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"Diare masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang cukup serius di Kabupaten Bogor. Angka kejadian diare tinggi dalam 5 tahun terakhir dan menimbulkan KLB. Pada tahun 2009 terjadi KLB diare di kecamatan Cigudeg, Cisarua, dan Megamendung dengan CFR 0,78% serta tahun 2010 terjadi lagi di Sukamanah, angka kematian diare 1,82%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor risiko diare di Kecamatan Cisarua, Cigudeg dan Megamendung Kabupaten Bogor. Disain penelitian adalah kasus kontrol, kasus adalah penderita diare yang tercatat dalam register puskesmas selama 14 hari terakhir waktu penelitian berlangsung dan kontrol adalah penduduk yang tidak menderita diare, tetangga kasus. Jumlah sampel kasus 110 responden dan kontrol 110 responden. Pengumpulan data dengan wawancara langsung menggunakan kuesioner. Kuesioner berisikan pertanyaan tentang karateristik responden (jenis kelamin, pendidikan dan pekerjaan), perilaku cuci tangan, higiene sanitasi makanan, serta faktor lingkungan (jenis lantai, sumber air bersih, penanganan sampah dan pembuangan tinja) dan kualitas bakteriologis air bersih. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara higiene sanitasi makanan dengan kejadian diare (nilai p<0,004) dan Odds Ratio2,222 pada 95% interval kepercayaan 1,284-3,485. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah faktor risiko yang paling dominan adalah higiene sanitasi makanan minuman.

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Diarrhea disease remains serious public health problems in Bogor Regency. Diarrhea morbidity is higher for the last 5 years and occurrence of outbreaks. In 2009, outbreaks of diarrhea in the Cisarua, Cigudeg and Megamendung district with Case Fatality Rate 0,78%, also in 2010 outbreak of diarrhea occurred again in Sukamanah with diarrhea mortality rates by 1,82%.

This study aims to analyze the risk factor diarrhea in Cisarua, Cigudeg dan Megamendung sub district, Bogor regency. This study has a case-control design, samples are suffer diarrhoea and registered health center for 14 days research and the controls are not person who were not suffer of diarrhoea, neighbour of case. There were 110 cases and 110 controls.

The information were collected by interviews using a structured questionnaire. These included demographic characteristic respondents (gender, education and employment), the behavior of hand washing, food hygiene and sanitation, environmental factor (clean water, waste handling, disposal of feces and type of floor), and the bacteriological quality of water.

The results of the multivariate analysis showed factors associated with occorence of diarrhea is food hygiene and sanitation (p value =0,004) and odds ratio (OR) 2,222 at confidence interval 1,284-3,845.

The conclusion risk factor dominant association with diarrhoea is food hygiene and sanitation."

"Campak masih menjadi permasalahan dunia dengan 20% penderitanya adalah balita. Di Jakarta Timur sendiri tercatat sebanyak 8721 kasus pada tahun 2007. Analisis spasial digunakan untuk menentukan wilayah yang berisiko tinggi terjadi KLB. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dengan desain studi ekologi pada seluruh penduduk wilayah Jakarta Timur.Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil adanya hubungan antara cakupan imunisasi campak (p=0,040) temperatur pada periode 3 tahun (p=0,001), kelembaban (p=0,041), dan curah hujan (p=0,022) dengan kasus penyakit campak di Jakarta Timur.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, rekomendasi penelitian ini untuk mencegah peningkatan kasus campak ialah diperlukan dua dosis imunisasi, perbaikan sanitasi, dan peningkatan program promosi kesehatan.Measles still a problem in the world with 20% of cases happened in children. In East Jakarta there were 8721 cases in 2007. Spatial analysis is used to determine areas which have high risk of outbreaks. This study used secondary data with ecological studies design on the entire population of East Jakarta.

Results showed association between measles vaccination coverage (p=0.040), temperatures (p=0.001), humidity (p=0.041), and rainfall (p=0.022) with measles cases in East Jakarta.

Based on the results, suggestions to prevent measles including required two doses of immunization, develop good sanitation system, and conduct health promotion program."

