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"Latar Belakang: Transfusi darah masih sering dilakakukan sekarang. Transfusi darah yang aman dan steril seharusnya dilakukan untuk mencegah reaksi yang tidak diinginkan untuk ada. Transfusi sel darah merah mempunyai insiden yang paling rendah. Walaupun dorongan dan praktik untuk memeriksa darah sebelum donor sudah dilakukan, reaksi transfusi tetap menunjukan angka kejadian yang tinggi terutama di negara dengan berpenghasilan rendah. Walaupun sebagian besar reaksi transfusi tidak mengancam, namun reaksi transfusi tetap menambah ketidaknyamanan pasien. Metode: cross-sectional digunakan dalam riset ini. Data diambil secara primer dengan kuesioner yang diberikan kepada pasien anak berumur 0-18 tahun yang sedang di transfusi dengan sel darah merah. Kuesioner tersebut di isi sendiri oleh orang tua atau wali pasien. Kuesioner mencakupi ada atau tidaknya reaksi transfusi, diagnosis pasien, dan frekuensi transfusi pasien dalam satu bulan. Dibutuhkan 81 subyek untuk riset ini.Result: Dari 83 pasien, ditemukan prevalensi reaksi transfusi di RSCM Kiara adalah 39.8%. Data yang diperolah sebagian besar adalah perempuan dan umur paling tinggi adalah 5-10 tahun. Hubungan signifikan antara diagnosis pasien dengan kemunculan reaksi transfusi ditemukan. Namun, signifikansi antara frekuensi transfusi dan reaksi transfusi tidak ditemukan di riset ini. Kesimpulan: reaksi transfusi yang paling sering terjadi adalah gatal, kemerahan, dan nyeri. Dari penelitian, ditemukan bahwa pasien dengan diagnosis keganasan 6 kali lebih mungkin untuk mengidap reaksi transfusi dikarenakan keadaan kesehatan pasien tersebut. Frekuensi transfusi tidak mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan reaksi transfusi.

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Background: Blood transfusion is a common practice done nowadays. Safe and sterile practice should be done to avoid any unwanted reaction that could happen. Red blood cell transfusion has the lowest incidence of transfusion reaction compared to other blood product. However, transfusion reaction is still happening despite the endorsement and practice of blood screening especially in some low income countries. The most common transfusion reactions are usually benign, however, it still adds to the patient’s discomfort.

Methode: This is a cross-sectional study. Primary data by a questionnaire given to pediatric patient undergoing RBC transfusion between 0-18 years old in RSCM Kiara transfusion ward. The questioner was completed by the parents or guardian of the patient. The questionare include the presence of transfusion recation, patient’s diagnosis, and the frequention of transfusion in one month. 81 subjects are needed for this research.

Results: From 83 patients that was included in this research, it was found that prevalence of transfusion reaction in pediatric patient is 39.8%. Most of the data was taken from female and most were between age 5-10 years old. There is a significant correlation between the recepient underlying diagnosis and the presence of transfusion reaction. However, there is no significant results in transfusion frequency.

Conclusion: The most common transfusion reactions found in this study are urticarial, rash, and pain. From this research, it was proven that patient with malignancy is 6 times more prone to transfusion reaction due to the patient’s condition. The frequency of transfusion does not significantly effect the possibility of developing transfusion reaction."

"Hepatitis C merupakan penyakit infeksi yang dapat ditemukan di seluruh dunia, baik di negara maju maupun di negara berkembang. Sekitar 90-95% dari seluruh hepatitis pasca transfusi disebabkan oleh infeksi virus hepatitis C, sedangkan sebagian besar diantaranya cenderung asimptomatik. sehingga kadang-kadang tidak terdeteksi. Sekitar separuh dari penderita tersebut dalam perjalanan penyakitnya akan menjadi hepatitis kronis, dan 20% di antaranya berlanjut menjadi sirosis bahkan karsinoma hepatoseluler. Timbulnya hepatitis C pada transfusi tentunya akan memperburuk kondisi penderita. Di Indonesia, penggunaan darah dan komponennya dari tahun ke tahun semakin meningkat. Komplikasi utama dari transfusi adalah timbulnya hepatitis pasca transfusi. Pada penderita hemofilia/talasemia seringkali harus berulang kali menerima transfusi darah dan faktor pembekuan, sehingga mempunyai resiko tinggi untuk menderita hepatitis pasca transfusi. Begitu pula para penderita lain yang suatu waktu harus menerima transfusi darah, juga mempunyai resiko yang cukup besar untuk mendapat hepatitis pasca transfusi. Selain melalui transfusi darah, dilaporkan juga adanya berbagai Cara penularan secara parenteral yang juga sering mengakibatkan seseorang terinfeksi virus hepatitis C, antara lain melalui hemodialisa, transplantasi organ, melalui jarum suntik pada pengguna obat bius, dan lain-lain. Penularan hepatitis C pada penderita hemodialisa tentunya akan mempersulit penanganan penderita tersebut. Akhir-akhir ini telah banyak dikembangkan tes serologic untuk mendeteksi adanya antibodi HCV yang merupakan petanda infeksi virus hepatitis C. Diharapkan dengan dilakukan penelitian ini penularan virus hepatitis C baik melalui transfusi darah dan komponennya, ataupun secara tidak langsung melalui proses hemodialisa dapat dikurangi."

