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"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mengembangkan Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) untuk mamografi dengan menggunakan metode segmentasi Markov Random Field (MRF) dan local threshold. Metode local threshold mencari abnormalitas dengan membandingkan segmen citra abnormal dengan normal. Sementara itu, metode MRF mencari abnormalitas berdasarkan nilai piksel dan bentuk cluster. Metode MRF dikerjakan dengan dan tanpa median filter, contrast enhancement histeq dan CLAHE. Metode segmentasi local threshold memiliki sensitivitas 77,8%, akurasi 68,4%, spesifitas 60,4%, presisi 62,5%, dan overall error 31,6%. Rendahnya keberhasilan disebabkan bentuk payudara pada data sampel tidak seragam, sehingga tiap segmen dari tiap citra belum tentu menunjukkan posisi yang sama. Segmentasi citra MRF yang dilakukan tanpa filter dan contrast enhancement, memiliki keberhasilan terendah. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa citra mamografi memiliki kontras yang rendah dan noise yang tinggi. Metode MRF dilengkapi dengan median filter memiliki akurasi tertinggi (87,0%) dan overall error terendah (12,8%), yang berarti metode ini adalah metode yang paling baik dalam melakukan deteksi sesuai dengan diagnosis dokter. Metode histeq+MRF memiliki sensitivitas yang tinggi (95,9%) dan spesifitas yang rendah (76,2%) yang menunjukkan bahwa metode ini berhasil mendeteksi citra abnormal sebagai abnormal, namun banyak mendeteksi citra normal sebagai abnormal. Metode CLAHE+MRF memiliki nilai spesifitas tertinggi (92,2%) dan sensitivitas terendah (73,1%) yang berarti metode berhasil mendeteksi citra normal sebagai normal, namun banyak mendeteksi citra abnormal sebagai normal. Dalam menentukan sifat benign dan maglina dari cluster abnormal, metode histeq+MRF merupakan metode yang paling berhasil dalam memvisualisasi citra dengan diagnosis maglina.

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ABSTRACTThis research developed Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) for mammography using Markov Random Field (MRF) and local thereshold method. The Local thereshold methods finds abnormalities by comparing segments from abnormal image. While, MRF methods find abnormalities based on the pixel value and cluster's shape. In this research, the MRF method carried out with median fiter, histeq, and CHALCE contrast enhancement. MRF without any filter and contrast enhancement also done. The sensitivity, accuracy, specfity, presision and overall error of local thereshold method sequentially are 77.8%, 68.4%, 60.4%, 62.5%, and 31.6%. The low result caused by the diversity of the breast's from in the sample, so that each segment on each image doesn't refer to the same anatomical position. MRF segmentationwithout any filter and contrast enhancement gave the worst result. This result proved that mammography images have poor contrast and lot of noise. MRF method with median filter has the highestaccuracy (87.0%) and the lowest overall error (12.8%). This score shows that median filter + MRF method is the best method that can matches doctor's diagnosis. Histeq+MRF method has the highest sensitivity (95.9%) and the lowest specifity (76.52%). This result indicates that histeq+MRF method succesfully detect abnormal image as abnormal, but detect many the normal images as abnormal. CLAHE+MRF method has the highest specifity (92.2%) and the lowest sensitivity (73.1%). It shows that this method has a good performance in detecting normal image as normal but detect many abnormal images as normal. Histeq+MRF method shows the best performance in visualizing maglina clusters."

