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"A cross sectional study was conducted to investigate magnesium and zinc status in newly diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In addition, macronutrients, magnesium and zinc intakes and WHR were evaluated in relation to the prevalence of NIDDM. Using 1994 WHO criteria for diabetes, sixty three (27 males and 36 females) newly diagnosed NIDDM attending outpatient clinic at general hospital in Semarang were recruited into the study. Data collection was undertaken from October 1997 to February 1998. Seventeen diabetic patients had retinopathy, which was confirmed by ophthalmologist consultation, and twenty-three had history of high blood pressure. Sixty three hospital staffs and the relatives of the diabetics, matching for gender were recruited for control (non diabetics) group.Using structured questionnaire, information about socioeconomic and sociodemographic were obtained. Data of dietary intake were obtained using 2 days repeated 24-hour recall, and anthropometric measurements including: weight, height, waist and hip circumference were performed. Urine and 5 ml venous blood sample were taken from each subject for blood glucose, plasma and urinary minerals analysis.Diabetics had significantly higher waist and WHR compared to non diabetics, and WHR was positively correlated with NIDDM and inversely correlated with age. Retinopath diabetics had lower BILE but had sign fcantly higher WHR compared to nonretinopaths. Higher intake of energy was observed in diabetics which was attributable to higher intake of carbohydrate. Diabetics also had slightly higher magnesium and zinc intakes. However, significantly lower plasma magnesium and hypermagnesuria were detected in diabetic patients. Diabetics also had slightly lower plasma zinc and slightly higher urinary zinc compared to non diabetics.No difference in minerals status was found between retinopaths and non retinopaths. Diabetics who had history of hypertension had lower plasma zinc than those who had not, but no association was found between minerals status and retinopathy."

"This two month iron supplementation was a community trial study conducted in Sambelia village in Sambelia subdistrict, East Lombok district, West Nusa Tenggara province during October-December 1996. The main objective of the study was to investigate religious leader or toga as distribution channel of iron tablets for women in child-bearing age. There were 187 women involved in this study, 94 received the tablets through religious leaders (Toga group) and 93 from cadre (Cadre group). Both groups of women received 8 tablets of 60 mg elemental iron (combined with 250 pg folic acid, 2500 IU vitamin A and 60 mg vitamin C) to be taken once weekly for two months. Coverage was defined as percentage of women in child-bearing age who received the tablets. The women's compliance was assessed by interview and stool test. Other methods of assessment included anthropometry measurements (weight, height, MUAC) and biochemical test (hemoglobin test with cyanmethemoglobin method). In addition, Focus Group Discussion on some women and personal interview with the distribution channels (toga and cadre) using Semi Structured Interview were also conducted. The women were comparable in socioeconomic condition and hemoglobin status. The distribution through toga and cadre could cover respectively 87.1% and 86.2% of the women. Compliance was better among women in toga group who in average took 6.8 tablets compared to 5.9 among women in cadre group (p < 0.10). There was however no difference in improvement of hemoglobin (after controlling for some confounders) nor in decrease of anemia prevalence between the two groups after 2 months period The Hb increased by 0.14 g/dL and 0.30 g/dL and anemia prevalence decreased by 13.9 % and 16.2 % respectively in toga group and cadre group. In the cadre group, predictors of non full compliers were social factors (ie. age, family income, education level) and frequency of contact with the cadre, whereas in the toga group, only side effects were predictive of non-full compliers. Combining both groups, 31% of non full compliers were identified by social factors (ie. age less than 20 and living in permanent house) and provider-user dynamics (iefrequency of contact with the distribution channels). Results suggest that toga was a potential channel of iron tablet for women in child-bearing age. With different nature of toga and cadre, their cooperation has potential for better achievement of iron supplementation program."

"ABSTRACTThe overall objectives of this study is to examine whether a population of healthy University of Indonesia students have different hemoglobin distribution from that of American population and if there was difference whether it is appropriate to set up a new cut-off point for anemia as a screening tools for iron deficiency in population. This study is designed as a cross-sectional study using convenience sampling procedure. A total of 214 males and 190 females were studied from January to February 1997. After data cleaning, 203 healthy Indonesian males and 170 females were eligible for data analysis. Blood samples of the subjects was drawn to analyze hemoglobin and hematocrit level, red and white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum iron concentration and total iron binding capacity, serum ferritin and zinc protoporphyrin concentration. A structured questionnaire was administered to investigate factors that could influence hemoglobin level. The mean hemoglobin was compared with that of the United States population using results of NHANES III. The result showed that the mean hemoglobin of Indonesian male was the same with the American population in NHANES Ill. While for female there are difference in mean hemoglobin between the Indonesian and American, which could lead to different cutoff criteria for anemia. However when specificity and sensitivity of the new cutoff (Hb < 11.3 g/dl) and the WHO cutoff (Hb < 12 g/dI) were compared, the result showed that the latest had a more favorable sensitivity and specificity. Thus, this survey confirmed that there is no need to develop different cutoff points for anemia as a tool for iron deficiency screening."

