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"A cross sectional survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of heavy metal contamination and nutritional status of lactating women and children living in a low socio economic urban coastal community. The study was carried out in Kenjeran, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Socio-economically-linked parameters and nutritional status were assessed using a standardized questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were collected from all mothers and children, 94 venous blood and 86 breast milk samples were collected from the mothers and 10 blood samples were obtained from the children. Blood and breast milk samples were analyzed at BATAN1 in Jakarta, BLK2 in Surabaya and at SEAMED laboratory.The median age of the children was 15 months (range: 2-50 months). Median age of mothers and fathers was 26 and 30 years, respectively. The fathers? main occupation was in the private sector (33%) followed by fishermen (24%). Most mothers remained at home (80%). Stunting in children was 25.3% (HAZ<-2 SD), wasting was 9.9% (WHZ<-2 SD) and underweight was 30.8% (WAZ<-2 SD). Anemia was prevalent in 60% of the children (Hb<11g/dL) and 56.4% of the mothers (Hb<12g/dL). High levels of lead (71.3%), cadmium (33%) and mercury (8.5%) were found in the blood of the mothers and high levels of lead (94.2%), cadmium (77.9%) and mercury (34.9%) were found in the breast milk. Levels used to determine "high" Pb, Cd and Hg in blood were 300µg/L, 5gglL and 15µg/L, respectively. Levels used to determine "high" Pb, Cd and Hg in breast milk were 201.tg/L, 5 µgfL and 3.5 µg/L, respectively. Median levels of Pb-B, Cd-B and Hg-B were 416.7µg/L, 22.5 1411, and 6.3 µgfL, respectively. Median levels of Pb-M, Cd-M and Hg-M was 537.6 µg/L, 36µg/L and 0.7 µg/L, respectively. All children exceeded the level of concern for lead in blood recommended by the Centers for Disease Control (10µg/dL). High lead in breast milk was associated with low hemoglobin concentrations in the mothers' blood, and a high mercury concentration in blood was associated with the frequency of fresh fish intake.As a consequence of high heavy metal exposure in the environment, the population of Kenjeran is suffering from adverse health effects. Contaminated breast milk is a major public health concern for the future of the child's mental development and growth. Heavy metal contamination may endanger the health and well-being of the population, reduce work productivity and raise national health costs. Further studies are needed to monitor the extent of heavy metal contamination in coastal communities surrounding urban areas. Improving the micronutrient status of the population, raising public awareness on the negative health effects of metal toxicity, developing strategies to prevent further exposure, improving the quality of drinking water, identifying alternative sources of income and implementing industrial waste control laws are recommended.Notes :1) BATAN : Badan Tenaga Atom National (National Institute for Atomic Energy) in Jakarta.2) BLK : Balai Laboratorium Kesehatan (Laboratory of the Department of Health) in Surabay."

"ABSTRACTThe distraction of tropical rain forest in developing world has destroyed the forest ecological balance and affected its Inhabitants. In Indonesia, Increasing pressure on farm and forest lands has led the State Forest Corporation (SFC) to device a social forestry program. One of which was Implemented In Sanggau district, West Kalimantan province. The project, called Social Forestry Development Project (SFDP), aimed at establishing forest management system which allow for adequate income generation for the local population while preserving the forest ecological stability. The nutrition related activities of the project involved development of agricultural production, Income generation, development of Infrastructure facilities, and nutrition education. The study was conducted to Investigate the changes In nutritional situation of forest communities after three years Implementation of the SFDP In Sanggau district, West Kalimantan province. Two-repeat cross-sectional study was carried out In five sub villages of the project areas. Thirty households with under five children from each sub village were randomly selected from the list of total households that have under five children. Totally 152 households with 206 under five children from the first survey (April, 1993) and 151 households with 190 under five children from the second survey (September, 1996) were covered. Data on demographic characteristics, the nutritional status of under five children, socioeconomic conditions, sanitation conditions, food availability, food intake, child feeding practices, health services, exposure to Infectious diseases, and mothers' health and nutritional conditions were collected In both 1993 and 1996 surveys. Lower stunting prevalence (50.9% Vs 69.5%) and improved HAZ (-2.09 ± 1.46 Vs -2.70 ± 1.23) of children are observed in the area In 1996 compared to that In 1993. Suggesting that the project benefited the linear growth of children. The economic condition and food availability of the households In the area, as indicated by the Increase In percentage of households who owned radio and television (43.3% Vs 21.1% and 12.1% Vs 2.7%, respectively) and the decrease In percentage of those who experience food shortage (48.2% Vs 79.6%), was Improved. Significant Improvement was also observed In household consumption frequency of some food items and the ownership of KMS as well as Immunization coverage among the under five children. However, the sanitation condition and weaning practices in the area remained unchanged or even become worse and has led to high occurrence of diarrhea and Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). It was concluded that, the SFDP benefited linear growth of children by Improving the condition of some nutritional determinants. Therefore, the continuation and improvement of all current nutritional related activities of the project is recommended. Since the sanitation condition and weaning practices in the area was still bad, other recommendation would be an Introduction of latrine and clean water supply and weaning time for Infant at the age of 4-6 months instead of at younger age (less than 4 months)."

