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"This paper aims at analysing the ideological, political, and legal background of urban planning on the basis of empirical research on the rezoning of industrial sites in Balmain in Sydney, which has become a contentious issue in recent years. Balmain became a test for the state government policy on urban consolidation. The rezoning in Balmain became a major issue because several giant corporations (Monsanto, Caltex, Unilever, and Balmain Power Station) were involved, with the approval of state government of NSW, against the residents groups and local government of Leichhardt. The state government, the council, the developers, and the residents have been fighting for the right to decide the case. It is interesting to examine in what legal based the laws, the ideological, and political contested on the urban planning. This chapter will analyse a structure of the urban planning from the legal perspective and the theory of the social function of urban planning in Sydney generally, and in some detail will ers to the Balmain case."

"Kota merupakan sebuah sistem, sehingga perlu diatur dengan suatu kebijakan pengelolaan perkotaan (Urban Management). PERDA DKI No. 6/1999 adalah kebijakan Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) DKI Jakarta. Didalam sistem kebijakan ini, diatur upaya pengendalian pemanfaatan ruang pembangunan melalui Koefisien Dasar Bangunan (KDB). Prinsip KDB adalah menetapkan bagian (porsi) ruang yang boleh dibangun dan tidak boleh dibangun pada suatu rencana pembangunan.Masalah banjir di Jakarta masih menjadi ancaman. Pada tahun 1996, Jakarta dilanda banjir dan berulang kembali pada tahun 2002, 3 tiga tahun setelah keputusan PERDA dengan area yang lebih leas. Kawasan kena banjir di wilayah penelitian meluas dari 6 kelurahan tahun 1996 menjadi 18 pada tahun 2002. Pertanyaannya kemudian : dimanakah Ietak kesalahan kebijakan tersebut sehingga pembangunan kota malahan telah menghasilkan masalah baru ? Prinsip pelaksanaan KDB, secara internal seharusnya mampu menciptakan kondisi lingkungan kota menjadi lebih bails bukan sebaliknya malahan menjadi lebih buruk.Atas permasalahan yang terjadi, pertanyaannya : (1) Bagaimana kriteria KDB ditetapkan dalam suatu rencana pembangunan ? (2) bagaimana konsistensi pelaksanaan KDB dan (3) bagaimana hubungan KDB dengan tumbuhnya kawasan barn kena banjir di wilayah penelitian ? Tujuan penelitian : (1) mengetahui kriteria ketetapan KDB, (2) menilai pelaksanaan kebijakan KDB atas Rencana dan Fakta dan (3) mengukur pengaruh KDB terhadap tumbuhnya kawasan baru kena banjir di wilayah penelitian.Adalah fakta bahwa perubahan penggunaan tanah sejak tahun 1996 hingga 2002 cenderung kepada perluasan Ruang Terbangun, sehingga Ruang Terbuka menjadi berkurang. Dibandingkan dengan kebijakannya, perubahan yang terjadi ternyata tidak seperti yang diharapkan; yaitu basil Fakta tidak sesuai dengan Target Rencana pada RPTR Kecamatan 2005. Perluasan Ruang Terbangun telah meningkatkan nilai Koefisien Run off pada tanah. Daya resapan tanah terhadap Air menjadi menurun. Pada musim hujan, Air hujan lebih banyak berada di atas permukaan tanah. Ruang Terbuka yang menyempit telah berakibat pada peninggian permukaan Air hujan ketika melimpas di permukaannya. Hasil perhitungan Debit banjir menunjukan adanya perbedaan ketinggian Air tersebut pads banjir tahun 1996 dengan 2002, yaitu 76,01 cm x 178,76 cm.Proses KDB terikat pada RPTR dengan dasar pertimbangan 4 kondisi fisik : Jejaring, Aktivitas, Kepadatan dan internsitas bangunan. Aspek hidrologis seperti daya resapan tanah, koefisien run off dan intensitas hujan tidak menjadi kriterianya; padahal "Ruang" adalah sebuah sistem lingkungan (subyek) yang memiliki fungsi konservasi bagi lingkungan. Unsur kriteria KDB tidak memiliki standar ukuran baku yang tetap dan mengikat besaran KDB, sehingga pelaksanaannya tidak dapat konsisten. Koefisien run-off wilayah telah meningkat sehingga berpeluang besar untuk kena banjir. Orientasi KDB hanya kepada "ruang" untuk' aktivitas (obyek), sehingga perlu di sempurnakan kriterianya dengan menilai aspek hidrologis melalui Reformulasi KDB.