"A cross-sectional study was conducted in eight villages of Paninggahan Puskesmas catchment area in Solok district, West Sumatra province during March 1996. Its main objective was to investigate the relationship between iodine supplementation and IDD status among school age children in endemic goiter area.

A total of 238 children aged between 8 - 10 years from 8 public elementary schools were recruited into the study. Methods of assessment were palpation of thyroid gland, measurement of UIE level, determination of iodine level in salt and drinking water, weight and height, and interviews to determine the actual iodized oil capsule coverage. In addition, samples of environmental water was collected to assess its iodine content.

The survey area was categorized as mild 1DD area based on goiter rate, i.e. 19% (all were in grade 1). Median UIE level indicated that the subjects had been in iodine-replete condition (13.1 pg/dl). Iodine in salt was 14.4 t 9 ppm and iodine in drinking water was 11.7 t 8.2 pg/L. Mean of iodine level in the environmental water (river, well, and lake) was relatively high (12.2 t 4.7 pgfL). Iodized oil capsule coverage was 61%, and 55% of those children received their latest capsule less than one year at the time of the study. The surveyed children had low nutritional status based on anthropometric measurement, which was shown by the -high prevalence of stunting (36%), underweight (31%), and wasting (5%). There was no association between anthropometric indices and goiter.

The three types of iodine supplementation, i.e.: iodized oil capsule, iodized salt, and iodinated water were not associated with goiter rate, while iodine level in salt - although below the recommended level - was significantly associated-with -UiE level, suggesting that efforts to -attain the universal-salt iodization should be encouraged. The relatively high iodine level in environmental water implied sufficient iodine sources in the area, therefore factors other than iodine deficiency might play an important role in the 1DD status of the surveyed population."

"Ruang Lingkup Cara Penelitian : Diet tinggi karbohidrat tinggi serat dianjurkan sebagai suatu pedoman terapi diet diabetes melitus dalam upaya menurunkan kadar glukosa darah. Kandungan serat dalam diet standar yang dianut sekarang, ternyata belum cukup memenuhi kebutuhan serat yang dianjurkan. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan serat dalam diet standar diabetes melitus', bekatul (rice bran), suatu bahan makanan tinggi serat yang diperoleh dari beras, diteliti pengaruhnya terhadap kadar glukosa darah penderita NIDDM rawat jalan di RSCM Jakarta. Sebanyak 90 gram biskuit bekatul diberikan dalam diet standar 20 orang penderita NIDDM baru dan dibandingkan dengan 20 orang penderita NIDDM baru lainnya sebagai kontrol. Kandungan serat dalam biskuit adalah 22,99 gram/100 gram, sedangkan untuk kontrol diberikan biskuit plasebo yang isokalori dengan kandungan serat 0,30 gram/100 gram.Pemberian biskuit adalah selama 2 minggu, yang didahului dengan 2 minggu periode stabilisasi dengan maksud agar penderita sudah dapat menjalankan diet dengan benar. Pengaruh diet dinilai dari perubahan kadar glukosa darah selama periode stabilisasi dan pengaruh bekatul dinilai dari perubahan kadar glukosa darah selama periode perlakuan, baik dalam keadaan puasa maupun 2 jam sesudah makan.Hasil dan Kesimpulan : Pada periode stabilisasi kadar glukosa darah puasa penderita kelompok perlakuan turun 12,6% dan kelompok kontrol turun 7,58%. Perbedaan ini tidak bermakna (p>0,05). Kadar glukosa darah 2 jam SM penderita kelompok perlakuan turun 18,06%, ini berbeda bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol yang turun sebanyak 6,14%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa diet standar mempunyai pengaruh terhadap penurunan kadar glukosa darah; pengaruh ini lebih besar pada penurunan kadar glukosa darah 2 jam sesudah makan, dan hanya sedikit berperan terhadap kadar glukosa darah puasa. Pada periode perlakuan kadar glukosa darah puasa .mapun 2 jam SM pada kelompok perlakuan turun masing-masing 26,64% dan 21,96%. Dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol dimana penurunan kadar glukosa darah puasa adalah 6,08%, dan 2 jam SM sebesar 4,62%, perbedaan ini sangat bermakna (p<0,01). Evaluasi masukan zat-zat gizi pada kedua kelompok selama penelitian adalah sama, dibuktikan dari tidak berbedanya bahwa penurunan kadar glukosa darah lebih bermakna dengan diet standar yang diberi bekatul dibandingkan dengan tanpa bekatul."