"ABSTRAKA study on microbiological quality of Nasi Rames was carried out ifrom December 1996 to January 1997. One hundred and two samples of Nasi Rames were collected and 102 food handler were interviewed. The microbiological contamination was assessed by using the method of enumeration of Indicator organisms (Aerobic Plate Count, Coliforms, and Escherichia coli) in PetrifilmTM at SEAMEO TROPMED Laboratory, Jakarta. High microbial counts were found in food samples. More than 21 % of food samples contained APC higher than 106 CFUIg food. Coliform counts higher than 102 CFUIg was found in 75.5% of Nasi Rames and 42.2% of the samples were contaminated with E. coll. The study did not find geographical pattern of microbiological contamination in studied area or any significant differences between districts as well as environment. Statistical analysis showed there was significant difference in microbial counts between vendor 1 and vendor 2. Further statistical analysis on risk factors contribute to microbial contamination showed that water source was associated with high counts of APC (p=0.016) and that the manner of waste disposal was associated with E. coli contamination (p=0.025). The study has suggested that the basic facilities were essential in the street vending operation. Considering that street food cater for numerous people, there are urgent needs to improve the microbiological quality of street foods. Actions should be taken to provide basic facilities and introduce the knowledge on food hygiene to street food vendors as well as the consumer."

"ABSTRAKStreet food is recognized as very important in the urban food supply. However due to the unsanitary conditions associated with most street food vending sites, the consumption of street foods is viewed as a potential health hazard. A cross sectional study was carried out from January to April, 1996 in order to assess the variability in the microbiological quality of different types of street foods in four urbanization areas (Atmajaya, Jl. Kendal, Thamrin and Pasar Jatinegara) of Jakarta. The possible influence of location and other related factors on the microbiological quality of street foods were also investigated. A total of 101 food samples, comprising of 11 food items (meals, meat, vegetable, staple and side dish) a beverage and ice were taken from the four locations and analyzed for Aerobic Plate Count (APC), Total Coliforms and E.coli using the pour plate and the most probable number techniques respectively. By using Aerobic Plate Counts as an Indicator, it was found that 6% of the overall food items had counts 105. In contrast E.coli was found in a larger number of the food items (25%). The highest bacterial counts were found in Nasi Rames (Rice, Fried Beef, Vegetables and Chili sauce (self made), 50% of the samples contained APC > 105 and 62.5% had E.coli present in them. Ayam and lkan goreng (Fried Chicken and Fried Fish) were comparatively safer food items. None of the samples contained E.coli and APC ranged from 103 to 104. Comparison between food types (high protein, low protein and meal} in the degree of bacterial contamination, showed significant differences between the meal and the high protein groups in the levels of Total Coliforms and E.coli Contamination (p<0.05). The meal group had higher bacterial counts. Further, foods that were composed of a larger number of ingredients had significantly higher counts of Coliforms than those with a single major ingredient. Statistical significant differences were found between the four urbanization areas in terms of APC counts (p<0.01) and Total Coliforms (p<0.05). These differences were attributable to the availability of basic facilities and sanitary conditions. The results indicate that handling practices, environmental sanitation and potable water supply are important factors influencing the microbiological quality of street foods."

"ABSTRAKA cross sectional study on nutritional status of children from small scale farmers' household applying different cropping pattern, was carried out in Cianjur District, West Java Province, Indonesia. There were 47 households producing vegetable (VPH) and 44 households producing rice (RPH), which were selected. Children from small-scale farmers? households seem to be quite vulnerable of malnutrition. Comparation of these two groups of small-scale farmers showed that stunting prevalence among children belonging to rice farmers' households was greater than children belonging to vegetable farmers. Dietary of nutrient intake was less in children from rice group than children from vegetable group. Monthly expenditure per capita from rice farmers' households was less than vegetable farmers' households had. "

"ABSTRACTThe study was conducted to investigate whether the intestinal helminthiasis influence the acute phase response (APR), nutritional status and iron status, and the impact of anthelminthic treatment on the APR and iron status among school children 8 - 11 years old in SD 01 and 02 Papanggo, Tanjung Priok, North Jakarta. The prevalence of helminthiasis among these children was regarding to Ascaris lumbricoides 81.6 %, T richuris Trichiura 88.3 % and mixed infection A.lumbricoides and T : trichiura 70 %. Of 120 children enrolled in this study, 59 children received a single 400 mg dose Albendazole, 61 children received placebo.The design of this study was a cross sectional association study combined with a randomized, doubly-masked, community intervention trial. At the beginning of the study, anthropometric measurements were taken. In addition, stool samples, plasma iron, hemoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP), White Blood Cell (WBC), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), Interleukin-1 (IL-I), Interleuldn-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) concentrations were determined prior to the interventions and 10 days after.The children with Z-score of WFA, WFH and FIFA less than -2 were 24,2 %, 6,7 % and 19.2 %, respectively. Of 30 % of the subjects were anemic (Hb <12 g /dl) and 21.6 % had plasma iron levels below normal (male < 59 µg/dl, female < 37µg/dl).CRP,IL-1,IL-6 and TNF showed normal values in both groups before and 10 days after treatment. ESR was significantly increased in both groups 10 days after treatment. Within group increases in WBC count was significant only in the treatment group.Plasma iron concentration was significantly increased in the treatment group (P = < 0.05) whereas it was significantly decreased in the placebo group (P = < 0.05). Increases in hemoglobin level in the treatment group and the decrease in the control group were no statistically significant.This study concluded that the APR were normal during the intestinal helminthiasis and the intensity of infection were not proportional with the APR level, The helminth treatment with single 400 mg dose of Albendazole has not only a significant effect on decreasing worm burden but also a rise in plasma iron."