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"Flood is indeed a big problem in Jakarta as a metropolitan city. From the colonial era to present day, flood has not yet been resolved adequately. Fisiography cycles, space competition, and the management of flood seem to be significant factors affected the continuous problem of flood in Jakarta.Seeing from the perspective of tisiography which is related to geomorphology, geology, and hydrology, ?lowland of Jakarta formed from rivers? sedimentation thousand years ago. This in fact has formed areas below the sea level like swamp and lake areas. Sedimentation process was accelerated after the eruption of the Motmt Salak in 1699, in which newly lowland has been increasing each year around 15-50 metres depending on flood and wind direction. Due to this sedimentation, Jakarta topography is flat where water could not tlow smoothly.The emergence of Jakarta as settlement areas originated from the Sunda Kelapa Kingdom that developed in the Jakarta coastal area. This process of settlement has developed rapidly along with the VOC conquered Jakarta. Being a central of the colonial trading, population has increased dramatically that also extended the size of Jakarta. In 1830, the city extended toward southem part, well-know as Weltevreden. Menteng was built in 1918 alter the development of Jakarta itself.The increasing number of population from 1948 - 1950 was occurred when the capital of the country moved from Yogyakarta to Jakarta. After 1970s population booming has happened in Jakarta which consequently increasing number of buildings could not be avoided. The construction of housing complexes, trading centres, and industries have even conducted in the restricted areas for any buildings, including the environmental geology area of 1,2 and 3. The impact of these constructions could be clearly seen through the decreasing of absorbing water areas. Therefore, flooding areas have increased rapidly. From 1892 to 1930 flood had been around Weltevreden area, but in 1985 floods have reached the outskirts of Jakarta, including Bintaro, Ciputat, and Pasar Minggu.To solve the flood, structural approach has been applied since 1911. During colonial period flood, especially in 1919, the canal of Kali Malang and Manggarai water control were built. After the independence, 1970 - 1985, floods have been managed by constructing Cengkareng drain, Cakung drain and so forth. Though government has spent a lot of funding, flood could not be stopped it. Flood is indeed a difficult homework for government of Jakarta."

"Hubungan budaya antarabangsa sudah digunakan sebagai instrumen diplomatik oleh negara industri maju dalam mengejar kepentingan ekonomi dan strategis nasional mereka. Disertasi ini membahas hubungan budaya antarabangsa antara Jepang dan Indonesia dari kurun waktu 1967 sampai 1987, berfokus pada program pertukaran kebudayaan dan pendidikan dari program hubungan budaya antarabangsa Jepang. Saya berpendapat bahwa pemerintah Jepang telah dan masih akan menjalankan hubungan budaya antarabangsa dengan Indonesia sebagai upaya untuk mendapatkan keuntungan politik dan ekonomi mereka. Keuntungan yang didapat Indonesia adalah masalah kedua.Salah satu saluran utama pemerintah Jepang dalam memberikan bantuan program budaya untuk Indonesia adalah melalui Official Development Assistance (ODA), khususnya melalui tipe tertentu dari proyek hibah. Program kerja sama teknik diberikan melalui Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), program beasiswa melalui Kementerian Pendidikan, Monbusho. Adapun program khusus budaya dikelola oleh Japan Foundation. Sejak awal tahun 1960-an, ketiga lembaga ini memberi pendidikan dan pelatihan teknis untuk orang Indonesia yang memiliki potensi menjadi orang yang berpengaruh.Saya menyimpulkan bahwa, meskipun cita-cita utopis secara resmi ditawarkan untuk menjelaskan hubungan budaya Jepang dengan Indonesia, melalui hibah bantuan yang terlihat murah hati, manfaat arus budaya itu sejatinya untuk melayani kepentingan politik dan ekonomi dari Jepang sebagai bangsa pengirim. Program budaya Jepang menularkan manfaat lebih sedikit untuk Indonesia sebagai bangsa penerima. Dengan demikian, hubungan Jepang dengan negara Asia Tenggara mengingatkan banyak orang terhadap pendekatan imperialis yang mereka tunjukkan di masa lalu.

