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"Pertambahan penduduk yang terlalu cepat di perkotaan merupakan masalah bagi negara-negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia. Sebagai ilustrasi jumlah penduduk yang bermukim di kebanyakan kota di Indonesia telah bertambah dengan cepat sekali, bahkan lebih cepat bila dibandingkan dengan pertambahan rata-rata penduduk di seluruh tanah air dalam masa tahun tujuh puluhan ini. Apabila pertambahan penduduk selama ini adalah sekitar 2% setahun, maka dalam banyak kota penduduk yang bertambah 3,3% setahun. Bahkan beberapa kota penting, seperti Jakarta dan Surabaya, naik dengan 4,8% setahun lebih dari dua kali lipat pertambahan rata-rata di tingkat nasional.Selanjutnya akibat dari pertambahan penduduk ini banyak pandatang dari desa yang pekerjaannya sebagai petani, dengan kemampuan yang serba terbatas baik modal maupun pengetahuan harus dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan tata kehidupan perkotaan.Karena ketiadaan modal dan ketrampilan yang sesuai, mereka harus tinggal di tempat pemukiman yang berkualitas rendah, di mana kepadatan penduduknya tinggi dan letak pemukiman tidak teratur. Masalah menonjol yang timbul dari keadaan seperti itu dapat dilihat pada kualitas hidup yang masih rendah terlihat dari rendahnya derajat kesehatan, rendahnya tingkat pendidikan, rendahnya kualitas perumahan, kemiskinan dan sebagainya.Dalam kondisi kehidupan secara terus menerus kurang baik akan menimbulkan pemukiman yang buruk ( slum area ), yang mana kondisi demikian tidak sesuai dengan rencana induk kota, sehingga sebagai akibatnya terjadi pembongkaran, penggusuran dan penampungan terhadap pemukiman tersebut, sehingga di dalam kenyataannya membawa penduduk dalam kondisi yang kurang baik.Masalah pokok dalam penelitian dari studi ini adalah apakah ada pengaruh tingkat pendapatan terhadap kualitas hidup masyarakat khususnya pada daerah penelitian di lingkungan RW 05 Kelurahan Serdang Kecamatan Kemayoran.Dalam penelitian ini ada tiga hipotesis yang akan diujikan yaitu :1. Apakah terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pendapatan dengan pendidikan ?.2. Apakah terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pendapatan dengan kondisi kesehatan ?.3. Apakah terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pendapatan dengan kondisi tempat tinggal ?.Untuk menguji hipotesis itu, suatu penelitian lapangan telah dilakukan yang meliputi 78 kepala rumahtangga sebagai unit analisis yang dipilih secara random di antara penduduk Kecamatan Kemayoran. Untuk mendapatkan data sosial ekonomi, responden dibagi menjadi tiga strata kategari pendapatan, yaitu tinggi, sedang dan rendah.Proses pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui beberapa tahap kegiatan di lapangan. Pada tahap pendahuluan, beberapa pertemuan adalah dengan pejabat lurah yang mane lokasi penelitian tersebut berada, dilanjutkan dengan kunjungan kepada RW dan RT. Tahap berikutnya meliputi wawancara di lapangan dengan responden. Analisis data kuantitatif dilakukan dengan uji statistik non parametrik, yaitu menggunakan chisquare dengan koefisien kontingensi. Hasil dari analisis data menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara tingkat pendapatan dengan pendidikan, pendapatan dengan kondisi kesehatan, dan pendapatan dengan kondisi tempat tinggal. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel pendapatan mempunyai pengaruh besar pada variabel tingkat sosial ekonomi, dan dengan demikian sektor kritis yang perlu diperbaiki adalah meningkatkan tingkat pendapatan yang juga meningkatkan tingkat pendidikan, kondisi kesehatan dan kondisi tempat tinggal.

