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"ABSTRAKTikus jantan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 360 ekor (LMR Strain, Wistar derivad), berumur 3 bulan dengan berat badan berkisar antara 135 - 140 gram. Tikus tersebut dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok, masing-masing terdiri atas 90 ekor. Tiap kelompok dibagi secara acak menjadi 10 subkelompok, masingmasing terdiri atas 9 ekor. Testis dari 7 ekor tikus dipapar dengan medan elektrostatik dari tegangan listrik searah 1 kV, 2 kV, 3 kV, 4 kV, 5 kV, 6 kV, dan 7 kV. Sedangkan 2 ekor sisanya digunakan sebagai kontrol dengan perlakuan dan kontrol tanpa perlakuan.Tikus dimasukkan ke dalam tabung pralon, kemudian kedua testisnya dipapar dengan medan elektrostatik satu jam per hari selama 30 hari. Tikus kontrol dengan perlakuan diberi perlakuan sama dengan tikus percobaan, tetapi tanpa medan elektrostatik. Sedangkan tikus kontrol tanpa perlakuan tidak diberi perlakuan apapun. Semua tikus dikawinkan dengan tikus betina normal berumur 4 bulan dengan berat badan antara 135 - 140 gram, pada akhir pasca perlakuan 3, 30, 60, dan 90 hari selama 24 jam. Pemeriksaan sel-sel germinal secara kuantitatif dilakukan di stadium II, V, VII, X, dan XIII pada akhir keempat pasca perlakuan tersebut, yaitu setelah dicampur dengan tikus betina selama 24 jam.Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan, bahwa pengaruh medan elektrostatik dari tegangan listrik searah 1 kV sampai 7 kV terhadap testis tikus adalah menimbulkan perubahan sebaran stadia epitel seminiferus yang sangat nyata.Penelitian secara kuantitatif menunjukkan penyusutan yang sangat nyata pada spermatogonia A dan B, spermatosit primer (R, L, Z, P, dan Di) pada semua stadium yang diperiksa, yaitu pada stadium II, V, VII, X, dan XIII. Sampai pada akhir pasca perlakuan 90 hari, belum terlihat adanya pemulihan yang nyata dari sel-sel germinal. Sebaliknya tidak terlihat pengaruh yang nyata dari medan elektrostatik pada tegangan listrik searah 1 kV sampai 7 kV, terhadap spermatogonia In.Tikus betina yang dikawinkan dengan tikus jantan dari kelompok percobaan 1 kV sampai 7 kV pada akhir pasca perlakuan 30, 60, dan 90 hari, semuanya hamil. Tetapi, jumlah anak yang dihasilkan memperlihatkan penurunan yang sangat nyata, dibandingkan dengan jumlah anak pada kelompok kontrol. Keadaan rasio seks dari keturunan yang dihasilkan pada kelompok tikus percobaan, tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata dengan rasio seks pada keturunan dari kelompok kontrol.Anomali kongenital terdapat pada anak tikus jantan dan betina, yang dihasilkan dari perkawinan dengan tikus jantan percobaan dari tegangan listrik searah 6 kV dan 7 kV. Sedangkan perlakuan dengan medan elektrostatik dari tengangan listrik di bawah 6 kV tidak diperoleh anomali kongenital pada semua keturunannya, seperti halnya pada keturunan dari kelompok kontrol. Tipe anomali yang terlihat yaitu mikroftalmia bilateral, muka bulat agak sembab disertai pertumbuhan rambut yang tidak teratur, ujung kulit penis memanjang seperti praeputium, dan penyempitan gelang panggul pada beberapa ekor anak tikus betina. Rasio seks pada keturunan yang mengalami anomali tidak berbeda nyata dengan rasio seks pada keturunan dari kedua k