"Tujuan penelitian cross sectional comparative ini adalah diketahuinya perbandingan antara kadar magnesium serum pada preeklampsia dan kehamilan normal. Pengumpulan data dilakukan di Poliklinik Obstetri dan Ginekologi dan Ruang Bersalin Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) Tarakan pada bulan Oktober sampai November 2013. Sebanyak 46 orang ibu hamil yang terdiri dari 23 orang dengan preeklampsia dan 23 orang dengan kehamilan normal yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi menyatakan kesediaannya mengikuti penelitian ini. Data diperoleh dari wawancara, pengukuran tekanan darah dan lingkar lengan atas, evaluasi asupan magnesium dengan metode FFQ semikuantitatif dan pemeriksaan kadar magnesium serum. Analisa statistik menggunakan uji t-test dan Mann Whitney. Uji karakteristik usia, usia kehamilan, paritas, pendidikan dan status gizi kedua kelompok homogen. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan rerata kadar magnesium serum pada preeklampsia (1,98 0,26 mg/dL) dengan kehamilan normal (1,89 0,21 mg/dL). Rerata asupan magnesium pada preeklampsia lebih rendah 233,6 (190,1;319,3) mg dibandingkan dengan kehamilan normal 380,1 (229,8;444,2) mg dengan p=0,024.Kesimpulan: tidak didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna antara kadar magnesium serum pada preeklampsia dengan kehamilan normal sementara asupan magnesium pada preeklampsia lebih rendah bermakna dibandingkan dengan kehamilan normal.

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The aim of this cross sectional comparative study was to analyze serum level of magnesium in preeclamptic pregnancies and to compare them with those in normal pregnancies. The data was collected at RSUD Tarakan on October 2013. Out of 23 women with preeclampsia and 23 women with normal pregnancies that meet our inclusion criteria given their consents to join the study. Data collated including interviews, blood pressure and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) measurement and intake of magnesium by semiquantitative FFQ method. Statistical analysis performed by t-test and Mann Whitney. The result of the characteristic test in two groups of study shows that both groups are homogenic. There was no different between magnesium serum level in women with preeclampsia (1.98±0.26 mg/dL) and normal pregnancy (1.89±0.21 mg/dL) While the mean daily intake of magnesium is significantly lower in preeclampsia 233.6 (190.1;319.3) mg than in normal pregnancy 380.1 (229.8;444.2) mg.

Conclusion: there was no significant different between serum magnesium level in women with preeclampsia dan normal pregnancy."

"A study to investigate the effect of iron supplementation program among underfive children in North Central 'Timor, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia was conducted. The study was comprised into two parts: a cross-sectional study to investigate the impact of the ongoing government of Indonesia iron supplementation program and a intervention trial aiming to investigate the effect of daily compared to weekly iron supplementation. Hemoglobin, weight, height and compliance assessment were performed.The cross-sectional study involved 127 underfive children from four health centers. The average of age, weight and height of the recruited subjects was 36.6 months, 10.4 kg and 84.5 cm respectively. The result of this study showed that the prevalence of anemia among 127 underfive children where iron supplementation program has been implemented was still high, (81.5%), although 75.6% of the subjects claimed to take all the iron syrup.The intervention study recruited 160 preschool children and were divided into two groups: for 10 week one group received a daily supplement of 30 mg Fe, while the other group received 30 mg Fe per week A complete data set was obtained from 75 children in the group supplemented daily and 73 children in the group supplemented weekly. Th average age, weight and height of the subjects for daily group were 43.7 months, 12.1 kg and 91.0 cm respectively while 41.8 months, 11.7 kg and 90.3 cm for the weekly group.The result of this study showed a significant hemoglobin increase in both groups (p<0.001) which reduced the prevalence of anemia from 42.3 to 7 % in daily group and from 55.9% to 27.9% in weekly group. Although the weekly group had higher compliance (100%) compared to daily group (42.1%), it is concluded that daily group resulted in a better effect in reducing anemia prevalence among the preschool children."