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Urban is a system, so it need to managed by a management policy called Urban Management. The Region Regulation of Jakarta, i.e. PERDA DKI No. 611999 is a Master Plan Policy for spatial management plan, called RTRW. In this policy system, the purpose of land development has arranged to monitor and controlled through the decision of Building Coverage Ratio, called KDB. The principle of KDB is to proportionally define the urban space that might becomes to either built area or open space.

The flood problem for Jakarta is still potent. In 1996, Jakarta was flood and repeat again in year of 2002 which greater than before; it was 3 years after the PERDA con-ducted. In the study area, the flood area has increase too larger from 6 district areas only at year of 1996 became 18 districts in 2002. It was wondering; what's wrong with the policy so it's gaining a new flood problem? Internally, the KDB principles actually should be produce a better condition to the urban environment then worse.

Pertaining to the problem, the questions are (1) How the KDB criteria's being stated for the develop planning? (2) How the consistency of KDB implementation it? And (3) how the correlate of KDB to the new of flood area? The objectives of the research are: (1) To know the state of KDB criteria's, (2) To judging the KDB implementation due to Planning concept and the Fact result, and (3) To measure the effect of KDB toward the growth of new area in study area which has been flooded.

In fact, the changes of land utilization was since 1996 to 2002, it tend to increase of built area and decrease of open space. Comparing to the policy goal, those change results was unexpected and had no matched to the Detailed Plan for 2005; obviously because the factual is greater than the target planned.

Any way, the increasing of built area will cause to an increasing of earth Run off Coefficient value. An infiltration capacity of earth will be decrease and Iatter on it will effect to the much more number of water volume on the earth surface. The open space that goes to narrow will cause of rain water level at surface that goes to higher. An account of Q factor from two periods, 1996 and 2002 with different run off coefficient i.e. 0.19 and 0.70 and different large of open space, have gaining a result a different water high level, that is 76.01-cm (1996) versus 178,76 cm (2002).

The states of KDB, it most depend on the Land Utilization Detailed Plan (called RPTR) and was considerate by four (4) criteria's i.e. Network, Activity, Density and Intensity. At those criteria's, none of them are concern to the environmental aspects such as land infiltration capacities or land run off coefficient or rain fall intensities were been a hydrological issues. In Fact, space or region is an environmental system, which have a conserve function (subject) but also have limitations. The KDB's orientation just to fulfill spatial needs for activities (object) and the criteria's has no standard rules to tight up KDB being consistence when it conducted. Otherwise, getting higher value of run off coefficient, it will tend to a bigger chance of flood be. Furthermore, the KDB principle need to reformulate to complete it criteria's with hydrological aspects."

"Children is in fact not different than mature people in terms of their rights to determine what kind of environment is best for them due to their need for healthy living space. However, mature people viz-a-viz city council seem neglect that and pretend as if they know exactly what children think as best to them.The writer here exposes some evidences as well as arguments that even children should be given access in determining what kind of environment, facilities and others they may require in the city setting."

"ABSTRAKStres lingkungan seringkali dirasakan oleh penduduk di perkotaan besar. Dalam Riset Kesehatan Dasar Riskesdas tahun 2007 gangguan mental emosional menunjukan angka prevalensi tertinggi di Provinsi Jawa Barat yaitu 20,0. Stres lingkungan berkepanjangan dapat menyebabkan depresi, penurunan motivasi, dan kecemasan berlebihan. Melihat efek negatif yang ditimbulkan maka diperlukan penelitian untuk melihat dampak sumber stres terhadap penduduk di Kota Bekasi. Sumber stres perkotaan seperti polusi, kebisingan, dan suhu ditampalkan untuk melihat wilayah sumber stres paling tinggi dan hubungannya dengan bentuk stres yang ditimbulkan. Sumber stres tertinggi ditemukan di pusat kota, wilayah industri, dan permukiman yang padat. Berdasarkan analisis spasial yang dilakukan ditemukan bahwa sumber stres yang ada hanya mempengaruhi sedikit bentuk stres yang di timbulkan. Dari bentuk stres yang ada ditemukan adaptasi yang dilakukan penduduk Kota Bekasi untuk mengatasi sumber stres lingkungan seperti penggunaan teknologi atau mengurangi intensitas keluar rumah.