"Latar Belakang: Pencapaian target transfusi darah pada pasien thalassemia beta bergantung transfusi dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor diantaranya adalah genotip, hipersplenisme, kompatibilitas darah, kecukupan darah donor dan interval transfusi. Ukuran limpa dapat dijadikan salah satu indikator keberhasilan pencapaian target transfusi darah selain kadar hemoglobin.Tujuan: Mengetahui proporsi pasien yang mencapai target optimal kadar hemoglobin pra dan pascatransfusi, menentukan faktor-faktor yang terkait dengan pencapaian target kadar hemoglobin pra dan pascatransfusi dan menilai hubungan antara pencapaian target kadar hemoglobin pra dan pascatransfusi dengan ukuran limpa pada pasien dewasa thalassemia beta bergantung transfusi.Metode: Penelitian cohort retrospective dengan pengambilan 200 subjek secara total sampling pada pasien dewasa rawat jalan Poliklinik thalassemia Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo. Data dianalisis dari 110 subjek berupa anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisis dan laboratorium.Hasil: Sebanyak 200 pasien thalassemia beta bergantung transfusi yang rutin kontrol ke poliklinik thalassemia Kiara RSCM, diikuti secara kohort sejak bulan Juni 2017 sampai Juni 2018. 110 subjek penelitian memenuhi kriteria inklusi diantaranya subjek thalassemia beta mayor 53 (48,2%) dan beta HbE bergantung transfusi 57 (51,8%). Proporsi subjek yang mencapai target kadar Hb pratransfusi yaitu 18 (16,4%) dan 22 (20,0%) subjek yang mencapai target Hb pasca. Sebanyak 8 (7,3%) subjek mencapai target kadar Hb pra dan pascatransfusi darah. Faktor kecukupan darah donor berhubungan dengan pencapaian target kadar Hb pra dan pascatransfusi (p=0,008) yaitu subjek yang hanya memiliki selisih permintaan darah < 30ml/KgBB/tahun. Pada 93 subjek penelitian tahap 2, didapatkan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok yang tercapai kadar Hb pra dan pascatransfusi darah dengan yang tidak tercapai terhadap delta ukuran limpa (p <0,001).Simpulan: Faktor kecukupan darah donor berhubungan dengan pencapaian target kadar hemoglobin pra dan pascatransfusi. Pencapaian target kadar hemoglobin pra dan pascatransfusi berhubungan dengan ukuran limpa.

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Background: Achieving the target of blood transfusion in transfusion-dependent beta thalassemia patients is influenced by various factors including genotype, hypersplenism, blood compatibility, donor blood adequacy and transfusion interval. The size of the spleen can be one indicator of the success of achieving blood transfusion targets in addition to hemoglobin levels.

Objective: Determine the proportion of patients who achieve the optimal target hemoglobin level pre and post transfusion, determine the factors that are related to achieving pre and post transfusion hemoglobin levels and assess the relationship between achieving pre and post transfusion hemoglobin levels with spleen size in adult beta thalassemia transfusion dependent patients.

Methods: A cohort retrospective study, with total sampling of 200 adult thalassemia transfusion dependent patient at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Data taken from 110 eligible subject in the form of medical history, physical examination and laboratory.