"ABSTRAKPelaksanaan kontrol kualitas peralatan yang merupakan komponen jaminan kualitas (QA) termasuk audit eksternal independen sangat esensial dalam menjamin ketelitian radioterapi. Prosedur sebuah program QA tergantung pada keadaan masing-masing pelaksana radioterapi. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan on site audit dengan detektor matriks dan film gafchromic untuk beberapa simulasi penyinaran meliputi fantom homogen dan inhomogen serta variasi lapangan dan wedge. Dari 39 titik pada central axis yang diuji menggunakan detektor matriks, 37 titik dikategorikan Pass dengan Optimal Level (σ < 3.3%) dan 2 titik Pass dengan Action Level (σ= 3.3%- 5%). Sedangkan hasil uji dengan detektor film gafchromic, 24 titik dikategorikan Pass dengan Optimal Level dan 11 titik Pass dengan Action Level sedangkan 4 titik Fail. Hasil audit keseluruhan didapatkan dengan memasukkan nilai deviasi maksimum hasil pengukuran 80% lapangan dengan detektor matriks. Dari 39 bidang yang diuji, 28 dikategorikan Pass dengan Optimal Level dan 6 bidang Pass dengan Action Level. 5 Bidang Fail dengan nilai deviasi mencapai 6.11%; 5,26%;7.51%; 5.16%; dan 5.26%. Nilai deviasi tersebut tidak memenuhi batas yang direkomendasikan. Laporan audit disusun berdasarkan kasus yang diuji. Dari 16 kasus, menurut hasil pengukuran detektor matriks 3 kasus dinyatakan Fail. Dari 16 kasus, menurut hasil pengukuran detektor film gafchromic, 4 kasus dinyatakan Fail.

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ABSTRACTExternal dosimetry audit of radiotherapy equipment as a part of Quality Assurance (QA) is recognized as best practice to help avoiding and identifying dosimetric errors as well as to ensure accurate dosimetry of radiotherapy facilities. Procedures on QA Program might differ between radiotherapy facilities and units. This experiment was carried out as an on site audit using matrix detector and gafchromic film on several irradiation simulations including homogenous and inhomogenous phantom, field variations, and wedge factors. Dose in 39 central axis points were measured by using matrix detector; 37 points were categorized as Pass with Optimal Level (σ < 3.3%) and 2 points were categorized as Pass with Action Level (σ= 3.3%- 5%). Measurement result of gafchromic film shown that 24 points were categorized Pass with Optimal Level, 11 points Pass with Action Level, and 4 points were Fail. The whole audit results were determined also by maximum deviation of 80% field measured using matrix detector. From 39 planes measured, 28 planes were categorized Pass with Optimal Level and 6 planes were Pass with Action Level. 5 planes were categorized Fail because its maximum deviation reached 6.11%; 5.26%; 7.51%, 5.16%, and 5.26%, exceeding the recommended limit. Audit reports were determined by case. From 16 cases that had been audited using matrix detector, 3 cases were considered Fail. From 16 cases that had been audited using gafchromic film, 4 cases were considered Fail.inhomogenous phantom field variations and wedge factors Dose in 39 central axis points were measured by using matrix detector 37 points were categorized as Pass with Optimal Level 3 3 and 2 points were categorized as Pass with Action Level 3 3 5 Measurement result of gafchromic film shown that 24 points were categorized Pass with Optimal Level 11 points Pass with Action Level and 4 points were Fail The whole audit results were determined also by maximum deviation of 80 field measured using matrix detector From 39 planes measured 28 planes were categorized Pass with Optimal Level and 6 planes were Pass with Action Level 5 planes were categorized Fail because its maximum deviation reached 6 11 5 26 7 51 5 16 and 5 26 exceeding the recommended limit Audit reports were determined by case From 16 cases that had been audited using matrix detector 3 cases were considered Fail From 16 cases that had been audited using gafchromic film 4 cases were considered Fail."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil dosis sinar-x ComputedTomography dengan variasi pitch menggunakan film Gafchromic XR QA2 danTLD pada fantom kepala orang dewasa dan kepala pediatrik. Untuk tujuantersebut dilakukan pengukuran dan analisis profil dosis di sepanjang sumbu zrotasi scan pada pusat fantom dan beberapa tepi di kedalaman 1 cm, analisis profildosis pada posisi yang sama dengan nilai pitch yang berbeda, dan analisis profildosis pada kepala orang dewasa dan kepala pediatrik. Dari pengukuran dananalisis data diperoleh hasil profil dosis pada scan kepala orang dewasa dankepala anak-anak dengan nilai dosis maksimal di tengah, menurun pelan ke arahtepi dengan tendensi cenderung simetri. Profil dosis dengan variasi nilai pitch,diperoleh nilai dosis yang semakin menurun dengan bertambahnya nilai pitch.Profil dosis pada scan kepala orang dewasa memiliki nilai dosis lebih besar daripada dosis pada scan kepala pediatrik, karena scan kepala orang dewasamenggunakan mAs lebih besar. Hasil pengukuran menggunakan TLD diperolehdata yang bersifat disktrit, namun memiliki pola distribusi dan nilai dosis yanghampir sama dengan hasil dari pengukuran menggunakan film Gafchromic. Hasilpengukuran profil dosis menggunakan film Gafchromic didapatkan grafikkontinu. Nilai dosis maksimum hasil scan didapatkan pada posisi jam 12 danminimum pada posisi jam 6. Profil dosis pada pitch 0,75; 1 dan 1,5 mengalamifluktuasi dosis dengan amplitudo pada pitch 0,75 dan 1,5 mempunyai nilai yanglebih besar jika dibandingkan dengan amplitudo pada pitch 1.

