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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian obat cacing terhadap perubahan status gizi pada anak sekolah dasar. Variabel yang diteliti meliputi status gizi awal dan akhir, status kecacingan awal dan akhir, variabel lain yang diteliti (konfounding) adalah pendapatan orang tua anak, tingkat pendidikan ibu, pola makan anak, tingkat kebersihan anak dan jenis kelamin.Jenis penelitian adalah pre experimental one group pre post test (perlakuan ulang), memberikan perlakuan berupa pemberian obat cacing kepada anak SD. Pengambilan sampel sekolah dilakukan dengan cara purposive, yaitu diambil SD III Pasir Kaliki kecamatan Cimahi Utara, kabuapten Bandung. Sedangkan sampel penelitian diambil dari semua murid kelas II sampai dengan kelas VI. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui pengisian kuesioner, pengukuran berat dan tinggi badan anak, pengamatan keadaan kuku, pengambilan dan pemeriksaan feces anak pada laboratorium, serta catatan yang ada.Analisa statistik dilakukan dengan uji Chi Square test, untuk melihat hubungan antara variabel konfounding dengan status gizi dan status kecacingan anak. Uji Mc Nemar dilakukan untuk melihat perbedaan data status gizi clan status kecacingan anak sebelum dan sesudah mendapat intervensi. Disamping itu uji Mc Nemar dilakukan untuk melihat perbedaan data status gizi sebelum dan sesudah mendapat intervensi pada setiap variabel konfounding (analisa stratifikasi).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara status gizi dan status kecacingan dengan tingkat pendapatan orang tua anak Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin rendah tingkat pendapatan orang tua, semakin rendah status gizi anak dan semakin mungkin anak untuk menderita kecacingan. Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna status gizi anak sebelum dan sesudah mendapat obat cacing, tetapi terdapat kecenderungan bahwa status gizi anak setelah mendapat obat cacing lebih baik dari pada status gizi anak sebelum mendapat obat cacing. Dan setelah dikontrol dengan keadaan status gizi anak pada awal penelitian, temyata pemberian obat cacing kepada anak yang menderita gizi kurang dan buruk, menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian obat cacing kepada anak yang berstatus gizi kurang dan buruk, akan memberikan pengaruh pada perbaikan status gizi yang lebih nyata.Untuk memperbaiki status gizi terutama pada anak SD, pemberian obat cacing akan memberikan hasil yang nyata jika diberikan kepada anak yang menderita gizi kurang dan buruk. Oleh karena itu program pemberantasan kecacingan pada anak SD yang sudah dilakukan, walupun tidak rutin harus lebih ditingkatkan lagi, dan pemberian obat cacing terutama diprioritaskan kepada anak yang menderita gizi kurang dan gizi buruk.