"[ABSTRAKPM2,5 merupakan salah satu indikator adanya pencemaran udara dalamruang (indoor air pollution). Indonesia termasuk peringkat kelima jumlah kasus TBterbesar di dunia, dan Kota Cirebon merupakan kota dengan angka penemuan kasusTB paru tertinggi di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untukmenganalisis hubungan PM2,5 di udara ruang dalam rumah dengan kejadian TBparu BTA positif di Kota Cirebon.Disain penelitian ini adalah kasus kontrol. Kriteria kasus adalah penderitabaru TB Paru yang berusia minimal 15 tahun dan hasil pemeriksaan sputum positifberdasarkan konfirmasi laboratorium Puskesmas periode November 2014 s/d April2015 serta bertempat tinggal di Kota Cirebon. Kriteria kontrol adalah tetanggaterdekat kasus yang tidak menderita TB paru, tidak memiliki gejala klinis mirip TBparu berdasarkan konfirmasi dari petugas puskesmas setempat, berusia minimal 15tahun dan bertempat tinggal di Kota Cirebon. Total jumlah sampel adalah 168responden dengan jumlah kasus adalah 84 responden, dan kontrol 84 responden.Konsentrasi PM2,5 di udara ruang dalam rumah berpengaruh terhadapkejadian TB paru BTA positif di Kota Cirebon (OR 7,034; 95% CI 3,570 ? 13,860).Variabel lainnya yang signifikan adalah jenis kelamin (OR 3,947; 95% CI 2,026-7,692), lama berada di rumah (OR 2,682; 95% CI 1,430 ? 5,028), jenis bahan bakarmemasak (OR 3,260; 95% CI 1,116-9,523), status merokok (OR 3,034; 95% CI1,446 ? 6,365), jenis atap rumah (OR 3,713; 95% CI 1,945 ? 7,089), dan lajuventilasi kamar (OR 2,493; 95% CI 1,264 ? 4,918). Hasil analisis multivariatdengan regresi logistik menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi PM2,5 dalam rumahberhubungan dengan kejadian TB paru BTA positif (OR adjusted 6,14; 95% CI2,904-12,975) dikontrol oleh variabel jenis kelamin, jenis atap rumah, dan lajuventilasi kamar. Masih banyak rumah yang belum dilengkapi jendela atauventilasinya kurang, atap rumah tidak dilengkapi oleh langit-langit, sehingga masihbanyak rumah yang tidak memenuhi kriteria rumah sehat. Diperlukan upayapeningkatan pengetahuan dan kesadaran masyarakat tentang kriteria rumah sehat,dan masyarakat agar menjaga pola perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat, termasuk tidakmerokok.