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Population increase very fast in the urban areas is a problem for the developing countries including Indonesia. As a illustration the number of people living in the cities has been fastly increasing, even faster compared to the average population increase in Indonesia within the period of 1970s. With the total population growth around 2% per year, in many cities the population has increased by 3,3% annually. Even in some major cities such as Jakarta and Surabaya, population increased by 4,8% per year, or twice the national average population growth.

Furthermore the effect of population increase many people from rural areas who work as farmers with limited of capital and skill must just with city environmental life.

Having no capital and appropriate skills, they have to live in some poor quality settlements, where population density is high and the lay out housing is unorganized. Salient problems arising from such condition can be observed on the low level of quality of life can be measured by the low level of health, education, housing and poor living conditions, etc. Such poor condition of living settlements are continuously creating slums areas. That such condition is not suit to the master plan of city, it causes to unpack, eviction and relocation, in fact it condition bring about people living in bad.

The main enquiry of this study is whether there an influence of the level of income on the quality of life of the people in RW 05 as specially in the research region subdistrict of Kemayoran, Central Jakarta.

In the study there are three hypothesis will be test namely

1. What is there a correlation between people's level of income and their level of education?;

2. What is there correlation between people's level of income and their health condition ?

3. What is there a correlation between people's level of income and their housing condition?

To test the hypothesis a field survey was conducted, involving 78 heads of household as units of analysis selected randomly among the Kecamatan Kemayoran population. In order to obtain socio-economic data, the respondents were divided into three strata of income categories, i.e. high, medium and low.

Data collection was conducted through several stages of field activity. At initial stage, some meetings were held with the head of the subdistrict and village in which area of study is located, followed with visits to the concerned community (RW) and neighborhood (RT) association. The following stage covered field interview with the respondents. Quantitative data analysis was carried out with using non-parametric statistical data, i.e. chi-square and coefficient of contingency.

Results of data analysis indicates that weak correlations exist between income and educational level, income and level of education, income and level of health condition, and income and housing condition. It show that the income variable, having determinant influence on the other socio-economic status variables, constitutes the crucial sector which necessitates treatments, as increase on the level of income will bring about increases on the level of education, health status, and housing condition of the people."

"Kebutuhan beras di Indonesia, meningkat setiap tahunnya seiring bertambahnya jumlah penduduk. Fluktuasi musim menyebabkan terjadinya fluktuasi produksi beras. Fluktuasi tersebut menyebabkan pentingnya cadangan stok yang dikelola pemerintah. Perum Bulog sebagai lumbung pangan nasional mempunyai gudang yang tersebar di seluruh Indonesia, salah satunya di Perum Bulog Divre Jaya Sunter. Penyimpanan beras Perum Bulog dilakukan dalam gudang dengan bentuk tumpukan. Penyimpanan rentan serangan hama, sehingga perlu dilakukan kegiatan pencegahan serta penanggulangan hama. Kegiatan pengelolaan perawatan beras di Perum Bulog masih bergantung kepada penggunaan pestisida dan fumigan secara periodik. Penggunaan pestisida digunakan untuk kegiatan penyemprotan setiap bulan dan penggunaan fumigan setiap tiga bulan. Kajian dilakukan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis biaya manfaat serta masalah pengelolaan hama.Analisis dilakukan dengan metode valuasi ekonomi, komparasi dan survei. Residu yang dihasilkan lebih rendah dari Batas Minimum Resisu (BMR). Penggunaan pestisida adalah dari golongan organofosfat dan pyretroid yang berasal dari bahan aktif tertentu dan emakaiannya diawasi. Pestisida tersebut sudah terdaftar di Departemen pertanian. Manfaat yang didapat pengelola lebih besar daripada biaya pengelolaan, termasuk setelah dimasukkannya biaya eksternalitas lingkungan. Nilai NPV dan B/C pengelolaan tanpa memasukkan biaya lingkungan adalah Rp 6.389.050.848 dan 3,335. Nilai NPV dan B/C dengan memasukkan nilai lingkungan adalah Rp 6.149.749.876 dan 3,118.Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa biaya lingkungan dapat mengurangi nilai NPV dan B/C tetapi kegiatan pengelolaan hama di Perum Bulog tetap layak dilaksanakan. Pengelolaan hama di Perum Bulog masih konvensional, belum memanfaatkan mekanisme ompensatif ekologi di gudang secara optimal. Pengendalian masih bergantung kepada penggunaan pestisida, monitor kondisi kualitas sebelum dan waktu penyimpanan, aerasi serta kebersihan gudang. Pengelolaan hama tanpa atau minim penggunaan pestisida dapat dilakukan untuk menghilangkan atau mengurangi nilai eksternalitas lingkungan. Hal tersebut masih perlu dikaji lebih lanjut karena akan menyebabkan perubahan berbagai aspek yang sudah lama di terapkan di Perum Bulog.