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The objectives of the study are to find out the effect of deworming on nutritional status of schoolchildren. Nutritional status and intestinal worm infection is the height problem in schoolchildren in Indonesia. From the last study find that have the relationship between nutritional status and intestinal worm infection, so that problem must be attention seriously. Nutritional status after intervention was dependent variable while the confounding variables were nutritional status before intervention, intestinal worm infection, in come parents per 'month, degree of mother's study, habits eating, hygiene personal and sex.Study design was a pre experimental one group pre post test, which treatment Albendazole on schoolchildren as intervention. School sampling was conducted purposively that SD III Pasir Kaliki north Cimahi Bandung. Where are sample size all of student levels II to VI. Data collecting was conducted by interview, weight and height measurement, stool examination and available record.Statistical analysis was done by Chi Square test, to asses relationships between confounding variables with nutritional status and intestinal worm infection. Mc Nemar test was done to asses different nutritional status and intestinal worm infection before and after intervention on every confounding variables as stratification analysis.The result of the study was there is a relationship between nutritional status and intestinal worm infection with income parents per month. This find show that the lower income parents per month, is lower nutritional status and more high intestinal worm infections. There no significant difference between nutritional status before and after intervention, but the nutritional status after intervention was more high that before. However, after controlling for confounding factors, there was significant difference between before and after intervention on malnutrition mild and high intervention.For improvement nutritional status on schoolchildren, intervention for deworning on malnutrition mild and hight can be more effectiveness. Therefore, program deworming on schoolchildren will be more improve , and intervention must be on mild and hight malnutrition."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk menjawab pertanyaan mengapa prevalensi status gizi (KKP) balita di dua propinsi paling timur yaitu propinsi Maluku dan Irian Jaya masih tinggi dan faktor apa yang berpengaruh. Untuk itu dilakukan studi analisis data sekunder Hasil Studi Prevalensi Defisiensi Vitamin A dan zat-zat gizi lainnya di wilayah Indonesia Timur. Secara umum analsis ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan status gizi balita di propinsi Maluku dan Irian Jaya serta faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh (dominan) terhadap status gizi balita. Secara khusus analisis ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang hubungan karakteristik anak dan keluarga terhadap status gizi balita. Dari 3325 sampel yang tersedia dari sumber data, ternyata hanya 501 sampel yang memenuhi syarat untuk analisis. Hasil Analisis prevalensi status gizi didapatkan bahwa 27.9 persen anak balita menderita Gizi kurang dan 8.0 % menderita gizi buruk. Prevalensi gizi kurang terbesar dijumpai pada umur 6-23 bulan, sedangkan prevalensi gizi buruk terbanyak dijumpai pada umur 12-23 bulan. Berdasarkan nilai rata-rata Z--score BB/U didapatkan suatu pola bahwa status gizi menurun mulai umur 3 bulan dan terhenti pada umur 11-13 bulan. Setelah itu tidak dijumpai adanya peningkatan status gizi. Dengan analisis bivariat "Piecewise Linear Regression" antara Z-score DD/U dan umur balita didapatkan bahwa umur 12 bulan merupakan perkiraan umur yang paling tepat dimana tidak terjadi penurunan status gizi (Z-score BB/U). Uji-t perbedaan nilai Rata-rata prediktif Z--score dari hasil persamaan regresi "Pieceswise Linear Regression" tidak terbukti signifikan untuk variabel jenis kelamin, status perkiraan, dan pendidikan ayah, tetapi diperoleh perbedaan yang signifikan untuk variabel kondisi rumah pada umur 12-59 bulan, variabel jumlah balita pada umur 24-59 bulan dan variabel jumlah anggota keluarga pada umur 36-59 bulan, serta variabel sanitasi keluarga pada umur 12-59 bulan. Untuk variabel pendidikan ibu dijumpai perbedaan yang signifikan hanya pada umur 36 dan 48 bulan. Analisis regresi ganda tidak terbukti adanya hubungan variabel independen yang signifikan dengan status gizi kecuali variabel umur. Namun memperhatikan besarnya nilai beta koefisien dari variabel independen diperkirakan variabel kondisi rumah, pendidikan ibu dan ayah, jenis kelamin, jumlah balita dan jumlah anggota keluarga serta sakit diare kemungkinan akan diperoleh hasil yang signifikan bila jumlah sampel diperbesar. Dari hasil analisis di atas, maka program upaya untuk menurunkan prevalensi gizi kurang dan buruk di kedua propinsi perlu memprioritaskan sasaran program UPGK pada kelompok umur yang lebih dini (3-12 bulan) disertai peningkatan penyuluhan gizi yang lebih intensif dan menggunakan bahasa yang sederhana meliputi pemberian ASI, makanan pendamping ASI yang disesuaikan dengan pola makanan daerah setempat dan jenis serta ketersediaan pangan di daerah setempat, imunisasi serta kebersihan lingkungan (sanitasi). Selain itu program KB perlu mendapat perhatian untuk ditingkatkan. Pembangunan di sektor ekonomi dan pendidikan di kedua propinsi perlu ditingkatkan sebagai upaya penyediaan lapangan kerja yang pada gilirannya meningkatkan pendapatan penduduk, karena upaya perbaikan gizi tanpa disertai perbaikan ekonomi merupakan upaya yang sia-sia. Penelitian ini menyarankan pula untuk dilakukan analisis yang mencakup seluruh propinsi IBT dan kemungkinan untuk menggunakan indek Antropometri yang lain seperti TB/U atau BB/TB. "

"Obesitas di usia dini dapat merugikan kesehatan anak sepanjang hidupnya secara permanen. Dewasa ini, asam lemak omega-3 diperkenalkan sebagai alternatif solusi obesitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi pengaruh dari konseling asam lemak omega-3 selama 10 minggu terhadap pengetahuan, sikap, asupan, dan IMT/U. Penelitian ini membagi acak subjek; grup yang mendapat konseling dengan optimalisasi asam lemak omega-3 disertai rekomendasi menu harian yang spesifik (Grup intervensi, n=18); dan yang mendapat konseling dan menu standar (Grup kontrol, n=20). Hasil menunjukkan tingkat pengetahuan pada grup intervensi meningkat signifikan (p<.001). Dibutuhkan investigasi lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui pengaruh intervensi ini terhadap keluaran lain yang diharapkan.