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ABSTRACTEnvironmental stress is frequently felt by the resident of big cities. Basic Health Research in 2017, emotional mental issue shows the highest prevalence number in West Java, calculated as 20,0. Prolonged environmental stress could cause depression, motivation decrease, and over anxious. As seeing this negative effect appeared, so the research to observe the impact of Bekasi residents sources of stress is needed. Sources of stress in cities, such as pollution, noise, and temperature are being showed to review the region of the highest source of stress and its relation with the form of stress caused. The highest source of stress was found in the downtown, industrial regions, and dense settlement. Based on the spatial analytic that has been done, its discovered that these sources of stress just caused a little impact to the forms of stress. From these forms of stress, the adaption of Bekasi resident to resolve these sources of environmental stress such as technology utilization or more likely to stay at home, were found. "

"The 10th Urban Environment Symposium (10UES) was held on 9–11 June 2010 in Gothenburg, Sweden. UES aims at providing a forum on the science and practices required to support pathways to a positive and sustainable future in the urban environment. The UES series is run by Chalmers University of Technology within the Alliance for Global Sustainability (The AGS).Papers by leading experts are presented in sections on sustainable urban develoment and urban planning, air quality and human health, urban waters, and urban soil contamination and treatment."

"Tesis ini bertujuan terperoleh gambaran kognitif anak-anak di Indonesia, khususnya anak-anak di Kelurahan Kwitang, Jakarta Pusat mengenai lingkungan kota. Penelitian ini menguunakan suatu desain studi kasus yang akan menghasilkan gambaran persepsi anak mengenai lingkungan kota.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode pengumpulan data dan informasi pengamatan terlibat, wawancara semi terstruktur dan menggambar. Informal penelitian adalah anak-anak usia 9-12 tahun, murid kelas IV, V, dan VI SDN Kenari 01 Pagi, SDN Kenari 02 Petang, SDN Kenari 03 Pagi, SDN Kenari 04 Petang, SDN Kenari 05 Pagi dan SDN Kenari 06 Petang. Lokasi penelitian di Kelurahan Kwitang, Kecamatan Senen, Jakarta Pusat.Dalam penelitian ini anak-anak menguraikan narasi sesuai dengan persepsi dan pengalamannya dari tiap-tiap lingkungan tempat mereka berinteraksi dan bersosialisasi secara sosial, yaitu lingkungan tempat tinggal, lingkungan komuniti, lingkungan sekolah, lingkungan bermain, pelayanan transportasi, dan pelayanan kesehatan. Di lingkungan tempat tinggal, ketenangan dan kenyamanan karena ada orang tua yang menjaga, sanitasi rumah bersih, dan adanya air bersih. Sementara, di lingkungan komuniti tergambar organisasi RT-RW, lingkungan yang aman, karena ada Pos Kamling dan penerangan jalan yang mendukung Sistem Keamanan Lingkungan, pengelolaan sampah dan pemeliharaan saluran pembuangan air kotor. Gambaran lingkungan sekolah adalah anak merasa nyaman dan aman bersekolah, karena gedungnya kokoh dan berpagar besi, sanitasi lingkungan terawat; metode pembelajaran yang klasikal, sehingga tidak melatih anak untuk berdiskusi. Di lingkungan bermain, tidak ada fasilitas tempat bermain sehingga anak-anak berinisiatif menggunakan jalan, taman, bantaran kali dan halaman sekolah sebagai tempat bermain. Hal ini mempunyai resiko kecelakaan. Dalam pelayanan transportasi transportasi kota Jakarta, membuat anak-anak belum merasa tenang dan nyaman, karena pelayanannya tidak memperhatikan keselamatan mereka, dan desain kendaraan tidak sesuai dengan kebutuhan anak. Selain itu pelayanan transportasi belum ramah terhadap anak. Terakhir, berkaitan dengan pelayanan kesehatan, anak menggambarkan penyakit yang sering mereka derita terkait dengan resiko lingkungan seperti air kotor, makanan yang kurang higiene, dan sanitasi yang buruk.Penyakit yang sering diderita oleh anak adalah diare, infeksi saluran pernapasan atas, dan kulit. Apabila anak-anak sakit, mereka sering dirujuk oleh orang-tua mereka ke klinik dan atau puskesmas sesuai dengan kemampuan keuangan keluarga.Pelibatan anak-anak dalam sejenis penelitian demikian membesarkan hati mereka. Hal tersebut terungkap dari antusiasme mereka dalam menggambarkan berbagai keadaan seperti lingkungan perumahan, lingkungan komuniti, lingkungan sekolah, lingkungan bermain, pelayanan transportasi, dan pelayanan kesehatan. Kemampuan mereka menggambarkan situasi di atas menandakan anak-anak ini peka terhadap lingkungan kotanya, dalam batas-batas kemampuan dan pemahaman mereka tentang lingkungannya.Pengabaian kebutuhan anak dalam pembangunan kota merupakan persoalan lingkungan yang dirasakan anak. Banyak hal yang dibutuhkan, namun belum tersedia dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan mereka. Dengan membangun sarana kebutuhan masyarakat (orang dewasa), pemerintah kota menganggap kebutuhan anak telah terwakili dan terpenuhi dengan sendirinya. Pengabaian pemerintah kota terhadap anak bukan hanya pada kebijakan dan anggaran terbatas, tetapi juga pada pelayanan dan penyediaan sarana kota yang berpengaruh pada tumbuh kembang anak.Perasaan tenang, nyaman, dan aman dengan lingkungan tempat tinggal, lingkungan komuniti, lingkungan sekolah mereka, serta tempat pelayanan kesehatan merupakan gambaran persepsi anak mengenai lingkungan kota di satu sisi dengan kasus Kelurahan Kwitang, sedangkan perasaan terganggu dengan sampah yang menumpuk, saluran pembuangan air kotor yang mampat karena masih adanya warga yang membuang sampah sembarangan, dan jalan-trotoar yang rusak di beberapa titik di lingkungan tersebut merupakan gambaran sisi lain. Permukiman yang padat di kelurahan ini adalah kekhawatiran yang lain anak jika terjadi kebakaran seperti sebelumnya, sehingga menjadi trauma untuk mereka. Masih pada sisi yang sama, fasilitas pada lingkungan bermain dan pelayanan transportasi, menurut mereka juga belum cukup memenuhi kebutuhan anak.Kajian ini terbatasi oleh beberapa faktor, sehingga masih ada "ruang penjelasan" yang terbuka untuk diisi peneliti lain. Keterbatasan ini antara lain disebabkan oleh tidak tinggalnya saya bersama anak-anak (informan), sehingga tidak mengetahui dengan baik pola asuh yang diterapkan di masing-masing keluarga anak. Saya pun tidak mengikuti kegiatan anak selama 24 jam penuh, sehingga pola kegiatan dan bermain anak tidak terekam secara utuh. Walaupun informan dalam penelitian ini adalah anak, namun saya tidak mendalami psikologi anak secara khusus, sehingga saya tidak mengetahui Bahasa tersirat anak yang ingin diungkapkan. Selain itu, saya juga tidak mendalami sosiologi secara khusus, sehingga saya tidak bisa memberikan gambaran yang rinci mengenai kehidupan masyarakat di lingkungan tersebut.

