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"Skripsi ini membahas terjadinya peningkatan kejadian kasus Tuberkulosis paru BTA (+) di Kota Sukabumi dan belum diketahuinya pola penyebaran penyakit Tuberkulosis paru BTA (+) dengan analisis spasial berdasarkan faktor kependudukan dan pelayanan kesehatan, bertujuan untuk mengetahui analisis spasial kejadian Tuberkulosis paru BTA (+) di Kota Sukabumi tahun 2010-2012. Penelitian menggunakan desain studi ekologi jenis multiple group dengan time trend menggunakan pendekatan analisis spasial. Hasil penelitian bahwa kasus baru dan insiden Tuberkulosis paru BTA (+) di Kota Sukabumi tahun 2010-2012 meningkat dan cenderung mengikuti pola persebaran kepadatan penduduk, jumlah fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan dan jumlah tenaga kesehatan. Dari hasil penelitian ini menyarankan agar program pemberantasan dan pengendalian penyakit Tuberkulosis paru BTA (+) sebaiknya diprioritaskan pada wilayah dengan kepadatan penduduk tinggi.

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This essay discusses the increased incidence of pulmonary Tuberculosis cases of Acid-Resistant Bacteria (+) in Sukabumi and not knowing the pattern of spread of disease pulmonary Tuberculosis Acid-Resistant Bacteria (+) with a spatial analysis based on demographic factors and health services, spatial analysis aimed to determine the incidence of pulmonary Tuberculosis Acid–Resistant Bacteria (+) Sukabumi in 2010-2012. Research design using multiple types of ecological study group with a time trend using spatial analysis approach.

The results of that study and the incidence of new cases of pulmonary Tuberculosis Acid–Resistant Bacteria (+) in Sukabumi in 2010-2012 increased and tend to follow the pattern of distribution of population density, the number of health care facilities and health workers. From the results of this study suggest that eradication programs and disease control pulmonary Tuberculosis Acid–Resistant Bacteria (+) should be prioritized in areas with high population density."

"Environmental factors in connection with the TB Lung BTA (+) (case control study) in the city of Jambi 2000-2001As a living place, house is one of key basic need of human beings. A live able and healthy house is very important for people; a healthy one should fulfill health requirements such as physiological need, contagious disease and accident prevention. A sufficient lighting is a vital need of human in a cleaning house. The contagion of tuberculosis disease has tight relation to ventilation and lighting in the house. A house which doesn't have enough ventilation, a lack of lighting gives the bacteria an opportunity to breed, if there is a patient of tuberculosis in it, so it eases the contagion to other people living in it.TB Lungs Disease is still a problem of health; the generation of TB Lungs derives from contribution of some physical environment of house and respondents characteristics. Tuberculosis is a contagious disease that is generated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis germs; they usually enter the human body system via respiration to the lungs. The TB patients are much founded in unhealthy settlement, and lack of lighting and ventilation one that is under the health requirement. The objective of this research is to recognize the risk of contribution factors of physical environment of house and respondent characteristic toward TB Lungs patients in the city of Jambi. The methods of research design the control case. The samples were taken proportionally from 7 (seven) referred microscopic public health center (puskesmas), with 50 cases and 100 controls. The data are analyzed to verify hypotheses with univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses phase. Independent research variables for respondents characteristics; age, gender, length of living, nutrition grade, knowledge, and physical factors of house: ventilation, crowd of settlement, humidity, and lighting.The result of research shows respondents in Referred Microscopic Public Health Center (PRM); Pakuan Baru 26 % and 19 % controls, Putri Ayu 22% cases and 20% controls, Simpang Kawat 22% cases and 11 % controls. While PRM ; Koni, Simpang IV Sipin, Tanjung Pinang, and Olak Kemang 30% and 59 % controls. The result of bivariate analyses show the length of living, nutrition grade, knowledge, ventilation, crowd of settlement, bedroom and living room lighting, that statistically have significant connection for the appearance of TB Lungs with Odd Ratio 2.7 value (p3.021), 2.6 (p:1.008), 3.9 (p=0.001), 4.6 (p=4.0000) 3.S(p=0.000). 3.3(p).001), and 2.3 (p=0.015). From the result of multivariate analyses it is proved that house ventilation is the most contributed variable that arranges room temperature quality for the appearance of TB Lungs, statistically it shows significant relation p < 0.05 with Odd Ration 8.8 (p=0.000).It is suggested that a healthy house program should be promoted based on environment to perish TB Lungs. The renovation of TB Lungs patient, mostly, by building windows and glass made roof utilization and also performing intensive information spreading about tuberculoses disease knowledge through direct or indirect information sharing."