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International cultural relations are used as diplomatic instruments by wealthy industrialised nations in pursuit of national economic and strategic interests. This dissertation examines Japan-Indonesia cultural relations from 1967-1987, focussing on educational and cultural exchange programs as the most influential of Japan?s international cultural relations programs. I argue that the Japanese government has pursued, and still does pursue, cultural relations with Indonesia seeking foremost political and economic benefit for Japan. Benefits for Indonesia are a secondary concern.One of the main vehicles through which the Japanese government delivers cultural programs to Indonesia has been Official Development Assistance (ODA), particularly through specific types of grant projects. Technical programs are delivered mainly through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and scholarship programs are through the Ministry of Education, Monbusho. Programs that are specifically cultural are administered by the Japan Foundation. All three bodies have provided education and technical training for influential Indonesians from the inception of these programs in the late 1960s.I conclude that, even though utopian ideals are offered to officially explain Japan?s cultural relations with Indonesia, a position substantiated by seemingly generous aid grants, the cultural flows and their rewards serve primarily the political and economic interests of Japan as the sending nation. Japan?s cultural programs bring less benefit to Indonesia as the recipient nation. It is thus a relationship redolent of Japan?s past imperialist approach to Southeast Asian nations."

"ABSTRAKDisertasi ini menguraikan tentang proses kontrak sewa tanah dan semua ketentuan yang mengaturnya di wilayah Kesunanan Surakarta dan Kesultanan Yogyakarta selama periode 1818-1912. Fokus penelitian ini adalah terjadinya kontrak sewa atas tanah-tanah apanage dan tanah-tanah lain di kerajaan-kerajaan Jawa oleh pengusaha asing dalam berbagai bentuk hak sewa. Pendekatan struktural dan teori tentang hukum adat digunakan untuk menjelaskan terjadinya proses perubahan yang berlangsung di wilayah Projo Kejawen, terutama dengan adanya pergeseran di bidang hukum.Kajian ini menemukan bahwa proses persewaan tanah mengakibatkan terdesaknya penggunaan hukum adat oleh hukum positif Barat, terutama dengan adanya penerapan prinsip Konkordansi. Prinsip ini bertujuan untuk memberlakukan hukum yang berlaku di Belanda bagi tanah koloninya, termasuk di wilayah raja-raja Jawa (Vorstenlanden). Seiring dengan perubahan itu, sejumlah peraturan kontrak sewa tanah dibuat oleh pemerintah kolonial Hindia Belanda bagi persewaan tanah di Projo Kejawen. Sebagai akibat proses tersebut, muncul berbagai bentuk hak atas tanah yang tidak pernah dikenal dalam hukum adat Jawa. Kondisi yang diciptakan dalam struktur kepemilikan tanah oleh perubahan ini menjadi dasar yang kuat untuk memotivasi pemerintah kolonial melakukan reorganisasi agraria di Vorstenlanden.

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ABSTRACT

This dissertation describes the process of landlease contract and all provisions that regulate it in the Kesunanan of Surakarta and the Sultanate of Yogyakarta the period 1818-1912. The focus of this study was the occurrence of a lease of apanage lands and other lands in the Javanese royal realm by foreign businessmen in various forms of lease rights. Structural approach and a theory of adat law is used to describe the process of change that taken place in the Projo Kejawen, especially with the shift in the legal aspect.

This study finds that the process of the landlease resulted in the replacing of customary law by the Western positive law, especially with the implementation of Concordance principle. This principle aims to enforce the laws of the Netherlands for the land colonies, including in the area of the kings of Java (Vorstenlanden). Along with those changes, a number of landlease regulations were made by the Dutch East Indies colonial government for leasing land in the Projo Kejawen. As a result of the process, other forms of land rights which never recognized in the adat law of Java were applied. Conditions that created in the structure of land ownership by this change was a strong basis to motivate the colonial government to make a program of agrarian reorganization in Vorstenlanden."

"Disertasi ini membahas ttg Desentralisasi yg merupakan modernisasi birokrsi yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Hidia Belanda. Kebijakan desentralisasi dikeluarkan karena adanya tuntutan perlunya partisipasi masyarakat dalan\m pengolaan negara. Landasan desentralisasi pertama undang2 desentralisasi tahun 1903, yg kemudian diperbaharui melalui undang2 pembahruan Pemerintah, tahun 1922."

