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"Sejak pertengahan 1990-an, semakin banyak negara berkembang yang menempuh Integrasi Ekonomi Regional (REI) dengan negara maju melalui Perjanjian Perdagangan Regional (RTA). Negara anggota perjanjian tersebut memberikan perlakuan yang lebih menguntungkan terhadap satu sama lain daripada terhadap mitra dagang lainnya yang bukan negara anggota. Perlakuan diskriminatif ini jelas tidak konsisten dengan kewajiban perlakuan Most Favoured Nation (MFN) WTO. Meskipun kewajiban perlakuan MFN merupakan prinsip dasar, namun WTO memperkenankan anggotanya untuk mengesampingkan prinsip tersebut dan menempuh REI berdasarkan Pasal XXIV GATT 1994 untuk RTA, Pasal V GATS untuk Perjanjian Integrasi Ekonomi (EIA) dan Klausul Enabling. Penelitian ini menganalisa mengapa WTO memberikan pengecualian tersebut. Selain itu, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi kecenderungan di kalangan negara berkembang menempuh REI dengan negara maju serta meneliti bagaimana negara berkembang dapat mengambil keuntungan tanpa mengucilkan sistem perdagangan multilateral WTO. Berdasarkan analisis hukum, REI sangat bermanfaat bagi negara berkembang WTO. Penelitian ini mendesak KTT APEC ke-21 dan Konferensi Tingkat Menteri ke-9 WTO di Bali untuk digunakan sebagai kesempatan untuk menunjukkan peran aktif dari masing-masing negara berkembang terutama tuan rumah, Indonesia, dalam mempromosikan liberalisasi perdagangan dan investasi secara regional dan global. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa REI diperlukan untuk mengambil langkah lebih lanjut dalam mewujudkan tujuan WTO untuk menciptakan perdagangan yang bebas dan adil. Selain itu, negara berkembang disarankan untuk menggunakan REI sebagai pilihan kebijakan terbaik kedua dan terus menempatkan prioritas tertinggi pada WTO dengan berkomitmen terhadap modus operandi WTO.

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Since mid-1990s, developing countries are increasingly pursuing Regional Economic Integration (REI) with developed countries through Regional Trade Agreements (RTA). In this case, the parties to such agreements offer each other more favourable treatment than they offer to other trading partners that are nonparties. Clearly, such discriminatory treatment is inconsistent with the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) treatment obligation of the WTO. Although MFN treatment obligation is a fundamental principle, the WTO does allow WTO members to set aside the principle and pursue REI under Article XXIV of the GATT 1994 for RTA, Article V of the GATS for Economic Integration Agreement (EIA) and the Enabling Clause. With that being said, this research analyses why does the WTO provides such exception. In addition, it explores the tendency among developing countries to pursue REI with developed countries and and examines how can those developing countries benefit from their pursuit without undermining the multilateral trading system of the WTO.

Based on a legal analysis, this research argues that REI will be highly beneficial for developing countries of the WTO. Furthermore, the research urges the 21st APEC Summit and the 9th Ministerial Conference of the WTO in Bali to be used as an opportunity to demonstrate an active role of each developing economy especially the host, Indonesia, in promoting regional and global trade and investment liberalisation. This research concludes that REI is necessary to take further steps towards realising the goal of the WTO to have a fair and freer trade. Moreover, developing countries are recommended to consider REI as the second best policy option and continue to place the highest priority on the WTO by committing to modus operandi of the WTO."

"Dalam perjalanan menuju negara tujuan untuk mendapatkan perlindungan, pencari suaka seringkali melakukan perjalanan melalui laut dengan menggunakan kapal yang tidak laik laut dan seringkali pula dilakukan dengan bantuan kelompok penyelundup migran. Perjalanan yang berbahaya ini mengakibatkan banyaknya kapal pencari suaka yang mengalami kecelakaan di laut sehingga para pencari suaka seringkali berada dalam keadaan bahaya di laut. Hukum internasional mewajibkan negara untuk melakukan SAR untuk menyelamatkan setiap orang yang berada dalam keadaan bahaya di laut, termasuk pencari suaka. Ketentuan SAR secara khusus diatur dalam International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue. Pelaksanaan upaya SAR bagi pencari suaka terkait pula penentuan place of safety, prinsip non-refoulement dan tindak pidana penyelundupan migran.

