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"ABSTRACTIndonesian administration so far has produced several decentralization policies contained the principles of federal anangcments: Acts No. 2/I999 concerning Local Administration, and two specific autonomy regulation i.e. Acts No. l8r2001 conceming Specific Autonomy for Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (Aceh Province) and Acts No. 2l/th 2001 concerning Specific Autonomy for Papua Province. Those regulations hold some federal arrangements principles which in turn raised opinions about lndonesia`s shift from unitary state (Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia) to federal administration system. Judicially, as well as empirically, such decentralization policies which led to federal system have influenced the implementation of State Function as mandated by the 1945 Constitution.This research hold several purposes. First, to explain reasons behind decentralization policies as implied on Acts No. 22/1999 and Acts No. 32/2004 which led to federal system administration. Second, to untold the influence of decentralization policies over state function based on unitary state , administration as experienced by The Republic of Indonesia not-radays. Third, to formulate efforts in order to adjust such decentralization policies supporting state functions as mandated by 1945 Constitution.As normative law research, the researcher examinated literature material consisted of primary law material, i.e regulation about local administration; secondary law "aterial, i.e. literature related with governance: and tertiary law material, i.e. dictionary and encyclopedia of law. This research employed theory of law state as grand theory, power segregation theory as middle range theory and decentralization theory as applied theory. To support the analysis, reviews about administration on several unitary state and federal state was added. Content analysis was conducted to attain details concerning decentralization which led to federal arrangements implied on regulations concerning local administration. Such analysis also worked to describe Local Administration policies according to the development history of constitutuion.There are several conclusions following research and findings. First, there are two reasons that lie beneath decentralization policies as implied on Acts No. 2/1999 and Acts No. 32/2004 which in turn led to Federal System: (a) to maintain the entirety of Indonesia as unitary state (Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia): and (b) to implement equality in development for nation`s wealth. Second, decentralization policies which led to federal administration system have resulted on both positive and negative consequences. Positive result comes from democracy uprising in governmental practices, meanwhile the negative one was Constitution mismatched in several affairs. Third, in order to keep decentralization policies successfully supporting state function as mandated by 1945 Constitution, one must arrange immediately implementation regulation derived from Acts No. 32/2004 by prioritize articles which potentially bring about various interpretations and vaguely understood by many parties.

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AbstractIndonesian administration so far has produced several decentralization policies contained the principles of federal anangcments: Acts No. 2/I999 concerning Local Administration, and two specific autonomy regulation i.e. Acts No. l8r2001 conceming Specific Autonomy for Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (Aceh Province) and Acts No. 2l/th 2001 concerning Specific Autonomy for Papua Province. Those regulations hold some federal arrangements principles which in turn raised opinions about lndonesia`s shift from unitary state (Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia) to federal administration system. Judicially, as well as empirically, such decentralization policies which led to federal system have influenced the implementation of State Function as mandated by the 1945 Constitution.This research hold several purposes. First, to explain reasons behind decentralization policies as implied on Acts No. 22/1999 and Acts No. 32/2004 which led to federal system administration. Second, to untold the influence of decentralization policies over state function based on unitary state , administration as experienced by The Republic of Indonesia not-radays. Third, to formulate efforts in order to adjust such decentralization policies supporting state functions as mandated by 1945 Constitution.As normative law research, the researcher examinated literature material consisted of primary law material, i.e regulation about local administration; secondary law "aterial, i.e. literature related with governance: and tertiary law material, i.e. dictionary and encyclopedia of law. This research employed theory of law state as grand theory, power segregation theory as middle range theory and decentralization theory as applied theory. To support the analysis, reviews about administration on several unitary state and federal state was added. Content analysis was conducted to attain details concerning decentralization which led to federal arrangements implied on regulations concerning local administration. Such analysis also worked to describe Local Administration policies according to the development history of constitutuion.There are several conclusions following research and findings. First, there are two reasons that lie beneath decentralization policies as implied on Acts No. 2/1999 and Acts No. 32/2004 which in turn led to Federal System: (a) to maintain the entirety of Indonesia as unitary state (Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia): and (b) to implement equality in development for nation`s wealth. Second, decentralization policies which led to federal administration system have resulted on both positive and negative consequences. Positive result comes from democracy uprising in governmental practices, meanwhile the negative one was Constitution mismatched in several affairs. Third, in order to keep decentralization policies successfully supporting state function as mandated by 1945 Constitution, one must arrange immediately implementation regulation derived from Acts No. 32/2004 by prioritize articles which potentially bring about various interpretations and vaguely understood by many parties."