"ABSTRAKDisertasi ini membahas upaya pelayaran dan perdagangan Amerika Serikat menerobos kebijakan merkantilistik Hindia Belanda di kepulauan Indonesia melalui diplomasi kurun waktu 1784 hingga 1855. Pelayaran Amerika Serikat ke kepulauan Indonesia bermula pada tahun 1784 dalam perjalanan menuju Kanton, Cina. Perdagangan bermula pada tahun 1786 pada saat sebuah kapal Amerika Serikat membeli barang untuk diperdagangkan di Kanton. Pola perdagangan iintas lautan Amerika Serikat adalah Ekspor, Reekspor dan Berantai. Dalam pola Perdagangan Berantai, kepulauan Indonesia merupakan Salah satu tempat persinggahan. Diplomasi Amerika Serikat membuka peiabuhan dan osar Hindia Belanda dilakukan dengan tindakan imperialistik. Hasilnya adalah Perjanjian 1855 yang mengatur tentang perwakilan konsuler Amerika Serikat di Hindia Belanda. Metodologi yang digunakan berasal dari teori Diplomasi, Imperialisme, Perdagangan (Pasar) Bebas dan Struktudsme. Selain data kualitatii kerangka anaiisis memakai juga data kuantitatif. Hasil akhir memperlihatkan bahwa Perjanjian 1855 merupakan pinlu masuk kepentingan ekonomi Amerika Serikat yang lebih luas di kepulauan Indonesia. Untuk Hindia Belanda, perjanjian ilu melapangkan jalan ekspansi kolonialnya di pulau Sumatera. Dampak langsung terhadap perdagangannya terhambat oleh Perang Saudara (1861-1865). Selain itu, politik dan diplomasi ekonomi luar negeri Amerika Serikat walau berlandaskan doktrin pasar bebas, tidak mengabaikan peranan pemerintah. Kemudian, walau berstatus negeri jajahan, pemerintah Hindia Belanda memiliki kebijakan yang terkadang tidak selalu selaras dengan Negeri Induk (Belanda).

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ABSTRACTThis dissertation analizes efforts of American shipping and commerce breaking the Netherlands Indies mercantilistic policies in Indonesian Archipelago by means of diplomacy in the times of 1784 to 1855. American shipping to Indonesian Archipelago began in 1784 in a voyage for Canton, China. The commerce began in 1786 when an American ship bought some goods to trade for Canton. American overseas trading patterns were Export, Reexport and Network Commerce. The last mentioned treated Indonesian archipelago as a part of a commercial network that centered at Canton. American diplomacy opened the Netherlands Indies ports and market by an imperialistic way. It resulted in Treaty 1855 that allowed the Americans to establish a consulate office at Batavia. The methodology consists of several points of view, i.e nom Diplomacy, Imperialism, Free Trade or Free Market and Structurist theories. The analysis based on qualitative and quantitative data. Final results show that the Treaty 1855 was an entry point for the widespread of American economic interests in the whole of Indonesian archipelago- However, its direct impact in commerce was disturbed by the Civil War (1861-1865). For the Netherlands Indies, it encouraged expansive motives in Sumatera. Beside these, it shows that even though the United States of America is a liberal state, the role of government in international economics is still great. The last is that as a colonial state the Netherlands Indie had its own policy and did not entirely depended on the Netherlands."