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The journey to the destination country to seek protection, asylum-seekers frequently take the journey through sea by sea unworthy boats and they are seldom helped by migrant smugglers. This dangerous journey has caused a lot of asylum-seekers faced accident at sea and made them in distress at sea. International law obliges states to do SAR operation to save every person who is in distress at sea, including asylum-seekers. The special provisions related to SAR are consisted in International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue. SAR operation to save asylum-seekers also related to the determination of place of safety, non-refoulement principle and migrant smuggling."

"Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Den Haag pada tahun 2011 memutuskan untuk menerima klaim gugatan yang diajukan oleh keluarga para korban pembantaian Rawagedeh yang dilakukan oleh tentara Belanda pada tahun 1947 silam. Pengajuan klaim ganti kerugian dilakukan dengan cara mengajukan gugatan perdata ke muka Pengadilan Negeri Den Haag. Hal ini dilakukan sebagai upaya hukum terakhir yang dapat dilakukan oleh penggugat mengingat tidak adanya penyelesaian perkara yang seharusnya dilakukan oleh negara Belanda secara publik. Meskipun Pengadilan Negeri Den Haag mengabulkan klaim gugatan atas pemulihan para keluarga korban, akan tetapi dalam amar putusannya tidak menjelaskan bentuk pelanggaran atas kewajiban internasional yang dilakukan oleh Belanda atas pembantaian Rawagedeh. Oleh karena itu, penulisan skripsi ini dimaksudkan untuk menganalisis bentuk tanggung jawab negara Belanda kepada para keluarga korban Rawagedeh menurut hukum internasional.

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The Hague District Court in 2011 decided to accept the claims filed by the relatives of the Rawagedeh massacre victims back in 1947 conducted by the Dutch troops. The plaintiffs filed a lawsuit for reparations through civil procedure to the District Court of The Hague. This action is seen as the last resort taken by the plaintiff given the absence of any judicial process the Dutch authority should have conducted publicly. Although the Hague District Court has granted these lawsuit, but the verdict did not explain what kind of violation of international obligations taken by the Dutch troop in Rawagedeh massacre. Thus, this thesis is aimed to analyze the Dutch responsibility to give remedies to the families of the victims in Rawagedeh under international law."

"Skripsi ini pertama menjelaskan perkembangan dan pengaturan kebebasan dalam menangkap ikan di laut bebas yang tercantum di dalam UNCLOS 1982, kemudian skripsi ini juga menjelaskan serta menganalisa mengenai kewajiban lain dalam kebebasan menangkap ikan di laut bebas yaitu kewajiban negara untuk mnegadopsi tindakan yang bertalian terhadap warga negaranya untuk konservasi wilayah laut bebas dan kewajiban negara untuk bekerjasama secara regional dalam pengelolaan serta konservasi wilayah laut bebas. Selanjutnya dalam skripsi ini akan membahas penerapan ketentuan hukum internasional dalam pengelolaan serta konservasi perikanan wilayah laut bebas di negara Indonesia serta membahas bagaimana praktik negara Indonesia dalam memanfaatkan serta tindakan konservasi perikanan laut bebas.

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This research explains the development and regulations of the freedom of high seas fisheries as stipulated at UNCLOS 1982. Then this research analyzes the national measures for high seas fisheries and the duty of cooperate with regional fisheries management with another states to manage and conserve the high seas fisheries. Then this research analysed the implementation of the international regulations about fisheries on the high seas and its duty in Indonesia and also the practise and application of high seas fisheries in Indonesia."

"Background: The occurrence of the IUU fishing in high seas and State water jurisdiction has been developed in many regions all over the world and become one of the global issues. International law related to fisheries has the significant role as a combatant towards such issue through international movement, implemented by States reflected on each State practices.Research questions: This research will analyze the practice and history of the IUU fishing terminology, international law and regulation related to fisheries, State measures and current State practices enforced by States.Research Methodology: An effective international law and regulations related to fisheries could cope with such problem noted that consistently followed by the implementation of State practices in their national measures. Assisted with international coordination, effort and movement to form cooperation.Conclusion: The international movement to combat IUU fishing is one of the most forward importance for international community coping IUU fishing issues since acknowledged that such issue is one of the global context problem necessarily needed international cooperation and coordination to implement best optimum management and conservation sustainability related to fisheries activity, mainly in abolishment of IUU fishing, by adopting effective international regulations."