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ABSTRACT

A total of 360 adult male rats (LMR Strain, Wistar de-rived), 3 months of old, 135 - 140 gr body weight were used in this investigation. Ninety rats each from the total were divided randomly into 10 groups of 9 rats each treated as follows. The first 7 rats of each groups were exposed to electrostatic field of 1 kV, 2 kV, 3 kV, 4 kV, 5 kV, 6 kV, and 7 kV potential respectyvely. The remaining 2 rats served as treated and untreated controls. The rats were put into plastic tubes, then each testis of the experimental rats was exposed to an electrostatic field between the electrodes for one hour. The treated control rats were put into plastic tubes, but were not exposed to the electrostatic field. Untreated control received no treatment. The treatment was given every day for 30 days. After 3, 30, 60, and 90 days of the series of treatment, all rats were mated to an adult female rat.

The purpose of the present study was, (1) to evaluate quantitatively the development of germ cells of seminiferous epithelium after exposure to electostatic field; (2) to evaluate whether treatment with an electrostatic field to the testis of adult rats can induced congenital anomalies.

The result presented show that the effect of electrostatic field of 1 kV to 7 kV cause significantly alteration in the distribution of stages of the cycle of seminiferous epithelium.

A quantitative investigation of the seminiferous epithelium at stages II, V, VII, X, and XIII of the spermatogenic cycle showed that A and B spermatogonia, all primary spermatocytes, and spermatids were significantly decreased. No recovery of these germinal cells were found up to 90 days after exposure to electrostatic field. However, In spermatogonia were not seriously affected by electrostatic field of 1 kV to 7 kV.

All female rats became prequant after being mated to treated male rats. However, the mean number of offspring of treated rats mated 3, 30, 60, and 90 days after exposure to electrostatic field of 1 kV to 7 kV for 30 days were significantly reduced in number of offspring as compared to control groups. The sex ratios of offspring in the experimental groups were unaffected by the different treatments. No significant difference was found in the sex ratios between the experimental groups and control groups.

Congenital anomalies were noted in both sexes of the offspring sired by rats exposed to an electrostatic field of 6 kV to 7 kV. No congenital anomalies were noted in offspring from rats treated with doses below 6 kV or in the control groups.

Several anomalies were evident such as microthalmy and "round face" with omnidirectional hair growth. The external genitalia of some adult male offspring were affected in some instances with elongation of the foreskin of the penis (praeputium like), and a narrow pelvic girdle was found in some adult female offspring. The sex ratio of offspring with congenital anomalies from 3, 30, 60, and 90 days after exposure to 6 kV or 7 kV were not significantly different from that found in the control groups."

"Dalam disertasi ini, diusulkan suatu metoda pendekatan statistik untuk transformasi tekstur, berdasarkan penggunaan gabungan antara penguatan tingkat keabuan atau "greylevel" secara linier oleh kejadian-gandeng atau "co-occurence", dan filter spatial rata-rata dalam sebuah jendela bergerak atau "moving window" yang berukuran tertentu.Dua parameter yakni tingkat keserupaan atau " range of similarity" dan jarak spatial, dapat dipilih dalam mengverifikasikan model dari metoda ini untuk menghasilkan beberapa citra transformasi baru yang dipakai pada pengsegmentasian tekstur. Citra transformasi yang dihasilkan itu, tidak bergantung kepada orientasi pola masukan, dan unjuk-kerja separabilitas, telah dipakai sebagai kriteria gemilihan untuk klassifikasi per-titik.Untuk menguji-coba metoda ini, telah dipakai suatu "testchart" citra sederhana yang terdiri dari beberapa pola tekstur dan disusun dalam pelbagai orientasi dan hasilnya ternyata cukup baik untuk pcngklasifikasian dan mendeteksi batas antar kelas tekstur.Kemudian metoda tersebut diterapkan pula pada bebcrapa citra praktis antara lain citra-citra : Sonar, Pemotretan udara, Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-B), dan Satelit SPOT untuk menyelidiki parameter-parameter yang dominan dari citra yang bersangkutan.