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This Thesis aimed to study cognitive description of Indonesian children, particularly those living in urban area in Kwitang Sub District in Central Jakarta. The study used a specially designed methods that captured children's perception through interviews and pictures.

The study used a qualitative approach by means of data collecting, involving observation, semi-structured interviews, and drawing. Participants of the study was 9 -12 year-old students on grade 4, 5 and 6 at six (6) Kenari Elementary Schools, a state-owned elementary schools located in Kwitang, Senen District, Central Jakarta. Three of these schools operated in the morning (07.00-12.00) and the other three operated in the afternoon (13.00-17.00)

The study found that all of participating children depicted their surroundings based on their perception and experiences. Those are internal family, schools, neighborhoods, playing grounds, transportation and health service. The study indicated that parents' income influenced their development. Moreover, it showed that good waste management and drainage of the environment supported their physical growth and health. Children described community work ("kerja bakti") organized by community leaders in their neighborhood had a crucial role to keep environment clean. In their school environment, children felt that secured and comfortable because of its permanent building, and good sanitation, despite their dissatisfaction with their schools' rest room. Classical method of learning was found to discourage children to get used to discussion. School facilities do not have adequate playing ground so that the children usually use street, park, and limited schoolyard as their playing ground. This posed them with risks to get accident. For transportation services, the children could not choose kind of transportation. Public vehicles were not designed and friendly to cater their needs. From health perspective, most children's diseases were related to the hygiene and sanitation of their houses, neighborhood, schools, and playing grounds. The study found that poor drainage and sanitation, non-hygienic foods, and air pollution were factors that affect children's health. Common diseases found in children were diarrhea, respiratory diseases, and dermatitis. Community Health Unit (Puskesmas), a government health service provider at district level, provided medical services for most of the sick children.