"Compulsory licensing diatur dalam Pasal 31 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Di dalam pasal tersebut ada pengecualian compulsory licensing yakni dalam hal terjadinya suatu national emergency or extreme urgency atau untuk public non-commercial use. Tetapi perjanjian internasional tersebut tidak mengatur definisi pengecualian penerapan compulsory licensing. Penelitian ini meninjau penafsiran terkait penerapan compulsory licensing atas paten farmasi, dalam hal terjadinya epidemi HIV/AIDS di Afrika Selatan, Brasil dan Thailand. Dalam penerapannya, masih terdapat perbedaan tafsiran antara negara-negara tersebut dan Amerika Serikat. Perbedaan tafsiran ini menimbulkan konflik yang akhirnya diselesaikan secara bilateral.

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Compulsory licensing is one of patent?s flexibilities, that is governed on Art. 31 of Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. There are several exceptions in implementing compulsory licensing such as in case of ?national emergency or extreme urgency? or for ?public non-commercial use?. However, the international law instrument does not give exact definition of such exceptions. Furthermore, it reviews the implementation of compulsory licensing over pharmaceutical patent in regards of HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa, Brazil and Thailand. In practice, there are differences in interpretation between these countries with United States. The differences in interpretation raise conflict that eventually settled bilaterally."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai pertanggungjawaban bagi para pihak yang terlibat dalam kerusakan terumbu karang akibat kandasnya kapal pesiar MS Caledonian Sky di Raja Ampat, Indonesia, yang terjadi pada tahun 2017 silam. Hingga saat ini, kasus kandasnya MS Caledonian Sky yang merusak terumbu karang di perairan Indonesia tersebut masih belum membuahkan penyelesaian. Tulisan ini menjabarkan bentuk-bentuk pertanggungjawaban yang tersedia dalam hal terjadinya kerusakan lingkungan hidup terumbu karang di kawasan perairan sensitif, yang diatur dalam berbagai sumber hukum internasional prinsip-prinsip hukum internasional, konvensi, dan perjanjian regional, di mana penerapannya dapat dilihat berdasarkan praktik negara-negara states practices seperti Australia, dan Filipina, melalui kebijakan serta instrumen hukum nasional yang diberlakukan terhadap kawasan perairan sensitif yang mengandung terumbu karang pada yurisdiksi nasional mereka. Selanjutnya, tulisan ini juga menganalisa harmonisasi antara ketentuan hukum internasional yang tersedia dengan ketentuan hukum nasional Indonesia sehubungan dengan pertanggungjawaban yang akhirnya relevan bagi penyelesaian kasus MS Caledonian Sky. Metode penelitian dalam skripsi ini ialah penelitian yuridis normatif. Pada akhir pembahasan, termuat tiga simpulan dan tiga saran yang berkaitan dengan bentuk-bentuk pertanggungjawaban atas kerusakan kawasan terumbu karang oleh kapal dalam kaitannya dengan kasus MS Caledonian Sky.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the liabilities for the parties responsible in coral reefs damage due to the grounding of cruiseship MS Caledonian Sky in Raja Ampat, Indonesia, which occurred in 2017. Up until now, the MS Caledonian Sky grounding accident remains unsolved. This writing describes the form of liabilities available for coral reefs damage that occurs in sensitive sea areas containing coral reefs habitat, which are regulated under sources of international law the principles of international law, conventions and regional agreements, and the implementation of which can be seen in states practices such as Australia, and the Philippines, through their national legal instruments and governing policy for sensitive sea areas containing coral reefs within their national jurisdictions. Furthermore, this paper as well analyzes the harmonization between the provisions of international law available with the provisions of Indonesian law that are relevant for the case of MS Caledonian Sky for the parties involved to be held accountable. In this thesis, the research method being used is the normative juridical type. At the end of this thesis, there are three conclusions and three suggestions concerning the form of liabilities for coral reefs damage by vessels which applicable to the MS Caledonian Sky grounding accident. "