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ABSTRACTPM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largestnumber of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highestrate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of thisstudy was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and theincidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon.The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patientswith TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed withpublic health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived inCirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and hadno clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centreofficials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number ofsamples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84control respondents.PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositivepulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860).Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstayperiod (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260;95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), typesof roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room(OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logisticregression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor airassociated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14;95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type ofthe house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are notequipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is notcompleted by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteriafor a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness aboutthe criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthylifestyle, including not smoking.;PM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largestnumber of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highestrate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of thisstudy was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and theincidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon.The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patientswith TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed withpublic health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived inCirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and hadno clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centreofficials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number ofsamples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84control respondents.PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositivepulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860).Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstayperiod (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260;95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), typesof roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room(OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logisticregression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor airassociated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14;95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type ofthe house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are notequipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is notcompleted by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteriafor a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness aboutthe criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthylifestyle, including not smoking., PM2,5 is one indicator of indoor air pollution. Indonesia is the fifth largestnumber of TB cases in the world, and the city of Cirebon is a city with the highestrate of pulmonary TB case detection in West Java province. The purpose of thisstudy was to analyze the relationship between PM2,5 in the indoor air and theincidence of smear-positive pulmonary TB in the city of Cirebon.The design of this study was a case-control. Cases criteria were patientswith TB minimum age 15 years old and had positive sputum test confirmed withpublic health care laboratory test from November 2014 to April 2015 and lived inCirebon City. Controls criteria were the nearest neighbor not suffering TB and hadno clinical symptomps similar to TB confirmed by the local public health centreofficials, at least 15 years old and resides in Cirebon city. The total number ofsamples is 168 respondents by the number of cases is 84 respondents, and 84control respondents.PM2,5 concentration in the indoor air affected the incidence of smearpositivepulmonary TB in Cirebon city (OR 7.034; 95% CI 3.570 to 13.860).Significant other variables are gender (OR 3.947; 95% CI 2.026 to 7.692), indoorstayperiod (OR 2.682; 95% CI 1.430 to 5.028), the type of cooking fuel (OR 3.260;95% CI 1.116 to 9.523), smoking status (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.446 to 6.365), typesof roofs (OR 3.713; 95% CI 1.945 to 7.089), and the ventilation rate of the room(OR 2.493; 95% CI 1.264 to 4.918). Results of multivariate analysis using logisticregression modeling showed that concentrations of PM2,5 in the indoor airassociated with the incidence of pulmonary TB smear positive (OR adjusted 6,14;95% CI 2.904 - 12.975) after being controlled by the variable gender, roof type ofthe house, and the ventilation rate of the room. There are still many homes are notequipped with a window or a lack of ventilation, the roof of the house is notcompleted by the ceiling, so there is still a lot of homes that do not meet the criteriafor a healthy home. Necessary efforts to increase knowledge and awareness aboutthe criteria of a healthy home, and the community to maintain a clean and healthylifestyle, including not smoking.]"

"Melihat masih tingginya angka kejadian pneumonia pada balita dan belum diketahuipengaruh keberadaan Bakteri Staphylococcus sp sebagai salah satu bakteri penyebabpneumonia di udara ruang maka perlu ada penelotian tentang hubungan keberadaanBakteri Staphylococcus sp di udara ruang dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita setelahdikontrol dengan variabel perancunya pada balita di Kota Bandar Lampung tahun 2016. Penelitian ini menggunakan data kajian pneumonia oleh BBTKLPP Jakarta pada tahun2016. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 75 kasus dan 75 kontrol yang berasal dari 6 Kecamatandi Kota Bandar Lampung.Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan kesimpulan terdapat hubungankeberadaan Bakteri Staphylococcus sp di udara ruang dengan kejadian pneumonia padabalita setelah dikontrol variabel perancu di Kota Bandar Lampung OR=7,332 CI 95 2,874-18,707 dimana balita yang positif ditemukan Bakteri Staphylococcus sp di udararuang rumahnya memiliki risiko 7,332 kali lebih besar terkena pneumonia.

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Seeing the high rate of pneumonia incidence in infant and unknown effect ofStaphylococcus sp bacteria as one of the bacteria causing pneumonia in indoor air, hencethere is need of research about relation of existence of Staphylococcus sp bacteria inindoor air with incidence of pneumonia in infant after controlled with confoundingvariable at infant in Bandar Lampung City in 2016. This research used pneumonia studydata by BBTKLPP Jakarta in 2016. The sample of research are 75 cases and 75 controlsfrom 6 sub districts in Bandar Lampung City.

From the result of the research, it can beconcluded that there is a relationship between an existence of Staphylococcus sp bacteriain indoor air with the incidence of pneumonia in infants after controlled confoundingvariables in Bandar Lampung City OR 7,332 CI 95 2,874 18,707 where the infantfound Staphylococcus sp bacteria in indoor air his home had a 7,332 times greater risk ofdeveloping pneumonia.Key words Pneumonia, Infant, risk factors, case control."