"ABSTRACTCendawan polypore merupakan kelompok cendawan yang memiliki binding dan skeletal hyphae dengan himenium yang umumnya berpori. Cendawan tersebut memiliki manfaat tinggi pada sisi ekologis dan antroposentris. Akan tetapi, sampai dengan tahun 2018, keanekaragaman cendawan di Kampus UI Depok, khususnya cendawan polypore, belum pernah terdata. Hal tersebut perlu menjadi perhatian besar mengingat berbagai peningkatan jumlah sarana-prasarana telah dan sedang dilakukan di kawasan kampus sehingga dapat mengancam keberadaan cendawan polypore. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menginventarisasi dan mendeskripsikan, membandingkan keanekaragaman taksonomi, dan menyediakan koleksi spesimen cendawan polypore di Kampus UI Depok. Sampling spesimen dilakukan di seluruh kawasan urban dan hutan Kampus UI Depok menggunakan metode jelajah bebas. Karakterisasi, identifikasi, dan penyusunan deskripsi spesies menggunakan pendekatan morfologi, baik makroskopis maupun mikroskopis. Diperoleh 70 spesimen cendawan polypore dari kawasan tersebut yang terdiri atas 34 spesies yang berasal dari 22 genus, 7 famili (1 incertae sedis),  dan 4 ordo.  Sebanyak 82,35% cendawan polypore berasal dari ordo Polyporales GA um. Sementara itu, famili dan genus terbesar adalah Polyporaceae dan Trametes. Sebanyak 17 spesies yang terdeteksi sebagai spesies new record di Pulau Jawa dan 11new record di Indonesia. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kawasan hutan memiliki keanekaragaman taksonomi lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kawasan urban. Hal tersebut dapat disebabkan oleh perbedaan ketersediaan substrat tumbuhan dan kondisi abiotik pada kedua kawasan yang dapat memengaruhi dispersi dan pertumbuhan cendawan polypore.

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ABSTRACTThe polypore mushrooms or polypores are distinguished by their binding and skeletal hyphae and typical poroid hymenophore. Huge beneficial ecological and anthropocentric values can be obtained from them. Unfortunately, there have never been any mushroom diversity record on site, including polypores, though Universitas Indonesia has been established in Depok for 31 years. Moreover, campus facilities development which is ongoing may threaten their existence. The study was aimed to list and describe polypores of UI Depok Campus which then collected as specimen for further studies. Taxonomic diversity in urban and forest area were then compared. Sampling had been conducted using broad survey method. Characterization, identification, and species description were done using morphological approach, both macroscopic and microscopic. Seventy specimens which were collected consisted of 34 species from 22 genera, 7 families (1 incertae sedis), and 4 orders. Polyporales GA um is the largest order (82,35% from all species found) with Polyporaceae and Trametes as the largest in rank family and genus respectively. It is then known that 17 species are new record in Java and 11 among them are new to Indonesia. The study shows that taxonomical diversity is higher in forest area compared to urban area. It was possible due to the differences in plant availability as substrate and abiotic factors those affect polypores dispersion and growth."