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ABSTRACTThis research aims to check pattern dose profile on the adult and pediatrichead scan. Comparing result measurement dose profile along the z- axis rotationat a depth 1 cm and center phantom with variety pitch. Measurement usingcylinder PMMA homogeneous phantom diameter 16 cm and 10 cm using XRQA2 Gafchromic film and TLD. Result of research get dose profile adult andpediatric head scan have same pattern, the maximum dose in the middle andtendency symmetry in the edge. Value dose proportional with value of pitch. Dosein the adult head more than dose pediatric head because dose in adult head scanusing bigger mAs. Dose of TLD measurement values obtained are discrete, buthas a distribution and dose values are almost the same as the measurement resultsin XR QA2 Gafchromic film. Result of Gafchromic film measurement is continuegraphic. The maximum dose of the scan results at the 12 o'clock position andminimum at 6 o'clock position. Result of research get fluctuated dose andamplitude of pitch 0.75 and 1.5 have greater than amplitude pitch 1., This research aims to check pattern dose profile on the adult and pediatrichead scan. Comparing result measurement dose profile along the z- axis rotationat a depth 1 cm and center phantom with variety pitch. Measurement usingcylinder PMMA homogeneous phantom diameter 16 cm and 10 cm using XRQA2 Gafchromic film and TLD. Result of research get dose profile adult andpediatric head scan have same pattern, the maximum dose in the middle andtendency symmetry in the edge. Value dose proportional with value of pitch. Dosein the adult head more than dose pediatric head because dose in adult head scanusing bigger mAs. Dose of TLD measurement values obtained are discrete, buthas a distribution and dose values are almost the same as the measurement resultsin XR QA2 Gafchromic film. Result of Gafchromic film measurement is continuegraphic. The maximum dose of the scan results at the 12 o'clock position andminimum at 6 o'clock position. Result of research get fluctuated dose andamplitude of pitch 0.75 and 1.5 have greater than amplitude pitch 1.]"

"Nano kalsium adalah kalsium fosfat yang memiliki ukuran partikel 50 - 150 nm . Ukuran yang kecil ini diharapkan dapat diserap lebih efektif ke dalam peredaran darah untuk selanjutnya dideposisi di tulang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pemberian nano kalsium pada diet terhadap serapan kalsium dalam tulang di hewan model tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) strain Sprague dawley yang pada umumnya berusia 2 bulan. Sejumlah 50 ekor tikus mendapat perlakuan asupan nano kalsium dan variasi dosis kalsium, pada diet konvensional 20 ekor dan purified diet 30 ekor. Persiapan sampel femur dan tibia: tahap pertama, 16 ekor tikus diberi diet konvensional dengan pemeliharaan 5 minggu. Pada percobaan tahap pertama, menggunakan faktorial 2 X 2, faktor umur (2 dan 5 bulan) dan faktor diet (kontrol dan nano) lalu 4 ekor tikus usia 2 bulan lainnya dipelihara selama 3 dan 4 minggu. Selanjutnya pada tahap kedua, 12 ekor tikus umur 2 bulan diberi purified diet dan dipelihara 4, 7, dan 10 minggu, mendapat dua perlakuan yaitu kontrol dan nano. Sisanya 18 ekor tikus umur 2 bulan dipelihara 4 dan 10 minggu, diberi variasi dosis nano kalsium dengan dosis 0,5 dari kebutuhan normal kalsium, dosis 1,0 yang sesuai kebutuhan normal kalsium dan dosis 1,5 dari kebutuhan normal kalsium. Karakterisasi sampel: sampel femur dan tibia yang telah dihilangkan zat organiknya dengan larutan hydrazine, dilakukan pengukuran kandungan: mineral, kalsium, karbonat dan fosfat. Selain pengukuran itu, juga diperoleh struktur fase, morfologi dan komposisi elemen femur (distal epiphysis) pada posisi penampang melintang. Dalam melakukan karakterisasi sampel, ada yang mendapat perlakuan panas dan tidak. Dari hasil penelitian ini secara umum diperoleh informasi bahwa pemberian ataupun penambahan kalsium fosfat dalam bentuk partikel nano pada diet tidak memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan pada kandungan mineral dalam tulang, namun perlakuan pada percobaan menunjukkan peningkatan serapan kalsium (P<0,01). Kemudian lebih jauh lagi diperoleh informasi bahwa fase femur dan tibia berada dalam sebagian besar fase kristalin namun dalam ukuran kecil-kecil.