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas ketentuan State of Necessity dalam Bilateral Investment Treaty ldquo ("BIT") rdquo sebagai dasar bagi para pihak dalam BIT untuk mengesampingkan pelaksanaan tanggung jawab negara atas tindakan pelanggaran kewajiban internasional dalam BIT Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan studi kasus atas sengketa LG&E Energy Corp, LG&E Capital Corp, LG&E International Inc ldquo ("LG&E") rdquo melawan Republik Argentina melalui pendekatan metode yuridis normatif Permasalahan utama dari penerapan State of Necessity dalam kasus tersebut antara lain sifat self judging klausul State of Necessity dalam BIT serta akibat penerapan State of Necessity terhadap keberlakuan BIT dan kewajiban pemberian ganti rugi Hasil pembahasan skripsi ini menyarankan perlunya pengaturan State of Necessity dalam BIT yang disepakati oleh setiap negara termasuk dalam BIT yang disepakati oleh Indonesia untuk menyeimbangkan kewajiban perlindungan investasi dan kepentingan esensial negara.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis explores the provision of State of Necessity in Bilateral Investment Treaty ldquo ("BIT") rdquo as a basis for the Parties to preclude the implementation of state responsibility against its wrongful act violating international obligations of BIT. The analysis will be conducted with regard to the case of LG&E Energy Corp, LG&E Capital Corp, LG&E International Inc ldquo ("LG&E") rdquo against Argentine Republic by using normative legal method The main problems of the implementation of state of necessity in the case are the self judging characteristic of State of Necessity provision in BIT and the consequences of its implementation on the enforceability of BIT and the obligation of reparation The result of this thesis suggest the importance of the regulation of State of Necessity in the BIT including the BIT agreed by Indonesia in order to balance investment protection and the safeguarding of essential interests of the State."

"Skripsi ini mengkaji penerapan prinsip The Most Favoured Nation di dalam penyelesaian sengketa investasi internasional yang berasal dari Bilateral Investment Treaties. Melalui penelitian yuridis-normatif, skripsi ini membahas mengenai prinsip The Most Favoured Nation menurut hukum internasional, prinsip The Most Favoured Nation di dalam Bilateral Investment Treaties dan sengketa-sengketa investasi internasional yang berkaitan dengan penerapan prinsip The Most Favoured Nation menurut keputusan pengadilan dan arbitrase internasional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada beberapa prinsip umum hukum internasional dan instrumen hukum internasional yang mengatur mengenai prinsip The Most Favoured Nation di bidang investasi, ragam ketentuan prinsip The Most Favoured Nation di dalam Bilateral Investment Treaties serta adanya perdebatan tentang penerapan prinsip The Most Favoured Nation di dalam sengketa investasi internasional.

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This study discusses about the application of the Most Favoured Nation principle in international investment dispute settlement originating from Bilateral Investment Treaties. Through juridical-normative research, this study elaborates about the Most Favoured Nation principle under international law, the principle of the Most Favoured Nation principle in the Bilateral Investment Treaties and international investment disputes related to the application of the Most Favoured Nation principle according to the decisions of international courts and international arbitration. The research of this study shows some general principles of international law and international legal instruments that governs the Most Favoured Nation principle in investment field, diversity of the Most Favoured Nation provisions in Bilateral Investment Treaties and debates about the application of the Most Favoured Nation principle in international investment disputes."

"Skripsi ini membahas penerapan United Nations Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space 1986 (Prinsip 1986) dalam kegiatan satelit penginderaan jauh di berbagai negara, termasuk Indonesia, melalui kebijakan nasionalnya. Prinsip 1986 mengatur secara umum kegiatan penginderaan jauh agar tetap sejalan dengan prinsip kegiatan keantariksaan. Di era globalisasi, teknologi penginderaan jauh semakin maju dengan sektor swasta semakin aktif terlibat. Salah satu isu utama penerapannya adalah prinsip non-diskriminasi atas akses terhadap data. Indonesia, sebagai negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia, membutuhkan jasa satelit penginderaan jauh untuk memecahkan kompleksitas permasalahan terkait fakta geografisnya. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif, dengan meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder yang bersifat hukum atau berupa norma hukum tertulis.

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This thesis studies the implementation of United Nations Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space 1986 (Principles 1986) in satellite remote sensing activities at various States, including Indonesia, through their national policies. Principles 1986 is generally regulating remote sensing activities while preserving the principles of outer space. In the globalization era, the technology is getting more sophisticated, by private entities providing services more actively. One of the main issues in its implementation is the principle of non-discriminatory access to data. Indonesia, as the biggest archipelagic country in the world, requires such remote sensing services to unravel the complexity of problems related to its geographical facts. This thesis is conducted using a juridical-normative research, by reviewing legal references, national and also international legal norms."