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Obesity in early life could result in permanent heath consequences. Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) are beneficial in obesity management, but food-based nutrition education enhancing omega-3 FAs especially in children was lacking. We investigated the effect of 10-week enhanced counseling on caregivers knowledge, attitude, as well as children's intakes and body mass index-for-age (BAZ). Children were randomly assigned to receive; enhanced counseling with specific daily menu (intervention group, n=18), or standard counseling with general menu (control group, n=20). Intervention group significantly improved knowledge (p<.001). However, its effect on other outcomes may need further investigation."

"Penelitian cross sectional ini bertujuan untuk membuat optimalisasi diet untuk anak gemuk dan obesitas usia 12-23 bulan yang dibuat menggunakan linear programming dengan memperhitungkan rasio asupan omega 6 dan omega 3 dan harga. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Jakarta Timur pada 42 anak dengan berat badan normal dan 29 anak gemuk dan obesitas berdasarkan z-score IMT/ umur. Metode yang digunakan yaitu 24 jam recall selama 3 hari tidak berturut, diskusi kelompok dan survei pasar, sedangkan LP NutriSurvey digunakan untuk analisis optimalisasi diet. Penelitian ini menghasilkan optimalisasi diet dengan memperhitungkan rasio omega 6 dan omega 3, dengan harga masih dalam rentang yang direkomendasikan.

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This cross sectional study aims at developing optimized diet based on linear programming for overweight and obese children aged 12-23 months considering the ratio of omega-3 and omega 6 intakes and prices in the diets. It was conducted in East Jakarta involving 42 children in normal group and 29 children in overweight and obese group based on BMI/ age z-score. The methods used were three non-consecutive days of 24-hour recall, group interview and market survey, while LP NutriSurvey was used in analyzing optimized diet. Optimized diet is presented with ratio of omega-6 and -3 and cost within the recommended range"

"[ABSTRAKInformasi mengenai adanya semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire(SFFQ) yang valid untuk mengukur asupan PUFA pada anak di Indonesia masihminim. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkanSFFQ dan menguji validitas dan reliabilitas dari SFFQ tersebut untuk mengukurasupan PUFA pada anak di Indonesia usia 6-23 bulan.Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan desain cross sectional di dua kelurahanwilayah Jakarta Timur. Penelitian ini melibatkan 89 anak yang dipilih secaramultistage random sampling. Anak-anak tersebut dilakukan pengukuran intakemelalui SFFQ dan wawancara recall selama 3 hari tidak berturut-turut. Beberapaanak (n=35) telah dipilih untuk dilakukan pengukuran plasma lipid dalam darah.Formulir SFFQ terdiri dari 78 item makanan yang disusun dari tabel komposisibahan makanan luar Indonesia. SFFQ tersebut kemudian divalidasi denganwawancara recall dan plasma lipid dalam darah. Pelaksanaan SFFQ dilakukan duakali dengan rentang 4 minggu terpisah untuk mengetahui reliabilitasnya. Relatifvaliditas dan realibilitas dari SFFQ disimpulkan dari hasil analisa Bland-Altman.Uji korelasi parsial yang telah dikontrol dengan status gizi dan usia anakdilakukan untuk mengukur absolut validitas dari SFFQ.Kecocokan yang baik ditemukan antara hasil SFFQ dan wawancara recall untukDHA, EPA, DPA dan AA akan tetapi tidak untuk total n-3, n-6, ALA dan LA.Lebih jauh, SFFQ menunjukkan korelasi yang moderat dengan plasma lipid dalamdarah untuk n-6 dan LA (r: 0.40; p=0.025 and r:0.42 p=0.018, secara berurutan).Hasil analisa Bland-Altman menunjukkan 95% kecocokan antara hasil SFFQpertama dan pengulangan SFFQ untuk semua asam lemak esensial. Secarakeseluruhan, SFFQ yang dikembangkan relatif valid untuk mengukur asupanPUFA kecuali untuk total n-3, n-6, ALA dan LA. SFFQ juga reliable untukmengetahui asupan PUFA pada anak.