"Balita merupakan populasi yang rentan terhadap PM 2,5 di udara ruang dikarenakan sistem imun yang belum sempurna dan jalan napasnya yang masih sempit. PM 2,5 dapat masuk sampai ke alveoli paru dan melemahkan sistem pertahanan lokal saluran pernapasan sehingga menyebabkan pneumonia. Angka pneumonia di Kabupaten Kubu Raya, Kalimantan Barat masih cukup tinggi dengan jumlah kasus yang terbanyak di Kecamatan Sungai Raya.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan antara PM 2,5 dalam udara ruang dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kasus kontrol dimana balita dengan pneumonia kasus dibandingkan dengan balita tidak pneumonia kontrol untuk menilai seberapa besar pengaruh PM 2,5 dalam udara ruang terhadap pneumonia pada balita. Total sampel sebanyak 120 sampel yang terdiri dari 60 kasus dan 60 kontrol dengan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi.Hasil penelitian didapatkan terdapat empat variabel yang berhubungan dengan pneumonia pada balita yaitu PM 2,5 dalam udara ruang, kepadatan hunian, ventilasi dapur, dan pencahayaan. PM 2,5 dalam udara ruang berhubungan dengan pneumonia pada balita setelah dikontrol dengan variabel ventilasi dapur, suhu, pencahayaan, penggunaan obat nyamuk bakar, kepadatan hunian, dan kebiasaan membuka jendela dengan OR sebesar 13,596. Perlunya menjaga kebersihan rumah dari debu, memperhatikan kepadatan hunian yang memenuhi syarat, perlunya ketersediaan ventilasi baik ventilasi rumah maupun dapur yang memenuhi syarat, menjaga kebersihan ventilasi, serta memfungsikan ventilasi dengan baik.

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Toddlers are a population susceptible to PM 2.5 in space due to immune system that is not perfect and the airway is still narrow. PM 2.5 can enter up to the pulmonary alveoli and weaken the respiratory system of the respiratory tract causing pneumonia. The number of pneumonia in Kabupaten Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan is still quite high with the highest number of cases in Sungai Raya District.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between PM 2.5 in air space with the incidence of pneumonia in infants. The research method used is case control where toddler with pneumonia case compared with toddler not pneumonia control to assess how big influence of PM 2.5 in air space against pneumonia in toddler. Total samples were 120 samples consisting of 60 cases and 60 controls with inclusion and exclusion criteria.

The results showed that there were four variables related to pneumonia in infants namely PM 2.5 in space air, occupancy density, kitchen ventilation, and lighting. PM 2.5 in space air is associated with pneumonia in toddlers after controlled with variables of kitchen ventilation, temperature, lighting, use of mosquito coils, density, and the habit of opening windows with ORs of 13,596. The need to keep the house clean of dust, pay attention to eligible dwelling density, the need for both ventilated ventilation and eligible kitchen, maintain ventilation, and proper ventilation."

"ABSTRAKFilariasis merupakan salah satu dari 18 penyakit menular yang digolongkan dalam Neglected Tropical Disease NTD rsquo;s atau penyakit tropik terabaikan. Filariasis tidak menyebabkan kematian sebagai ancaman tetapi dapat menimbulkan kecacatan yang menetap. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui determinan perilaku ketidakpatuhan minum obat masyarakat dalam POPM Filariasis di Kabupaten Aceh Utara tahun 2017. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret ndash; Juni 2018 dengan menggunakan data sekunder hasil survei cakupan POPM tahun 2017. Metode penelitian dengan kuantitatif menggunakan desain cross sectional. Variabel yang diteliti adalah umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, metode pemberian obat, ketersediaan TPE, pengetahuan tentang obat Filariasis dan ada atau tidak adanya sosialisasi serta jenis sosialisasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proporsi responden yang tidak minum obat sebesar 42 . Hasil analisis diperoleh variabel yang berhubungan dengan ketidakpatuhan minum obat Filariasis adalah umur OR=0,39 , pengetahuan tentang obat OR=17,7 , dan jenis sosialisasi OR=9,4 . Saran untuk dapat melakukan studi tentang bahan dan materi sosialisasi yang sesuai dengan sasaran menurut strata umur dan tingkat pendidikan, meningkatkan kerja sama dengan Dinas Pendidikan dan Agama dengan memasukkan materi tentang Filariasis dalam upaya meningkatkan pengetahuan siswa mulai dari pendidikan dasar, menengah hingga tinggi.