Involving children in this study made them full of pride. It was appeared through their enthusiasm in depicting their neighborhood, community environment, school environment, playing area, transportation and health service. Their ability in picturing the condition indicated their awareness and recognizing to their urban surrounding.

Negligence of children's needs in developing a city was a problem that was able to realize by children. There were many condition those needed by children but not available. By developing infrastructure for people (adult), city council assumed that children's need had already been fulfilled. It was not only on policy and limited budget, but also on city service that influence to children development.

Children those live in Kelurahan Kwitang felt two paradoxical conditions. They felt comfortable and safe with their neighborhood, community environment, school environment, and health service. On the other hand, they felt uncomfortable with piled of garbage, bad drainage, and smashed pedestrian. Moreover, children worried about dense residential because it tends to conflagration as it happened before. In addition, they stated that they do not have playing ground and access to transportation service.

This study was limited by some factors so that there was open "explanation room" that can be explored by other researcher. The limitation due to I, as a researcher, did not live in the Kelurahan Kwitang to observe child-rearing pattern in the family. I did not observe children for 24 hours so that child activity was not fully recorded. Instead of informant in the study was children, but I did not study psychology deeply. Therefore, I was not able to catch invisible gesture of children that would more reveal children's mind. In addition, I was not study sociology either so that I could not give specific picture of community life."

"ABSTRAKAir merupakan sumber daya kunci yang dibutuhkan untuk kehidupan manusia. Penyediaan airperkotaan belum memenuhi target pemenuhan hak atas air secara kuantitas, kualitas danketerjangkauan. Sistem pengelolaan air perkotaan masih tradisional menekankan pembangunan fisikinfrastruktur dan masih dikelola terpisah-pisah (fragmented). Riset ini bertujuan mengembangkanmodel dynamic governance dalam tata kelola air perkotaan. Pendekatan riset menggunakan metodagabungan, antara lain: Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) untuk menemukenali faktor-faktoryang mempengaruhi kondisi tata kelola air perkotaan saat ini, Social Network Analysis (SNA) untukmenilai tingkat interaksi antara aktor dan domain kebijakan siklus air perkotaan dan Soft SystemMethodology (SSM) untuk pengembangan model konseptual. Keluaran riset berupa modelkonseptual dynamic governance dalam tata kelola air perkotaan pada proses hirarki kebijakan mulailevel kebijakan, organisasional dan operasional untuk mewujudkan tujuan pengelolaan air perkotaanberkelanjutan. Model konseptual digambarkan melalui jalur-jalur aktivitas yang dihasilkan dariinteraksi elemen kapabilitas dinamis dengan kultur organisasi. Model dynamic governancediadaptasi di Kawasan Perkotaan Cekungan Bandung sebagai strategi implementasi pada kawasanperkotaan yang cepat tumbuh.

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ABSTRACTWater is a key resource needed for human life. Urban water supply has not met the target of fulfillingwater rights in quantity, quality and affordability. Urban water management systems stilltraditionally emphasize the physical construction of infrastructure and are still managedfragmented. This research aims to develop a dynamic governance model in urban water governance.The research approach uses mixed methods, including: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) toidentify the factors that influence the current state of urban water governance, Social NetworkAnalysis (SNA) to assess the level of interaction between actors and policy domains of urban watercycles, and Soft System Methodology (SSM) for the development of conceptual model. The result ofresearch is a conceptual model of dynamic governance in urban water governance at policyhierarchy process starting from policy, organizational and operational levels in order to achievethe ultimate goals of sustainable urban water management. The conceptual model is describedthrough activity pathways resulting from the interaction of elements of dynamic capabilities andorganizational culture. The dynamic governance model is adapted in Kawasan Perkotaan CekunganBandung as an implementation strategy in fast-growing urban areas.