Result: 200 transfusion-dependent beta thalassemia patients who routinely visit the RSCM thalassemia Kiara polyclinic, followed in cohort from June 2017 to June 2018. 110 study subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria including 53 (48.2%) major beta thalassemia subjects and transfusion-dependent HbE beta 57 (51.8%). The proportion of subjects who achieved pre-transfusion Hb target levels was 18 (16.4%) and 22 (20.0%) subjects who achieved the post Hb target. A total of 8 (7.3%) subjects achieved pre and post transfusion Hb levels. The donor blood adequacy factor is related to the achievement of pre and post transfusion Hb target levels (p = 0.008), namely subjects who only have a blood demand difference of <30ml/KgBB/year. In 93 research subjects, there was a significant difference between groups who achieved pre and post-transfusion Hb levels with those that were not reached against the delta of spleen size (p <0.001).

Conclusion: Adequacy factor of donors blood is related to achieving target pre and post transfusion hemoglobin levels. The achievement of the target pre and post transfusion hemoglobin levels is related to the size of the spleen."

"ABSTRAKLama transfusi darah pada talasemia mayor menyebabkan hemosiderosis. Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui dampak lama pemberian PRC terhadap hemosiderosis kulit, endokrin, jantung, tulang, hati dan limfa, serta saluran pencernaan pada anak dengan talasemia mayor di Ruang Melati 2 RSUD Dr.Moewardi Surakarta. Penelitian kuantitatif, metode deskriptif analisis dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel 35 anak, usia 3-17 tahun, dalam 4 kategori transfusi darah 1-5 tahun, >5-9 tahun, >9-13 tahun, dan >13-17 tahun. Penelitian dilakukan selama 2 bulan, Mei sampai Juni 2010, dengan wawancara, pemeriksaan fisik, dan observasi. Analisis data menggunakan uji ANOVA. Ada perbedaan hemosiderosis keseluruhan organ diantara keempat kategori lama transfusi darah (p=0,05). Ada perbedaan hemosiderosis pada kulit (p=0,000), endokrin (p=0,032), tulang (p=0,015), hati danlimfa (p=0,000). Hemosiderosis dapat terjadi pada beberapa organ maupun seluruh organ tubuh. Rekomendasi untuk perawat yaitu mengantisipasi hemosiderosis dan memberikan perawatan sesuai dengan kondisi hemosiderosis anak talasemia mayor.

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AbstractDuration of blood transfusion resulted hemosiderosis. This study to known duration of PRC transfusion effect for hemosiderosis of skin, endocrine, heart, bone, hepar and lien, and tractus digestivus in children with major thalassemia at Melati 2 ward of Dr.Moewardi Hospital in Surakarta 2010. This study was kuantitative researched, analized descriptived method, cross sectional approached. Sample of 35 children, at the age range of 3 to 17 years in 4 groups were transfusion 1-5 years, >5-9 years, >9-13 years, and >13-17 years. This study did two months, Mei until June 2010 with interviewed, physical examinated, and observated. Data analized with ANOVA test. There was statistical difference between 4 groups transfusion prolonged for hemosiderosis (p=0,05). There were statistical difference were skin (p=0,000), endocrine (p=0,032), bone (p=0,015), hepar and lien (p=0,000). Hemosiderosis could occur at several body organs or all organs. Rekomendation for nurses, nurses should anticipate hemosiderosis and taken care for each organ of hemosiderosis."

"Human platelet antigen (HPA) merupakan salah satu antigen yang berpengaruh dalam keberhasilan transfusi trombosit, selain human leukocyte antigen (HLA). Ketidakcocokkan HPA akan menyebabkan platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR). Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, diketahui bahwa HPA alel 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, dan 15 sering dikaitkan dengan proses terjadinya PTR. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui frekuensi gen pada HPA alel 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, dan 15 pada populasi Indonesia dan membuat panel data HPA alel 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, dan 15 dari donor, khususnya donor lestari, untuk peningkatan pelayanan transfusi trombosit di Indonesia. Genotyping dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode polymerase chain reaction- sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada populasi Indonesia, frekuensi gen HPA 1a dan 1b sebesar 0,97% dan 0.03%; frekuensi gen HPA 2a dan 2b sebesar 0,94% dan 0,06%; frekuensi gen HPA 3a dan 3b sebesar 0,52% dan 0,48%; frekuensi gen HPA 4a dan 4b sebesar 0,95% dan 0,05%; frekuensi gen HPA 5a% dan 5b% sebesar 0,97% dan 0,03%; frekuensi gen HPA 6a dan 6b sebesar 0,95% dan 0,05%; dan frekuensi gen HPA 15a dan 15b sebesar 0,51% dan 0,49%.