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Demand for rice, the staple food of most Indonesians, is increasing year by year. In line with the growth of the population since in many parts of Indonesia production of rice. Paddy fluctuates heavily and consequently the price of rice, due to the dependence on the availability of irrigation water caused by climate cycle. Bulog, the institution established to buffer rice supply fluctuation, operates rice storage houses. Storage for several months exposes rice in storage to risk of damage by pest attract. Particularly insect storage pest research/study in Indonesia is still limited, especially those on insect pests. One storage facility of Bulog located in Sunter, North Jakarta. Occupying 300 hectares of area, consist of 60 units of storehouses, each having a capacity to accommodate 3.500 tones of rice.The objective of this study are: 1. to identify and analyze the economic cost and benefit of pest management 2. to compare economic cost and benefit of pest management with and without environmental cost 3. to review and analyze current management using pesticide without including environmental in cost calculation. Data collected consist of quality maintenance and analyzes were performed on cost and benefit of activity. Cost activity includes cost of activity investment, cost of maintenance and environmental cost. Environmental costs are those of health care of workers exposed to pesticides, workers protection, and health care of consumers of exposed rice. Studies were conducted for 3 months using methods of surveys using questionnaire, observation, interviews and literature study. Questionnaire is limited to workers directly in contact with pesticides. Analysis of data were performed by using descriptive analyses using analyses of economic valuation and comparison.The result of this research as follows: Management of storage pests in rice warehouse of rice warehouse of Divre Jaya Sunter was conducted since the Perum Bulog Jaya was establish in 1978 and has been developing with the increasing needs. Management of pest continue up to now using periodical pesticide application. Conducted management indeed reduced the attact of pests that caused the degradation of rice quality resulting in the decrease of rice price. Improvement of rice quality will need extra cost. Residue of pesticides allowed is mentioned in the government regulation. Pesticides used are those with certain commercial name containing active material not endangering human health, i.e. organophosphates and parathyroid applied alternately to prevent pest resistance. The management of pest by eliminating of reduce pesticide use can be conducted to prevent of reduce externality environmental cost. This has been done by parboiling rice or integrated storage pest management, although this still need further study since it affects to many aspect implemented for a long time in pests management.The conclusion of the study are as follows:1. The benefit of pest management is prevention of damage of stored rice. It proved that management gives economic benefit. Benefit can be seen from values NPV and B/C in the of Rp 6.149.749.876 and B/C 3,118 respectively. This values already included environmental cost.2. Environmental cost influence NPV and B/C value. The value are NPV Rp 6.389.050.848 and B/C 3,335 without include enviromental cost. So enviromental cost can decrease NPV and B/C value.3. Pesticides still in use for pest management because they are cheap and effective. Although environmental cost is included in operation cost, the current management practices are considered feasible. Consequently Perum Bulog does not necessarily need change the current management practices.Suggestion:1. Pest management without pesticide or reduction of it can be applied by Perum Bulog. Further study and research are needed to determine the best and efficient management.2. Storage of unhulled rice is a better practice to avoid damage. Technology is needed to appropriate the factual condition.3. Diversity of food in Indonesia involving agriculture technology should be promoted to push the invention of rice substitute.The solution will avoid the opening of new areas of paddy cultivation, excessive pesticide and feltilizer application that could end up in the degradation of the environmental quality"