"Malaria merupakan suatu penyakit yang penyebarannya sangat luas di negara yang beriklim tropis maupun sub tropis. Kabupaten Pesawaran salah satu kabupaten dengan tingkat endemisitas yang tinggi di Provinsi Lampung. Puskesmas Hanura merupakan wilayah dengan endemisitas tertinggi yaitu AMI 88,7 %, API 22,9% dan SPR : 27,2 %.Tujuan penelitian mengetahui hubungan keberadaan tempat perindukan nyamuk dengan kejadian malaria di Puskesmas Hanura. Desain penelitian kasus kontrol, data primer. Jumlah sampel 396. Hasil menunjukkan variabel tempat perindukan nyamuk berhubungan bermakna dengan kejadian malaria. ( OR = 5,58 ; CI : 3,625 - 8,599). Rumah penduduk dengan tempat perindukan nyamuk berisiko 5,58 kali dibanding tidak ada tempat perindukan nyamuk.

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Malaria is a disease that is very widely spread in most parts of the world, both the tropical and sub-tropics. Pesawaran District is one of the districts with high endemis in the province of Lampung. Hanura Health Center is on the highest endemy region of AMI 88,7 %, API 22,9% dan SPR (Slide Positive Rate): 27,2 %. This study aims to determine the relationship of mosquito breeding place presence with malaria finding at Hanura health center This research design is case control study, using primary data. The overall samples are 396. The results showed that the mosquito breeding places variables significantly associated with malaria incidence. ( OR = 5,58 ; CI: 3,625 - 8,599). People houses with mosquito breeding places at risk of 5,58 times compared with no mosquito breeding places."

"Makanan merupakan salah satu kebutuhan dasar pada manusia, sehingga makanan harus aman untuk dikonsumsi. Penyakit bawaan makanan adalah suatu penyakit yang ditimbulkan oleh makanan yang terkontaminasi oleh mikroorganisme pathogen.Makanan jajanan merupakan salah satu hasil produk dari tempat pengolahan makanan dan banyak dijumpai di lingkungan sekitar sekolah serta umumnya rutin dikonsumsi oleh sebagian besar anak usia sekolah. Selain mempunyai peran yang menguntungkan makanan jajanan mempunyai risiko untuk menimbulkan masalah kesehatan seperti kejadian keracunan makanan di sekolah. Beberapa faktor yang dapat memungkinkan terjadinya penularan penyakit melalui makanan adalah perilaku yang tidak higienis, adanya sumber penyakit menular, adanya media dan resipien. Tujuan Umum dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran kondisi higiene sanitasi makanan jajanan serta faktor yang mempengaruhinya di kabupaten Tangerang tahun 2006.Penelitian ini menggunakan disain potong lintang (Cross Sectional), dengan memanfaatkan data sekunder kegiatan pengawasan makanan dan minuman yang dilakukan oleh Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Tangerang terhadap pedagang makananjajanan di Sekolah Dasar di Kabupaten Tangerang tahun 2006. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah makanan jajanan yang diambil dari 159 Sekolah Dasar di kabupaten Tangerang tahun 2006 adapun variabel yang diamati adalah : pengetahuan, perilaku, peralatan sarana air bersih, sarana pembuangan Iimbah, tempat pembuangan sampah dan lokasi usaha, sedangkan yang menjadi variabel terikat adalah kontaminasi bakteri E.CoIi.Hasil penelitian menunjukan sampel makanan yang terkontaminasi sebanyak 37,1%. Untuk pengetahuan Iebih dari separuh (62,9%) tidak baik, Sedangkan untuk perilaku sebagian besar tidak baik (76,7%). Lokasi usaha lebih dari separuh tidak memenuhi syaraf (53,5%). Bggitu pula untuk peralatan yang digunakan lebih dariseparuhnya yaitu 57,2% tidak memenuhi syarat. Sedangkan untuk fasilitas sanitasi menunjukan hampir sebagian besar kondisi tempat sampah tidak memenuhi syarat (93,1%), untuk sarana air bersih hampir sebagian besar (75,5%) tidak memenuhi syarat.Begitu pula untuk sarana pembuangan limbah 86,2% tidak memenuhi syarat. Hasil uji bivariat menunjukan hanya empat variabel yang bermakna yaitu : pengetahuan (p = 0,028), perilaku (p = 0,009), peralatan (p = 0,039) dan sarana air bersih (p= (1,037) sehingga variabel ini masuk menjadi kandidat analisis multivariat. Pada analisis multivariat lalu dilakukan seleksi kandidat dengan memasukan variabel dengan nilai p<0,2S. Dari hasil akhir analisis multivariat tersebut diketahui bahwa perilaku merupakan variabel murni yang mempengaruhi terjadinya kontaminasi pada makanan jajanan (p = 0,011) dengan nilai OR 3,2 (95% : CI) dengan persamaan matematisnya adalah sebagai berikut : Logit (kontaminasi makanan) = 0,297 + 1,158*perilaku = 0,81Saran secara akademik adalah perlunya perbaikan metode dalam penyusunan kuesioner dan kejelasan dalam Iangkah kerja ketika mengambil sampel. Saran secara praktis adalah Dinas Kesehatan hendaknya meningkatkan upaya pembinaan dan pengawasan atau inspeksi sanitasi terhadap pedagang makanan jajanan di Sekolah Dasar secara rutin, adanya kerjasama dengan pihak sekolah dalam upaya pengelolaan kantin sekolah yang sehat serta penyediaan fasilitas sanitasi yang diperlukan. Upaya Iainnya adanya Iomba kantin seknlah sehat yang bisa memotivasi perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat pada pedagang makanan jajanan di sekolah serta membuat sentra makanan jajanan dengan menggabungkan para pedagang dalam satu tempat.