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ABSTRACTThe information on the existing validated semi-quantitative food frequencyquestionnaire (SFFQ) to capture the intakes of PUFA for Indonesian children islacking. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the validity and reproducibilityof developed SFFQ for assessing poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake forIndonesian children aged 6-23 months.A cross sectional study was conducted in two sub-districts of East Jakartainvolving 89 healthy children selected by multistage random sampling. Thesechildren were assessed by SFFQ and 3-day non consecutive 24-h recall. Somechildren (n=35) were randomly selected for plasma assessment (PA). The SFFQconsist of 78 food items which were constructed from the non-Indonesian foodcomposition database. It was validated against dietary recall and PA. Repeatedadministration of SFFQ (4-week apart) was conducted to assess thereproducibility of SFFQ. The relative validity and reproducibility of SFFQ weredetermined by Bland-Altman analysis. The adjusted correlation for childrennutritional status and age was performed to assess absolute validity of SFFQ.Good agreement was found between SFFQ and dietary recall for DHA, EPA,DPA, and AA, but not for total n-3, n-6, ALA and LA. Moreover, SFFQ showedmoderate correlations with plasma n-6 LCPUFA and LA (r: 0.40; p=0.025 andr:0.42 p=0.018, respectively). A 95% level of Bland-Altman agreement wasclearly observed between first SFFQ and repeated SFFQ for all essential fattyacids. In conclusion, the SFFQ was relatively valid to assess usual PUFA intakeexcept for total n-3, n-6, ALA and LA and reproducible to estimate PUFA intakeof children, The information on the existing validated semi-quantitative food frequencyquestionnaire (SFFQ) to capture the intakes of PUFA for Indonesian children islacking. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the validity and reproducibilityof developed SFFQ for assessing poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake forIndonesian children aged 6-23 months.A cross sectional study was conducted in two sub-districts of East Jakartainvolving 89 healthy children selected by multistage random sampling. Thesechildren were assessed by SFFQ and 3-day non consecutive 24-h recall. Somechildren (n=35) were randomly selected for plasma assessment (PA). The SFFQconsist of 78 food items which were constructed from the non-Indonesian foodcomposition database. It was validated against dietary recall and PA. Repeatedadministration of SFFQ (4-week apart) was conducted to assess thereproducibility of SFFQ. The relative validity and reproducibility of SFFQ weredetermined by Bland-Altman analysis. The adjusted correlation for childrennutritional status and age was performed to assess absolute validity of SFFQ.Good agreement was found between SFFQ and dietary recall for DHA, EPA,DPA, and AA, but not for total n-3, n-6, ALA and LA. Moreover, SFFQ showedmoderate correlations with plasma n-6 LCPUFA and LA (r: 0.40; p=0.025 andr:0.42 p=0.018, respectively). A 95% level of Bland-Altman agreement wasclearly observed between first SFFQ and repeated SFFQ for all essential fattyacids. In conclusion, the SFFQ was relatively valid to assess usual PUFA intakeexcept for total n-3, n-6, ALA and LA and reproducible to estimate PUFA intakeof children]"

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini membahas proses pengembangan aplikasi ponsel berbasis android bernama Kuala24 untuk menghitung asupan harian gula tambahan pada anak usia sekolah di Jakarta Timur dan evaluasi penerimaan terhadap aplikasi tersebut. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan penelitian potong lintang, dengan pendekatankualitatif pada tahap analisis kebutuhan dan pendekatan kuantitatif digunakan untukmengetahui evaluasi penerimaan dalam aspek content, grapich, dan design. Hasilpenelitian ini yaitu sebuah aplikasi bernama Kuala24 untuk menghitung asupangula tambahan yang berisi database makanan dan minuman yang mengandung gulatambahan dan gambar makanan. Aplikasi Kuala24 mendapatkan penerimaandengan kategori baik pada anak usia usia sekolah di Jakarta Timur