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In this dissertation, it is proposed a method of statistical approach for texture transformation. The basic operational principle of this method is image transformation, based on the combined operations of greylevel contrast enhancement by the use of the number of co-occurence, and of calculating the mean by using a local filter operator within a certain moving window.The changes in texture can be detected by selecting an appropriate input parameters, i.e. the range of similarity and the spatial distance, those are related to the input textural patterns, and will also produce the output greylevel changes. The transformed images are not depend on the orientation of input images, and the separability performance was used as a criteria for image selection in the per-point classification.A simple typical testchart textural image was selected to test the capability of this method for the image classification and boundary detection. The experimental results indicated that it provided more than 95% of the classification accuracy, and the boundaries between each textural class can also be provided. This method have applied to some practical imageries, such as the Sonar image, the Aerial-photographic image, the SIR-B image, the SPOT-satellite image, for investigating the dominant parameters from the corresponding images."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai penentuan beberapa senyawa﷓senyawa dalam batang dan daun Cleome viscose, L.(Capparidaceae) telah dilakukan dengan maksud untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa kimia dalam fraksi yang bersifat asam, dan untuk menentukan aktivitas biologinya. Percobaan meliputi ekstraksi, pemisahan, isolasi, dan identifikasi senyawa yang bersifat asam. Uji aktivitas biologi senyawa terisolasi dari fraksi yang bersifat asam dilakukan pada tikus jantan jenis Sprague-Dawley. Daun dan batang tanaman Cleome viscoea diekstrak dengan eter selama empat hari. Ekstrak yang telah dikisatkan dicuci berturut-turut dengan natrium bikarbonat dan natrium hidroksida. Air cucian natrium hidroksida terlebih dahulu dinetralkan dengan asam klorida, kemudian diekstrak dengan eter, sehingga didapat fraksi senyawa yang bersifat asam. Pemisahan dan isolasi senyawa yang terkandung dalam fraksi yang bersifat asam dilakukan dengan cara kromatografi lapisan tipis dan kromatografi kolom. Kemudian senyawa yang telah terisolasi dimurnikan dengan cara kristalisasi. Struktur senyawa yang murni ditentukan dengan menggunakan analisis unsur, spektrofotometer infra merah, ultra lembayung, resonansi magnetik inti (1H dan 13C), spektrometri massa dan analisis sinar-X. Degradasi dan pembuatan derivatnya dilakukan untuk memperkuat data tetapan fisik. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa fraksi yang bersifat asam dari tanaman Cleome viscosa mengandung dua senyawa asam sembren yang belum pernah diisolasi. Kedua senyawa tersebut, yaitu asam (1R, 3E, 7Z, 12R)-20-monohidroksisembra-3,7,15-trien-19-oat dan asam (1R, 3E, 7Z, 11Z)-17,20-dihidroksisembra-3,7,11,15-tetraen-19-oat dapat digolongkan sebagai senyawa baru. Selain kedua senyawa tersebut, terisolasi pula dua senyawa flavonoid, yaitu senyawa 8-monohidroksi-3,7,4-trimetoksi kuersetin dan senyawa 3,4-dimetoksi kuersetin. Kedua senyawa ini baru pertama kali diisolasi dart tanaman Cleome viscosa, Percobaan aktivitas biologi menunjukkan bahwa kedua senyawa asam sembren mempunyai efek pada pembentukan malondialdehida dari platelet tikus, yaitu senyawa asam (1R, 3E, 7Z, 12R)-20-monohidroksisenbra-3,7,15-trien-l9-oat sebanyak 0,5 mg menghalangi pembentukan malond ialdehidu sebesar 77,54%, sedangkan asam (1R, 3E, 7Z, 11Z)-17,20-dihidroksisembra-3,7,11,15-tetraen-19-oat sebanyak 0,5 mg menghalangi pembentukan malondialdehida sebesar 69,69%.