"ABSTRACTThe overall objectives of this study were to determine and compare the efficacy of daily vs weekly supplementation with iron, vitamin A, and zinc in children. Furthermore, the impact of supplementation on disease incidence (Diarrhea, Acute Respiratory Infection) and growth performance was investigated Subjects was children aged 6-24 months from rural households in Chi Lang Bac commune of Thanh Mien district, Hai Duong province, Vietnam.The research was designed as a randomized double-blind placebo-control trial. A total of 168 children were divided into 3 groups: daily, weekly, and placebo treatment lasted 12 weeks. Data on biochemical were collected at start and the end of supplementation. Data on growth were collected at start, end, and 3 months after the supplementation ended Supplements contained 333 lug retinol (1100 IU), 8 mg el. iron, 5 mg el. zinc for the daily dose (DD); 1700 pg retinol (5600 IU), 20 mg el. iron, 17.4 mg el. Zinc for the weekly dose (WLD); and the last group was the placebo (PL).After 12-week supplementation, increase for Hb, retinol, and zinc concentrations in the supplemented DD and WLD were similar (P>0.05) and significant higher (P<0.01) from those in the PL. The improvement of all anthropometric indices were similar between supplemented DD, and WLD with PL at the end, and at 3 months after the supplementation (P>0.05). In stunted children at baseline, changes for HAZ in the supplemented DD and WLD were similar (P>0.05) and significant higher (P<0.05) from those in the PL at 3 months after the supplementation. Incidence of Diarrhea and ARI in supplemented DD and WLD groups were similar (P> 0.05) and significant lower (P<0.01) compared with those in the PL at the end of 12-week supplementation.The WLD multi-nutrient supplementation for 12 weeks can be a possible preventive strategy to improve the iron, vitamin A, and zinc status of children aged 6-24 months."

"ABSTRAKA cross sectional study to determine the salt consumption at household level was carried out in Sukabumi District. Two hundred households with children 1-5 years were selected randomly. This study consisted of interviews of the mothers, observation of iodized salt usage and analysis of the iodine content in iodized salt. The results showed that all households in the study area have used iodized salt but they were not aware that. they used iodized salt. The average salt consumption at household level was 4.8 gr per day per capita with majority iodine intake (71 %) less than 100 pg. Using lodometry test, 47 % of households had iodine content in iodized salt was less than 30 ppm. In general, all cooked food used salt except for rice as staple food, but not all of food prepared with salt were consumed by children 1-5 years. According to mothers' perception, the mother with better knowledge had higher percentages on using iodized salt and also had better educational level. These findings showed that the recommended iodine intake by WHO of 100-300 pg per day per capita was not fulfilled, mainly because of the low quality of iodized salt, as well as improper ways of salt storage and food preparations. Lack of knowledge due to low educational level of mother was worsening this condition."

"ABSTRACTAlthough iron supplementation exists for pregnant women, the prevalence of anemia during pregnancy remains high. The lack of compliance of the target group is one of the reasons which may reduce the efficacy of the supplementation program.Recent studies in preschool children and non pregnant women has been reported that the administration of intermittent iron supplement was equally effective in improving the iron status as daily supplement.This research was to investigate whether a weekly dose of 120 mg iron supplementation would improve the iron status in the same way as a daily dose of 60 mg iron supplementation in pregnant women.The effect of daily vs weekly iron supplementation was studied in pregnant women in non randomized experimental community trial. The subjects were pregnant women who attended the selected Health Centers for the first time in their current pregnancy. Of the 176 pregnant women enrolled, a complete data set were available for 139 (79 %). Duration of supplementation was 8 - 20 weeks.Three health centers each, matched with socioeconomic condition were allocated for control group and treatment group. Daily group served as control received 60 mg Fe + 0.25 mg folic acid daily (68 pregnant women), while weekly group received 120 mg Fe + 0.50 mg folic acid weekly (71 pregnant women).Hemoglobin concentration in both group increased significantly after supplementation (p < 0.001). Improvement of hemoglobin was influenced by initial hemoglobin level (p < 0.001), and hookworm infestation (p < 0.05).Serum ferritin level decreased in daily and weekly group (p > 0.05). Serum ferritin change was not influenced by initial hemoglobin level (p ] 0.05), however was influenced by hookworm infestation (p < 0.001).The duration of supplementation had no effect on hemoglobin changes (p > 0.05), but it influenced serum ferritin changes (p < 0.05).It was concluded that supplementation with 120 mg elemental iron on weekly basis had similar effects as daily dose of 60 mg on hematological status, but was not enough to improve iron stores in pregnant women. "