"Untuk mengatasi kekurangan tenaga kerja di Jepang dan surplus tenaga kerja di Indonesia, 30 tahun lalu kedua negara mengembangkan program magang "Ginou Jisshu". Selama magang, peserta yang memiliki karakteristik individu berbasis budaya Indonesia terpapar dengan budaya kerja Jepang. Oleh karenanya dalam pelaksanaan program Ginou Jisshu diberikan Technical Internship Technical Program (TITP) yang mengajarkan bahasa dan budaya Jepang. Penelitian dilakukan untuk memahami bagaimana TITP meningkatkan kompetensi dan daya saing pesertanya. Tiga variabel eksternal digunakan, yakni karakteristik individu, budaya kerja Jepang dan pendidikan-pelatihan untuk dipahami pengaruhnya terhadap dua variabel internal, yakni kompetensi dan keunggulan bersaing individu. Peneliti juga menambahkan variabel moderasi self-efficacy. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab bagaimana pendidikan pelatihan TITP menciptakan kompetensi dan daya saing individu dalam rangka mendukung visi Indonesia Emas 2045. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan kuesioner Google Form yang dijawab oleh 400 alumni Ginou Jisshu di 38 provinsi di Indonesia. Data dianalisis menggunakan PLS-SEM. Dari 14 hipotesis parsial yang diajukan, lima hipotesis efek langsung diterima, dan dua hipotesis moderasi diterima, sementara dua hipotesis efek langsung ditolak, dan lima hipotesis moderasi ditolak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik individu tidak signifikan mempengaruhi kompetensi dan keunggulan kompetitif individu, dengan pengaruh negatif pada kompetensi dan positif pada keunggulan kompetitif. Budaya kerja Jepang berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kompetensi dan keunggulan kompetitif individu. Sementara pendidikan dan pelatihan berpengaruh positif signifikan pada kompetensi, namun negatif tidak signifikan pada keunggulan kompetitif. Kompetensi berpengaruh positif tapi tidak signifikan pada keunggulan kompetitif. Efikasi diri memoderasi karakteristik individu dan budaya kerja Jepang terhadap kompetensi, dan tidak mampu memoderasi pengaruh lainnya, namun semua moderasi yang ditemukan tidak signifikan. Solusi yang diberikan oleh penelitian untuk pengembangan TITP adalah rekomendasi penambahan materi kewirausahaan dan karakteristik individu dalam kurikulum TITP dalam jangka pendek dan jangka menengah, sedangkan untuk materi hard skill yang sesuai dengan sektor magang memang harus diberikan namun tentunya dengan bantuan dari pihak Jepang.

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To overcome the labor shortage in Japan and the labor surplus in Indonesia, 30 years ago the two countries developed the "Ginou Jisshu" apprenticeship program. During the internship, participants who have individual characteristics based on Indonesian culture are exposed to Japanese work culture. Therefore, in implementing the Ginou Jisshu program, a Technical Internship Technical Program (TITP) is provided which teaches Japanese language and culture. Research was conducted to understand how TITP increases the competency and competitiveness of its participants. Three external variables are used, namely individual characteristics, Japanese work culture and education-training to understand their influence on two internal variables, namely competence and individual competitive advantage. Researchers also added the moderating variable self-efficacy. This research aims to answer how TITP training education creates individual competency and competitiveness in order to support the vision of a Golden Indonesia 2045. This research used a quantitative approach with a Google Form questionnaire which was answered by 400 Ginou Jisshu alumni in 38 provinces in Indonesia. Data were analyzed using PLS-SEM. Of the 14 partial hypotheses proposed, five direct effect hypotheses were accepted, and two moderation hypotheses were accepted, while two direct effect hypotheses were rejected, and five moderation hypotheses were rejected. The research results show that individual characteristics do not significantly influence individual competency and competitive advantage, with a negative influence on competency and a positive influence on competitive advantage. Japanese work culture has a significant positive effect on individual competency and competitive advantage. While education and training have a significant positive effect on competence, they have an insignificant negative effect on competitive advantage. Competence has a positive but not significant effect on competitive advantage. Self-efficacy moderates individual characteristics and Japanese work culture on competence, and is unable to moderate other influences, but all moderation found is not significant. The solution provided by research for the development of TITP is a recommendation to add entrepreneurship material and individual characteristics to the TITP curriculum in the short and medium term, while hard skills material that is appropriate to the internship sector must be provided, but of course with assistance from Japan."