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Abstractpembentukan malondialdehida sebesar 69,69%. This work was carried out to investigate some chemical constituents and their biological activity from the acidic fraction of Cleome viscose's leaves and stems. The study included extraction, separation, isolation and identification of the acidic compounds. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for biological activity's experiments of these acidic compounds. Leaves and stems of Cleome viscose were extracted by ether for four days; crude extract was washed by sodium bicarbonate and sodium hydroxide successively. Sodium hydroxide fraction was neutralized by hydrochloric acid, extracted by ether, acidic compounds fractions was obtained. Separation and isolation of individual acidic compound were conducted by a combination of thin layer and column chromatography technique and an isolated crystal compound was purified by crystallization. The structure of the pure compound was established by using infrared and ultra violet spectrophotometer, proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance?s, chemical analysis, mass spectrometer and X-ray diffraction analysis. Degradation and derivative preparation were also done beside spectroscopic method to elucidate the isolated compounds. The study showed, acidic fraction obtained two cembrane compounds, which was not isolated before. The two new compounds were (1R, 3E, 72, 12R)-20-monohydroxycembra-3,7,15-trien-19-oic acid and (1R, 3E, 72, 112)-17,20-dihydroxycembra-3,7,11,15-tetraen-19-oic acid. Be-side two cembrenoid acids, other two flavonoid compounds were isolated and identified as 8-monohydroxy-3, 7,4-trimethoxy quercetin and 3,4-dimethoxy quercetin. These two compounds were isolated from Cleome viscosa for the first time. The biological activity test showed that two new cembrenoid acids had effects on malondialdehyde generation during thrombine-induced aggregation of rat pletelets. Inhibition by (1R, 3E, 7Z, 12R)-20-monohydroxycembra-3,7,15-trien-l9-oic acid (0.50 mg) on malondialdehyde generation could be 77.54%, while inhibition by (1R, 3E, 72, 112)-17,20 -dihydroxycembra -3,7,11,15-tetraen-19-oic acid (0.50 mg) on malondialdehyde generation could be 69.69%. "

"ABSTRACTThe main purpose of the study was to determine which characteristics and factors affect the pattern of treatment-seeking behavior in the sub district. The achievement of this objective was intended to add knowledge of treatment-seeking behavior to existing knowledge on both behavioral epidemiology and health services research as well as to provide useful information to formulate interventions in extending treatment services from the Lilirilau Sub district Health Center to the whole sub district.In early 1982, the data were collected from a representative sample of 1347 households with 472 sick household members. The data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate and discriminant analysis.The main results of the study are: The decision maker who preferred the sick person to be treated at home was more likely to choose home treatment than to seek treatment, to seek treatment from traditional healers than modern health services, and from paramedical personnel than the health center. Those who knew about the medications needed for a sickness were more likely to conduct self-treatment than choose no treatment. Most of those living more than 3 km from the health center were more likely to choose the policlinic and health promoter in the village concerned than the sub district health center.Most of those from families with lower wealth and with occupations in the FHLN (farmers, housewives, laborers and no job) category were more likely to seek treatment from traditional healers than modern health services, and to seek treatment from paramedical personnel than at the health center when compared with those from families with higher wealth and with occupations in the GEMS (government employees, businessmen, merchants and skilled workers) category. The decision makers for under-fives were more likely to-seek treatment from traditional healers than modern health services. Most of those with occupations in the FHLN category and who were uneducated were more likely to seek treatment at the policlinic and health promoter in the village concerned than at the health center. The household head was most often the decision maker for sick persons of all ages, while the housewife had a more important role in making decisions for children under-five than older children.The preference to be treated at home that was associated with knowledge about the medication needed and may be related to the habits of the community, while that associated with the age of the sick person may be related to the beliefs in the community. In line with these habits and beliefs, the sick persons undertake home treatment or seek treatment from paramedical personnel and traditional healers. Thus, the health center should undertake interventions to make self-treatment safe and effective. In addition, the health center should consider and implement alternative interventions so that both paramedical personnel and traditional healers extend treatment services safely and effectively. This intervention should be directed especially toward the target population: those with occupations in the FHLN category in the community, and household heads and housewives at the household level."