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ABSTRACTFilariasis is one of 13 infectious diseases classified in Neglected Tropical Disease NTD 39 s . The threat of Filariasis does not cause death, but could inflict permanent disability. This study aims to assess the determinant of non compliance behavior of community when taking medicine during MDA Filariasis conducted in North Aceh District in 2017. The study is conducted throughout March June 2018, making use of secondary data of POPM coverage survey results in 2017. Quantitative research method chosen is cross sectional design. Variables observed are age, sex, education, drug delivery method, availability of TPE, knowledge on Filariasis medicine and the presence or absence of socialization and type of socialization. The research finds that the proportion of respondents who did not take medicine is 42 . The results of the analysis showed that the variables associated with the non compliance of taking the drug Filariasis were age OR 0.39 , knowledge of drug OR 17,7 , and type of socialization OR 9,4 . Suggestions for conducting a study on materials and socialization materials that fit the targets according to age and educational level, enhance cooperation with the Office of Education and Religion by including materials on filariasis in an effort to improve students 39 knowledge ranging from primary, secondary to high school."

"Kebisingan lalu lintas menjadi sumber utama dari kebisingan yang ada di perkotaan. Kebisingan merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan masyarakat. Paparan kebisingan dapat meningkatkan kerusakan fisik yang dinilai sebagai bahaya kesehatan seperti risiko penyakit kardiovaskuler. Paparan jangka panjang dari kebisingan transportasi telah terbukti berhubungan dengan prevalensi kejadian hipertensi. Hipertensi merupakan salah satu penyakit pembuluh darah yang sering tidak menimbulkan gejala, disebut silent killer. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan kebisingan lalu lintas di pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dengan terjadinya hipertensi pada petugas pelabuhan tahun 2015. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah studi crossectional dengan populasi adalah petugas operasional pelabuhan Tanjung Priok. Subjek penelitian ini adalah petugas operasional pelabuhan Tanjung Priok yang terpajan bising sejumlah 178 orang. Hasil analisa multivariat didapatkan bahwa petugas pelabuhan yang terpapar kebisingan >70 dBA berisiko 2,249 kali menderita hipertensi dibandingkan dengan petugas pelabuhan yang terpapar kebisingan ≤70 dBA dengan dikontrol oleh variabel usia, status perkawinan, status gizi dan jam kerja responden. Penyakit hipertensi pada petugas pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dapat terjadi karena tingkat kebisingan lalu lintas yang melebihi NAB, usia pekerja yang lebih dari 39 tahun, status gizi berlebih dan jam kerja yang lama sehingga perlunya upaya-upaya untuk menurunkan morbiditas hipertensi pada petugas pelabuhan dengan melakukan penamanan pohon untuk mereduksi suara bising, melakukan olahraga secara rutin, memperbaiki pola makan, dan memenuhi waktu kerja sesuai dengan jam kerja yang telah ditetapkan dalam Undang-Undang.

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The traffic noise was a major source of noise in urban areas. It was one of the factors that may influence public health. It is become a health hazard as its exposure may physically damaging. For example, the risk of cardiovascular disease. It has been proven that there is a relationship between long-term exposures of traffic noise with the prevalence of hypertension. Hypertension is one of blood vessels diseases without symptoms and called the silent killer. This study aims to examined the relationship between traffic noise at the Tanjung Priok port and the prevalence of hypertension amongst the port officers in 2015. A cross sectional studied was assigned in this study. 178 Tanjung Priok port operations officer who are exposed to noise were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires to gain the respondents characteristics and to undergone physical assessment to gain their health data. After controlled by the variable age, working hours, marital and nutritional status of the respondents, the multivariate analysis shows that the officers who are exposed with > 70 dBA noise are 2.249 times higher the risk of suffering from hypertension compared to the port officials who are exposed to noise ≤70 dBA. The hypertension disease suffered by Tanjung Priok port officers occur due to traffic noise levels that exceed the NAB, workers aged over 39 years, excessive nutritional status and working hours. Therefore, there was need to reduce noise in order to the morbidity of hypertension suffered by the port officers. It can be done by planting trees, regular exercise, managing diet, and work at as the stipulated hours in the Act."