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"Latar Belakang: Hilangnya mikroorganisme komensal yang menjadi building block dari maturasi sistem imun dapat menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan sitokin proinflamasi dan antiinflamasi. Disregulasi dari sistem imun memiliki implikasi pada predisposisi penyakit. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara status permukiman sebagai proksi dari pajanan mikroorganisme dengan keseimbangan sitokin proinflamasi dan antiinflamasi. Metode: Penelitian dengan desain studi potong lintang analitik ini menggunakan data sekunder dari disertasi berjudul “Regulasi Respons Imun Subyek di Permukiman Kumuh: Studi Imunitas Seluler pada Kultur Sel Darah yang Distimulasi Malaria, Vaksin BCG, dan LDL” di mana sampel kelompok kumuh diambil dari masyarakat yang bermukim di sekitar TPST Bantar Gebang (n=10), sedangkan sampel kelompok nonkumuh diambil dari mahasiswa Universitas YARSI (n=8). Pada penelitian tersebut sampel darah kelompok kumuh dan nonkumuh dikultur dengan metode PBMC dan distimulasi dengan LPS. Kadar TNF-alfa dan IL-10 diukur menggunakan luminex assay pada kondisi basal, pascastimulasi, dan kedua data tersebut dibandingkan menjadi suatu nilai rasio stimulasi:basal yang menggambarkan besarnya peningkatan produksi setelah terpajan stimulus dari keadaan basal. Hasil: Pada keadaan basal, kadar TNF-alfa lebih tinggi pada kelompok kumuh, namun tidak bermakna secara statistik (p=0,202). Kadar IL-10 pada keadaan basal lebih tinggi pada kelompok nonkumuh, namun juga tidak bermakna (p=0,108). Kadar TNF-alfa pascastimulasi LPS dan dalam bentuk rasio stimulasi:basal lebih tinggi secara bermakna pada kelompok kumuh (masing-masing p=0,000 dan p=0,005), sementara kadar IL-10 pascastimulasi LPS maupun dalam bentuk rasio stimulasi:basal lebih tinggi pada kelompok kumuh, namun tidak bermakna secara statistik (masing-masing p=0,893 dan p=0,423). Korelasi antara kadar TNF-alfa dan IL-10 sangat kuat dan signifikan pada kelompok kumuh (r=0,881, p=0,000), sementara korelasi yang lebih lemah da tidak signifikan diamati pada kelompok nonkumuh (r=0,611, p=0,054). Kesimpulan: Penduduk permukiman kumuh memiliki potensi produksi sitokin proinflamasi TNF-alfa yang lebih besar, namun potensi tersebut diimbangi dengan produksi sitokin antiinflamasi IL-10 secara seimbang. Hal ini tidak diamati pada penduduk permukiman nonkumuh.

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Introduction: Reduced exposure to commensal microorganisms—one of the building blocks/inputs needed for immune system maturation—can lead to aberation on the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine. This kind of immune dysregulation has an implication on disease predisposition. Objective: To determine the association between residential status—a proxy for microorganism exposure—and the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Method: This is an analytic cross-sectional study and secondary data was obtained from a parent study titled "Regulation of Immune Response to People Living in The Slum Area: A Study of Cellular Immunity on Whole Blood Cultures Stimulated Malaria, BCG, and LDL". Subjects for the rural group were sampled from Bantar Gebang landfill (n=10) while subjects for the urban group were sampled from YARSI University students (n=8). Blood sampled from the subjects was cultured using PBMC method and stimulated using Lipopolysaccharide. The measurement for the concentration of TNF-alpha and IL-10 was undertaken using luminex assay in basal and after stimulation condition. Both data were then made into a ratio (stimulated:basal) that represents the amount of cytokine production increment from basal. Result: At the basal condition, TNF-alpha concentration was higher in rural group, but the association was not significant (p=0,202). Meanwhile, IL-10 concentration at the basal condition was higher in urban group, but the association was not significant as well (p=0,108). The concentration of TNF-alpha after stimulation and the stimulated:basal ratio were significantly higher for rural group (p=0,000 and p=0,005, respectively), while the concentration of IL-10 after stimulation and the stimulated:basal ratio were higher for rural group, but the mean differences were statistically insignificant (p=0,893 dan p=0,423, respectively). Correlation between the concentration of TNF-alpha and IL-10 was very strong and statistically significant for rural group (r=0,881, p=0,000), while a weaker insignificant correlation was observed for urban group (r=0,611, p=0,054). Conclusion: Rural population have a greater potential to produce pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha but this potential was followed and balanced by the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. This relationship was not observed in the urban population.

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