials used are 20-50nm nanoparticles of magnetite (Fe3O4). Variations in the composition used as a variable with some characterizations performed using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) to investigate the formation of polymer chains, FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy) to see the interface formed between the filler material and matrix and tensile testing with UTM (Universal testing Machine) and STA (Simultaneous Thermal Analysis) for the analysis of mechanical strength and physical recovery. XRD test was also conducted to determine the partial crystallinity of the sample. In this research it was shown that, the increase of the addition of HMDI will trigger phase separation. The best composition obtained was the sample with a ratio of 1 mole of PEG, 6 moles of HMDI, 2 moles of TMP and 1 mol Fe3O4 nanoparticles with Rf and Rr are pretty good, which are 94.4% and 97.22% respectively, although tensile strength obtained still considered low which is 0.61 MPa. In general, the interface between Fe3O4 nanoparticles are physically and chemically compatible as evidenced from the results of SEM images and FTIR spectra. The addition of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was also shown by the STA results can reduce the crystallinity, but will increase the Tm of the shape memory polyurethane"
2015
S58464
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
cover
Nurfitri Ramadhani
Studi karakterisasi serat kenaf setelah perlakuan pemutihan (bleaching) sebagai penguat komposit polipropilena = Study of kenaf fiber characterization after bleaching treatment (bleaching) as reinforcement polypropylene composites /Nurfitri Ramadhani
"ABSTRAK
Serat Kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus, L. Family Malcavea) merupakan salah satu
serat alam yang yang memiliki potensi untuk dijadikan penguat dalam komposit.
Kenaf memiliki keunggulan dibandingkan serat alam lainnya dalam hal kekuatan
tarik, densitasnya yang rendah serta tidak menyebabkan pencemaran terhadap
lingkungan. Masalah yang menjadi perhatian adalah sifat permukaan serat yang
mempengaruhi kompatibilitas antara PP (Polipropilena) dan kenaf saat dijadikan
komposit. Perlakuan pemutihan pada serat kenaf dapat meningkatkan
kompatibilitas antara kenaf dengan PP dalam komposit. Penelitian ini membahas
mengenai pengaruh pemutihan pada serat kenaf dengan berbagai variasi
konsentrasi NaClO sebagai zat pemutih, waktu pemutihan dan suhu pemutihan.
Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa dengan peningkatan konsentrasi NaClO,
waktu dan suhu pemutihan, kandungan lignin dalam serat kenaf semakin menurun
dan terjadi pemberaian pada selulosa serat. Kekuatan tarik serat kenaf mengalami
kenaikan dengan penambahan konsentrasi larutan 1%, variasi waktu 1 jam dan
suhu 25oC. Namun, penambahan konsentrasi NaClO, waktu dan suhu pemutihan
lebih lanjut akan menurunkan kekuatan tarik kenaf karena rusaknya rantai
selulosa pada serat kenaf. Perlakuan pemutihan dengan penambahan konsentrasi
NaClO, waktu dan suhu pemutihan akan meningkatkan kompatibilitas kenaf
dengan polimer PP blok kopolimer yang diketahui dari pengujian kemampubasahan.
ABSTRACT
Kenaf Fiber (Hibiscus cannabinus L. Family Malcavea) is one of the natural fiber
that has the potential to be used as reinforcement in composites. Kenaf has more
advantages than other natural fibers in terms of tensile strength, low density and
does not cause pollution to the environment. Issue of concern is the fiber surface
properties that affect the compatibility between PP (Polypropilene) and kenaf
when used as a composite. Bleaching treatment on kenaf fiber can improve
compatibility between PP and kenaf in composite. This study discusses the effect
of bleaching on kenaf fibers with various concentrations of NaClO as bleaching
agents, bleaching time and bleaching temperature. The results show that by
increasing concentration of bleaching agents, time and temperature bleaching,
lignin content in kenaf fiber decreases and the cellulose fibers are separated.
Tensile strength of kenaf fiber increased with the addition of 1% solution
concentration, in 1 hour and a temperature of 25 °C. However, the addition of
NaClO concentration, time and temperature of bleaching will further decrease the
tensile strength of kenaf as damage to the cellulose chains on kenaf fibers.
Bleaching treatment with the addition of NaClO concentration, time and
temperature of bleaching will improve compatibility between kenaf and PP block
copolymer that proved by with wetability testing."
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2015
S58543
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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