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Nano calcium is calcium phosphate which has a particle size of 50-150 nm. The small size is expected to be absorbed more effectively into the bloodstream to further deposited in bone. The experiment aims to study the effect of nano calcium allotment diet towards calcium absorpotion in the 2-month-old white rats (Rattus norvegicus) bone. Fifty rats treated nano calcium intake and calcium dose variation, on a conventional diet 20 rats and 30 rats purified diet. Femur and tibia samples preparation : first step, 16 rats were given a conventional diet with 5 weeks of maintenance. In the first step of experiment, use 2X2 factorial, age factor (2 and 5 months) and diet factor (control and nano). Then 2-month-old 4 rats others maintained for 3 and 4 weeks. The second step, 12 rats 2-month-old were given purified diet and maintained for 4, 7 and 10 weeks, received two treatments that are control and nano. The rest 18 rats aged 2 months maintained 4 and 10 weeks, were given a dose variation nano calcium to 0.5 of normal calcium requirements, the appropriate dose of 1.0 normal requirement of calcium and a dose of 1.5 from the normal requirement of calcium. Characterization of samples: sample femur and tibia that has been removed with a solution of hydrazine organic substances, measurement of content; mineral, calcium, carbonate and phosphate. In addition to the measurement, it also obtained the phase structure, morphology and composition of the elements of the femur (distal epiphysis) on the position of the cross section. In characterization process, some samples were heat-treated. From these results, it is generally obtained information that giving or the addition of calcium phosphate in the form of nanoparticles in the diet did not have a significant influence on the mineral content in the bones, however the treatments in the experiment showed enhancement of calcium absorption (P<0,01). And for furthermore get information that the minimal of femur and tibia were in most of the crystalline phase, but in a small size."

"Suplemen kalsium dapat membantu mencegah kasus osteopenia dan osteoporosis, selain itu juga dapat digunakan dalam pengobatan bersama-sama dengan obat lain. Penelitian ini membahas metode-metode pengukuran yang tepat secara fisika biomedis dari tulang tikus putih Rattus norvegicus yang diovariektomi dan diberi perlakuan diet nano kalsium fosfat. Tujuannya yaitu untuk mendapatkan metode yang tepat dalam mendeteksi status penulangan kembali, dari hewan model yang mendapat diet nano kalsium fosfat dalam perbaikan tulang osteoporosis pascaovariektomi (pasca-OVX). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif yang dilakukan dalam serangkaian penelitian dan dibagi dalam tiga prosedur kerja. Diet dibuat dalam tiga jenis yaitu A (diet dengan nano kalsium 0,1%), B (diet dengan nano kalsium 0,4%) dan C (diet dengan nano kalsium 0,7%). Parameter yang diukur pada tahap pertama yaitu kandungan nutrisi dan mineral diet. Tahap kedua yaitu operasi OVX pada tikus dan dipelihara normal untuk mengkondisikan tikus osteoporosis. Parameter yang diukur pada tahap kedua yaitu mineral serum dan tulang, gugus fungsional tulang, morfologi, struktur kristal dan densitas tulang tibia dan femur yang dilakukan setiap dua minggu saat proses osteoporosis. Tahap ketiga yaitu tahap perlakuan pemberian diet nano kalsium fosfat terhadap tikus osteoporosis akibat OVX. Parameter yang dianalisis yaitu konsumsi bahan kering, konsumsi kalsium, kalsium dalam feses, persentase serapan kalsium, kandungan kalsium, magnesium dan fosfor dalam serum, tulang femur dan tibia, gugus fungsional tulang, morfologi, struktur kristal dan densitas tulang femur dan tibia pada saat proses recovery. Alat karakterisasi yang digunakan yaitu Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Ultraviolet-Visible (Uv-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) dan Computed Tomography (CT) Scan. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji-t bebas, dengan membandingkan hasil yang diperoleh antara tikus non-OVX dan OVX serta membandingkan hasil dari tikus yang diberi diet A dengan B dan B dengan C. Hubungan antara metode deteksi dengan data biologis diuji dengan analisis regresi berganda. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh, hasil riset tahap satu menginformasikan bahwa kandungan nutrisi dan mineral diet sesuai dengan standar diet yang direkomendasikan oleh National Research Council (NRC) USA. Hasil riset tahap dua yaitu tikus yang diovariektomi menunjukkan tanda osteoporosis dengan menurunnya kadar kalsium dalam serum, tulang femur dan tibia, terjadinya penurunan ion fosfat dan densitas elektron, serta ukuran butir yang lebih besar terjadi pada minggu ke-7 sejak OVX. Hasil perlakuan ketiga jenis diet nano kalsium fosfat pada riset tahap tiga menunjukkan bahwa tikus osteoporosis pasca-OVX yang diberi diet dengan nano kalsium 0,4% memberikan hasil yang lebih efektif dan efisien dibandingkan dengan tikus osteoporosis pasca-OVX yang diberi diet dengan kandungan nano kalsium 0,1% dan 0,7%.

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Calcium suplements are used as an aid in the prevention of osteopenia and osteoporosis, and also for the treatment of patients when used along with medication. This study analyzed precise measurements for physic-medical bones of ovariectomized white rats (Rattus norvegicus) which were conditioned in a nano calcium phosphate diet treatment. The goal was to get the right method for detecting bone rebalancing from animal models that had a nano calcium phosphate diet in postovariectomy (post-OVX) condition for osteoporosis bone repair. This research was qualitatively and quantitatively conducted in a series of studies and divided into three work procedures. The first step was the production of a nano calcium phosphate diet. Three types, namely A (diet with 0.1% nano calcium according to normal needs), B (diet with 0.4% nano calcium) and C (diet with 0.7% nano calcium). The second step was rats OVX surgery and the rats were maintained normally up to osteoporosis stage. The parameters measured in the second step were serum and bone minerals, bone functional groups, morphology, crystalline structure and density of the tibia and femur that were carried out every two weeks during the osteoporosis process. The third step involved the osteoporosis rats (ovariectmized rats) that had the nano calcium phosphate diet treatment. The parameters analyzed were dry matter consumption, calcium consumption, feces in calcium, percentage of calcium absorption, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus content in serum, femur and tibia, bone functional groups, morphology, crystal structure and femur and tibia bone density during the recovery process. The characterization were Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Ultraviolet-Visible (Uv-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy / Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM / EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Computed Tomography (CT) Scan. The free t-test was applied to analyzed the data, by comparing the results obtained between non-OVX and OVX rats and comparing the results of rats grouped diet A with B and diet B with C. The relationship between the detection method and biological data was tested by multiple regression analysis. Based on the data obtained, the first step results informed that the nutritional and mineral contents of the diet were in accordance with diet standards which were recommended by the National Research Council (NRC) USA. The second test results showed that ovariectomized rats had the signs of osteoporosis with decreasing in calcium levels in serum, femur and tibia, in phosphate ions and electron density, and increasing larger grain size occurred in the 7th week since OVX. The third step results revealed that post-OVX osteoporosis rats in the 0.4% nano calcium diet showed more effective and efficient bone-rebalancing compared to post-OVX osteoporosis rats in 0.1% or 0.7% nano calcium."