"Studi ini menganalisis peran organisasi perempuan Kristen yang dikenal sebagai Korea- YWCA (Young Women Christian Association), dalam demokratisasi bagi kaum buruh perempuan di kawasan industri kota Seoul, Republik Korea, tahun 1961 hingga 1987. Korea-YWCA adalah organisasi perempuan Kristen pertama yang dibentuk di Korea tahun 1922 pada masa kolonial Jepang (1910-1945). Melalui peristiwa demo buruh perempuan yang terjadi di kota Seoul tahun 1975, penelitian ini menganalisis peran organisasi Korea-YWCA dalam menghidupkan kembali semangat demokrasi dan sumbangsihnya dalam meruntuhkan kediktatoran pemerintah. Dengan menerapkan pendekatan strukturis dari Lloyd dan sumber arsip dari Republik Korea, penelitian ini menekankan dinamika peran Korea-YWCA dalam penegakan demokrasi yang terjadi sepanjang rentan waktu yang ditetapkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa secara konseptual, gagasan penegakan demokrasi oleh Korea-YWCA di periode 1961 hingga 1979 berakar dari reformasi politik nasional Korea di akhir abad ke-19 yang berhasil mencetak perempuan modern Korea, yang disebut sinyeoseong.Gerakan kemerdekaan rakyat Korea yang disebut Samil Undong, yang meletus di masa kolonisasi Jepang (1910-1945), menjadi titik tolak Korea-YWCA sebagai organisasi berbasis ajaran Kristen yang bersifat politis sehingga peran Korea-YWCA dalam demokratisasi pun sudah terlihat sejak dibentuk di tahun 1922. Peran Korea- YWCA dalam demokratisasi di tahun 1961 hingga 1987 berhasil mempresentasikan peran agency bernama Park Esterd dalam bentuk perluasan sektor kerja bagi kaum buruh perempuan Korea. Adapun peran Korea YWCA dalam demokratisasi pada periode ini bersumber dari gagasan Park Esterd yang diakui telah menghadirkanminjujueui room (ruang demokrasi) yang sangat menekankan kebebasan. Gagasan demokratis dari Park Esterd menjadi fondasi dalam transformasi pada kaum perempuan Korea yang dapat dijelaskan alasannya sebagai berikut. Bahwa, ajaran agama Kristen bagi masyarakat Korea tidak hanya dipandang sebagai agama baru, tetapi juga sebagai ideologi yang dipupuk dalam wadah organisasi sehingga melahirkan perempuan modern. Selain itu, terkait dengan demokratisasi, di bawah kepemimpinan Park Esterd, peran Korea-YWCA dapat sekaligus mengungkap semangat Puritanisme Amerika yang membentuk karakter kaum Kristen Korea yang menekankan nilai-nilai toleransi, tekun, dan rajin sehingga mengantarkan Republik Korea menjadi negara yang maju.

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This study analyzes the role of the Christian women's organization known as Korea- YWCA (Young Women Christian Association) in the democratization for women workers in the industrial area of Seoul, Republic of Korea from 1961 to 1987. Korea- YWCA is the first Christian women's organization to be formed in Korea since 1922 during the Japanese colonial period (1910-1945). Through the events of the women's labor demonstrations that took place Seoul in 1975, this study analyzes the role of the Korea-YWCA organization in reviving the spirit of the democratization and its contribution to overthrowing the government dictatorship. Applying a structurist approach from Lloyd's and archival sources from the Republic of Korea, this study emphasizes the dynamics of the Korea-YWCA influence in social change that occurs over a defined period of time. The results showed that conceptually the idea of upholding democracy by the Korea-YWCA in the period 1961 to 1979 was rooted in the Korean national political reforms in the late 19th century which succeeded in producing modern Korean women called sinyeoseong. The Korean people's independence movement called Samil Undong which occured during the Japanese colonization (1910- 1945) became the starting point for Korea-YWCA as a political organization based on Christian teachings so that the roke of Korea-YWCA in democratization has been seen since its formation in 1922. The role of Korea-YWCA in democratization from 1961 to 1987 succeeded in presenting the role of an agency named Park Esterd in the form of expanding the employment sector for Koren women workers. The Korea YWCA’s role in democratization in the period stemmed from the idea of Park Esterd who has acknowledged to have presented the minjujuei room (democracy room) which strongly emphasized freedom. Park Estherd’s democratic ideas became the foundation for the transformation of Korean women, which can be explained as follows. Whereas, the teachings of Christianity for the Korean people are not seen as a new religion, but also as an ideology that is fostered in organization so as to give birth to modern women. In addition, with regard to democratization, under the leadership of Park Esterd, the role of Korea-YWCA can simultaneously reveal the spirit of American Puritanism that shapes the character of Korea Christians who emphasize the values of tolerance, perseverance, and diligence so as to lead the Republic of Korea to become a developed country."