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ABSTRACTThis study provides step-step how to develop application for calculating addedsugar intake. The present study aims to develop and assess the acceptance of addedsugar intake calculator application (Kuala24 app) in East Jakarta. Data collectionwas done by qualitative approach using Delphi technique to experts (n=15) in needassessment phase for developing Kuala24 app. Acceptance of Kuala24 wasobtained from school aged children (n=59). Kuala24 app is a mobile applicationsoftware for calculating added sugar intake that contain food databases, food pictureand food grouping. The result of acceptance assessment is 55.9% school agedchildren having good acceptance."

"The urban population in Indonesia will soon be 50% of its total population. In the past, nutrition improvement programs were addressed to the rural community stressing on underweight. It is presumed that in the urban area both under and overweight are found. However, data on the subject are insufficient. A cross sectional study was done in East Jakarta. The study consisted of 679 households and 3442 peoples were chosen through a multistage random sampling. The analyses of the findings were based on households as well as on individuals.The households were categorized based on the anthropometry of the individual family members. The indicator used, was BMI with a cut off 18.5 and 25 for those aged 17 years and more, and weight-for-age based on NCHS median + 2SD for those aged less then 17-year-old. Four households' categorizations were identified, Normal (all members had normal anthropometric status) 22.2%, Normal-Under (a combination of normal and underweight) 31.6%, Normal-Over (a combination of normal and overweight) 27.1% and Normal-Under-Over (a combination of normal, under and overweight) 17.2%. It covered 98.3% of all households.Within households classified as having any overweight members, there were 37.9% overweight adults vs 2.3% overweight children. Within households classified as having any underweight members, there were 26.9% underweight adults vs 35.8% underweight children. Poorer households and households with children faced the risk for having underweight members, while richer households and households with adults faced the risk for having overweight members. Underweight is not only caused by poor socioeconomic background. There were differences in the food distribution patterns among the household members, and households with over weight members consumed more variety of foods.Among children aged less than 17 years old, 21.4% were stunted (HAZ<-2SD), and 21.2% were underweight (WAZ<-2SD). Children aged less than 11 years 11.4% were wasted (WHZ<-2SD)_ Children aged less than 17 years whose HAZ, WAZ and WHZ were 2SD were less than 3%. Children aged 11 to 17 years old whose BMI was below 5%-tiles were 5.2%, while those whose BMI was above 85%-tiles were 15.2%. Adults aged 17 to 55 years old with BMI <18.5 were 15.6% and those with BMI >25 was 19.6%_ People aged more than 55 years old with BMI <18.5 was 18.7%, while those with BMI of X25 were 20.9%. Thus, underweight was prevalent in all age groups, but overweight was mainly found in adults and elderly. Among the adolescents the older age group showed a tendency of being overweight.It is recommended that, household groupings according to the anthropometric status of the nuclear family members can be used as a screening method which serves the purpose of distinguishing the target population, in administrative, and project design and management terms, and to do an anthropometry assessment at regular intervals for all age groups. Special attention to detect overweight among adolescents should be given. Prevention of overweight in the community requires a multi sectoral approach rather than purely nutrition oriented programs. To continue the existing programs in nutrition and health, to prevent underweight in the community, especially for under fives, school children and adults. Within the poorer households there is positive deviance (as shown in Normal groups), this gives room for intervention."

"Cardiovascular disease has become the first cause of death. Highest morbidity is found in the age, and among cardiovascular diseases, prevalence of hypertension is the highest. Many studies on the relationship between nutritional factors and hypertension have been done, but studies to observe determinants of hypertension in Indonesia are lacking. Therefore, there is an urgent need to elaborate information on various hypertension risk factors in the Indonesian elderly, which will allow the policy makers to provide appropriate intervention programs.

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate various determinants of hypertension in the Indonesian elderly with different nutritional status.