"Hukum lingkungan merupakan hukum fungsional, sehingga pengembangannya membutuhkan kajian dengan pendekatan yang utuh menyeluruh, multi-disipliner, dan inter-disipliner. Demikian pula pendekatan hukum dalam pengendalian dampak lingkungan juga tidak sekedar pendekatan command and control yang berujung kepada sanksi bagi pelanggar, tetapi juga kombinasi pendekatan lain yang mendorong ketaatan lingkungan melalui promosi penaatan dan penaatan sukarela. Untuk itu penegakan hukum lingkungan tidak hanya sekedar sebagai sistem norma, tetapi juga harus diarahkan sebagai instrumen kebijakan negara untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan tertentu khususnya pencegahan dan perbaikan, serta mendorong pada pemberdayaan sarana penaatan lingkungan dan instrumen hukum administrasi negara menjadi sistem yang terpadu. Untuk membangun ke arah keterpaduan sistem telah diusahakan sejak Undang-undang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup yang pertama melalui UU No. 4 Tahun 1982, dilanjutkan dengan UU No. 23 Tahun 1997, dan terakhir pada saat ini adalah UU No. 32 Tahun 2009. Melalui kajian yuridis doktrinal dengan pendekatan analisis kesenjangan yang multi-disiplin dan inter-disiplin, sehingga dalam disertasi ini dapat diungkap berbagai persoalan dalam upaya mencapai sistem yang terpadu bagi penaatan dan penegakan hukum lingkungan administratif. Berbagai persoalan tersebut seperti, pengaturan instrumen perizinan dan pertimbangan lingkungan (analisis mengenai dampak lingkungan) yang integratif, pengawasan lingkungan, audit lingkungan, insentif dan disinsentif, dan sanksi hukum administrasi termasuk mekanisme upaya hukum administrasi. Di samping itu, instrumen hukum administrasi negara masih mengalami masa uji dan coba kedudukannya dalam penerapan asas subsidiaritas (ultimum remidium). Karenanya apabila tidak dilakukan pembenahan yang tepat, maka akan dapat berpotensi tidak efektifnya hukum sebagai instrumen pengendalian dan perlindungan lingkungan maupun perlindungan masyarakatnya. Bertolak dari temuan yang ada, sebaiknya dilakukan beberapa perbaikan yaitu: pertimbangan lingkungan harus ditempatkan sebagai alat pengambilan keputusan izin lingkungan secara langsung dan pengujiannya hanya dapat dilakukan melalui upaya keberatan dan/atau banding administrasi, pengaturan sanksi administrasi menyeluruh yang meliputi tujuan perbaikan (reparatoir), penundaan pelayanan (regressieve), dan menghukum (punitieve), serta upaya instrumen ekonomi, izin, pengawasan, dan sanksi administratif sebagai garda terdepan dalam sistem penegakan hukum lingkungan. Karenanya asas subsidiaritas harus diterapkan terhadap pelanggaran yang bergantung pada instrumen hukum administrasi negara dan/atau akibat perbuatannya terhadap lingkungan hidup relatif kecil dan di satu sisi dengan sanksi administrasi sudah dianggap cukup efektif.

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The environmental law belongs to functional law, of which the development needs analysis with holistic, multi-disciplinary, and inter-disciplinary approaches. In the efforts of controlling environmental impact, legal as well as command and control approaches are also needed. These approaches are ended by giving sanction to the law breaker and also combined with other approaches which instigate the environmental compliance through the promotional and voluntary methods. Thus, law enforcement does not only function as norm system, but must also be directed toward state policy instruments to achieve certain objectives, especially prevention and renovation. It also motivates the enforcement of integrated environment compliance facilities and state administration instruments system. The effort to prepare for this integrated system has been carried out since the issuance of the first Act on Environmental Management that is Act No. 4 Year 1982, which is continued by Act No. 23 Year 1997, and Act No. 32 Year 2009.

The research adopts doctrinal juridical analysis to analyze multi-discipline and interdisciplinary discrepancy, so that in this dissertation some problems in the effort of achieving integrated system for the compliance and law enactment of administrative environment are discussed. Some of these problems are the arrangement of integrated instruments for license and environmental consideration (environmental impact analysis), environmental watch, environmental audit, incentive and disincentive, and administrative legal sanction including the mechanism of administrative legal measures. Besides, the state administrative legal instruments are experiencing the trial period of its position in the implementation of subsidiarity principle (ultimum remidium).

Thus, appropriate improvement needs to be done. Otherwise, it is likely to result in inefficient law as the instrument of control and protection for the environment and its people. From the findings, there are some improvements need to be carried out: environmental consideration must be placed as a means of decision making in direct environmental license and its test can only be carried out through objection and/or administrative appeal and the arrangement of holistic administrative sanction must include the goal of correction (reparatoir), service postponement (regressieve), and punishment (punitieve), as well as the effort on the instruments of economics, license, control, and administrative sanction as the front guard in the enforcement system of environmental law. Thus, subsidiarity principle must be applied toward violation which depends on the instruments of state administrative law and/or the fact that administrative sanction is regarded effective to overcome the problem when the impact of the violation on the environment is relatively insignificant."