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It has been known that food is one of the human basic needs. Therefore, food should be safe to be consumed. Food born disease is a disease that originated from food that contaminated by pathogenic microorganism.

Street food is a food that produced, processed and mainly found in the area surrounding the school and routinely consume by most of the students in their break time. Although it is found that street food has an advantages side, but it is also has a risk on their health, like food poisoning. Some factors that could be occurring in food born disease are: unhygienic behavior, the source of the contagious disease, the media, and the recipient.

The main purpose of the study is to describe the condition of sanitation hygienic of the street food and factors related to the condition, at the district of Tangerang 2006. The study use the cross sectional design with secondary data obtained from the activities of food and drink monitoring that carried out by the Health District Authority of Tangerang towards food street vendors in all Primary School in Tangerang. Samples are food from street food that sells in 159 Primary School at the district of Tangerang.

Variables observed are including the knowledge, behavior, eating utensils and clean water, waste disposal appliance, the garbage storage, and the location on where the food is selling. The E. coli contamination is being the dependent variable of the study.

The study found that food sampled has have contaminated is around 37.1%. More than half (62.9%) has poor knowledge, and mainly (76.7%) has poor behavior. Mostly (53.5%), the location on where the food is selling has poor condition. Same situation for the condition of eating utensils, 57.2% have unconditional state. Meanwhile, most of sanitary facilities are in poor condition, 93.1% of garbage storages are unconditional,

75.5% of clean water facilities are poor, as well as 86.2% of waste disposal appliances.

From the bivariate analysis, there four variables are found have significant relationship, i.e. knowledge (p = 0.028), behavior (p = 0.009), utensils (p = 0.039), and clean water appliances (p = 0.037), which lead to included to multivariate analysis. From

the final analysis of multivariate, it has found that behavior is to be the sole variable that influences the occurrence of street food contamination (p = 0.011) with OR 3.2 (95% C.I) with its mathematical formulation is:

Logit (food contamination) = 0.297 + 1.158*behavior = 0.81

Suggestion on academic issues is suppose to improve the method of questionnaires arrangement and clarification on the step of activities on sampling. Suggestion in practical issue, for the Health Authority that suppose to increase the capacity building and sanitary monitoring or inspection towards street food vendors surrounding the school in routinely base. There is a need on good collaboration between school management in order to obtain a healthy school canteen, as well as providing the sanitary facilities that urgently needed. Other form of endeavor is to create a healthy canteen competition in order to encourage the clean and healthy lifestyle towards street food vendors, as well as creating the center for street food that merging all street vendors into one selling location."

"Makanan merupakan salah satu kebutuhan dasar pada manusia, sehingga makanan harus aman untuk dikonsumsi. Penyakit bawaan makanan adalah suatu penyakit yang ditimbulkan oleh makanan yang terkontaminasi oleh mikroorganisme pathogen.