A cross sectional study was undertaken in Jakarta and 5 other cities with total sample of 1261 elderly using multistage random sampling. Subjects were recruited from elderly population in Jakarta, Padang, Bandung, Jogyakarta, Denpasar and Makasar. Data were collected through interview using structured questionnaires, anthropometrics measurements, biochemical blood and urine analysis, and blood pressure measurements. Daily nutrients intake was analyzed using WorldFood2 Dietary Assessment Program. Data were analyzed by using SPSS programs for Windows version 7.5; General Linear Model, Multiple linear regression and logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the predictive power of independent variables for outcome variables. Prevalence of hypertension found in the study was quite high, more than 50% of the study population for both men and women. This study showed significant differences of determinant and predictive factors of blood pressure between elderly with Body Mass Index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2 and BMI? 25 kg/m2. Prevalence of systolic and diastolic hypertension was higher in the elderly with BMI < 25 kg/lm2 than in the elderly with BMI 25 kg/m2. BMI was a significant determinant for diastolic blood pressure in elderly with BMI > 25 kg/m2. There was a positive association between blood pressure and Waist to hip ratio (WHR) irrespective of BMI value.

Plasma LDL cholesterol >160 mg/dl increased the risk of having systolic hypertension 1.5 to 2 times in the elderly with BMI < 25 kg/m2 after the age of 65 years and increased the risk of having diastolic hypertension 1.5 times. Plasma triglycerides > 200 mg/dl increased the risk of having systolic hypertension 1.7 and 2.5 times in elderly with BMI 25 kg/m2 and in elderly with BMI? 25 kg/m2 respectively, after the age of 65 years and increased the risk of having diastolic hypertension Ft, 1.7 times. Ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol > 5 increased the risk of having hypertension 1.8 times in elderly with BMI? 25 kg/m2. Plasma HDL cholesterol < 35 mg/dl in elderly with BMI < 25 kg/m2 increased the risk of hypertension approximately 2.4 times. In elderly with BMI < 25 kgmm2, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) had negative correlation (protecting effect) with diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) had positive correlation with diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure. Cholesterol intake had positive correlation with diastolic blood pressure. Multivariate analyses in this study did not find significant correlation between energy intakes with blood pressure. Although no significant correlation was found between protein intakes with blood pressure, this study showed that arginine intake had protecting effect against hypertension. The study also showed that calcium and potassium intake had negative correlation with DBP and SBP respectively in elderly with BMI > 25 kg/m2. In elderly with BMI < 25 kg/m2 sodium intake had positive correlation with SBP. This study also demonstrated that sport index had negative correlation (protecting effect) with diastolic blood pressure.

Nutrition education to elderly group should emphasize healthy nutrients with protecting effect against hypertension and avoid nutrients with positive correlation to hypertension. Suggestion for sodium restriction especially in the elderly with BMI < 25 kg/m2, and proper physical/sport activity as a protecting factor against hypertension is very important for the elderly. Regular check of blood pressure and plasma lipid should be conducted and Public Health Centers equipped with appropriate laboratory facilities, for early detection of hypertensive risk factors. BMI category should be considered in hypertension program since there were differences of determinant factors of hypertension between different categories of BMI. Future studies should be directed on public health and nutrition intervention to the elderly community."

"ABSTRACTUnder nutrition among Vietnamese children is still a serious health problem. Growth retardation starts as early as 4 to 6 months of life and the prevalence of stunting has remained high (46.9% in 1994). It is documented that growth retardation during early childhood works through in adolescence and is rarely made up; it could also affect cognitive development of children, which eventually influence economic and human development. A longitudinal study on growth and development of Vietnamese children in Hanoi from birth to 17 years old was carried out from 1981 up to 1999.Objectives: To investigate the physical growth, maturation age and academic performance of Vietnamese children on a longitudinal basis from birth to 17 years old and observe their secular trends.Study design: A longitudinal observational study with 2 main cohorts: cohort A and cohort B.Subjects of the study:- Cohort A: 300 newborns, who fulfilled the selection criteria (gestational age from 38 to 42 weeks, birth weight 2500g, normal singleton birth without physical abnormalities, "Kish" ethnic group. mother's age: 20 to 35 years, and apparently healthy parents were randomly recruited and followed-up from birth to 17 years old (1981-1999).- Cohort B. 200 children, who fulfilled above-mentioned criteria, were randomly selected and followed-up, from birth to 12 months; and 200 children were followed-up, from 12 to 24 months (1997-1999).Monitoring of physical growth: Weight, height, feeding practices and diseases were recorded monthly from birth w 12 months, three monthly from 12 to 36 months, six monthly from 36 to 72 months, and annually thereafter until 17 years of age.Results: Mean body weight and height of children from both cohorts at birth were lower than the NCHS reference. Then their weight and height during the first 3-4 months (cohort A) and 5-6 months (cohort B) were comparable to NCHS reference data. However, these trends were going down on subjects' aged above 6 months onwards. Physical growth of the children in cohort B, who have been in better living conditions, health care and more appropriate feeding practices, was better than the other counterparts (cohort A) comparable to French Vietnamese in Paris (1986).The most intense period of growth retardation was observed in children aged 12 10 24 months. Children who were stunted during early childhood were still shorter than those non-stunted ones over observed period from birth to 17 years of age; the children who were stunted during childhood matured later and had lower academic performance than the well-nourished ones.Birth weight, diarrhea and ARI were found to be the main determinants /or nutritional status of the children. Nutritional status of the parents in cohort B was also better compared to that of cohort A, - and the nutritional status of the children, whose mothers were undernourished, was worse than that those of well nourished mothers. Long term effect of exclusive breast feeding on nutritional status of children leas observed in cohort A, however, it was correlated with WAZ of the children in cohort B only during the first 3 months of age.Conclusions: There was a positive secular trend in growth of Vietnamese children over the last 2 decades. There was a partial catch-up growth among the snorted children during adolescence. Birth weight, diarrhea and ARI were the main determinants for nutritional status of the young children. Exclusive breast-feeding determined nutritional status of children in cohort A over the period from birth to 24 months old, however, it was correlated with WAZ of the children in cohort B only during the first 3 months (Ore. Nutritional status of both children and mothers can he used as an indicator for quality of life. The stunted children at preschool age matured later and had lower academic performance than the non-stunted ones."

"ABSTRACTCoronary Heart Disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality rate is increasing dramatically in the last 15 years in Indonesia. Available data show that among the contribution factor changes in life style and demographic transition are prominent.A hypothetical risk factor for CHD is lipid peroxidation, a reaction between oxygen free radical and lipid parts of cell membranes and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Food habit is following a pattern of nutrient and non-nutrient intakes, including fatty acids and antioxidants. Fatty acid intakes determine the susceptibility of the lipid parts of eell membranes and LDL to peroxidation by free radicals. Theoretically, antioxidants will protect against oxidative damage caused by oxygen free radicals. Commercially available and advertised antioxidants such as vitamin E are widely used inspite of limited information on the interrelation between lipid peroxide levels in the Indonesian elderly with CHD risk factors such as food habits, dyslipidemia and obesity.A two-phase study on the elderly (55-85 years.) guided by the health centers was undertaken in Jakarta. Data for both phases were collected through interviews, anthropometric measurements, blood analysis and blood pressure measurements. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis were done using SPSS and WorldFood 2 programs.The first phase was a cross-sectional study to see the association between lipid peroxides and fatty acids, vegetables, fruits, tempe intakes, obesity, smoking, dyslipidemia and hypertension. The samples were 394 elderly. The variables found correlated with lipid peroxides were LDL, intake of mono and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, tempe, and vitamin E. The study showed an increase level of lipid peroxides with age and ethnic differences with the highest level of lipid peroxides among the Minangkabau.The second phase is a randomized double-blind trial giving 600 mg/day vitamin E supplementation or placebo for 12 weeks to 152 elderly with the high level of lipid peroxides found in the cross-sectional study. The objective was to see if there was a change of lipid peroxide levels after the intervention. The results showed a significant decrease of lipid peroxides level in the vitamin E group compared to placebo after being adjusted with age, waist-hip ratio (WHR), plasma cholesterol, and saturated fatty acids (SAFA) intake. The high density lipoprotein (HDL) was also increased significantly in the vitamin E group compared to placebo group.Randomized controlled trial taking into account the confounding variables such as age, sex, ethnic, waist-hip ratio, saturated fat intake, carbohydrate intake and plasma cholesterol might be able to elucidate the specific beneficial effect of vitamin E supplementation. Health education and information concerning foods that have effect on lipid peroxidation, such as tempe should be endorsed. More studies should be undertaken to find other food or beverage that have protecting effects against lipid peroxides."