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Human platelet antigen (HPA) is one of the antigens that influences the success of platelet transfusion, in addition to human leukocyte antigen (HLA). Human Platelet Antigen mismatch leads to platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR). Based on previous research, it is known that the HPA alleles of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 15, are linked to the PTR process. This aims of this research are to determine the genotypes of HPA alleles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 15, and also to estimate the frequency of those alleles in Indonesia. The results will be put into the data panel, for improvement in platelet transfusion services for sustainable donors. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Sequence Specific Primers (PCR-SSP) was used in this research for allele detection. The result shows the frequency of those alleles are as follows; the frequency of HPA gene 1a and 1b are 0.97 and 0.03; HPA gene 2a and 2b are 0.94 and 0.06, HPA gene 3a and 3b are 0.52 and 0.48, HPA gene 4a and 4b are 0.95 and 0.05, GPA gene 5a and 5b are 0.97 and 0.03, HPA gene 6a and 6b are 0.95 and 0.05, and HPA gene 15a and 15b are 0.51 and 0.49.;Human platelet antigen (HPA) is one of the antigens that influences the success of

platelet transfusion, in addition to human leukocyte antigen (HLA). Human

Platelet Antigen mismatch leads to platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR).

Based on previous research, it is known that the HPA alleles of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and

15, are linked to the PTR process. This aims of this research are to determine the

genotypes of HPA alleles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 15, and also to estimate the

frequency of those alleles in Indonesia. The results will be put into the data panel,

for improvement in platelet transfusion services for sustainable donors.

Polymerase Chain Reaction-Sequence Specific Primers (PCR-SSP) was used in

this research for allele detection. The result shows the frequency of those alleles

are as follows; the frequency of HPA gene 1a and 1b are 0.97 and 0.03; HPA gene

2a and 2b are 0.94 and 0.06, HPA gene 3a and 3b are 0.52 and 0.48, HPA gene 4a

and 4b are 0.95 and 0.05, GPA gene 5a and 5b are 0.97 and 0.03, HPA gene 6a

and 6b are 0.95 and 0.05, and HPA gene 15a and 15b are 0.51 and 0.49."

"ABSTRAKPerawat memiliki peran penting dalam menjaga keselamatan pasien dari efek samping transfusi darah. Namun, di Indonesia masih sangat sedikit penelitian mengenai prosedur transfusi yang dilakukan oleh perawat. Tujuan: hubungan pengetahuan perawat dengan kelengkapan pemberian transfusi yang dilakukan. Metode: Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah analitik korelasi dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik proportional random dan consecutive sampling dan didapatkan 106 perawat yang bekerja di ruang rawat inap pasien dewasa. Pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner yang dikembangkan sendiri oleh peniliti dengan jumlah soal 46. Data dianalisis dengan uji korelasi pearson. Hasil: nilai pengetahuan perawat 15,59 SD= 2.77 dan kelengkapan pemberian transfusi 42,19 SD= 3.82 tergolong cukup dan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan di antara keduanya p = 0,049, alfa = 0,05. Hubungan tersebut bersifat positif meskipun keeratannya sangat lemah r =192. Kesimpulan: perlu adanya peningkatan pengetahuan untuk meningkatkan kelengkapan pemberian transfusi darah yang dilakukan perawat. Peningkatan pengetahuan dapat diberikan melalui pelatihan dan evaluasi secara berkala.

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ABSTRACTBackground Nurses have a vital role in maintain patient safety from the side effects of blood transfusion. However, there is very little studies on transfusion procedures conducted by nurses in Indonesia. Aim to determine the relation between knowledge and completeness of blood transfusion administration. Methods This study applied correlative analytical with cross sectional design approach and sample technique used is proportional random and consecutive sampling and obtained 106 nurses who work in adult hospitalization. The data were collected using questionnaires developed by the researcher with 46 questions. Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation test. Result a mean knowledge score of 15,59 SD 2.77 and completeness of transfusion 42.19 SD 3.82 are fair and there is significant relationship between variables p value 0,049, 0,05. The relationship is positive despite its very weakness r 192 . Conclusions Increased knowledge is needed to improve the completeness of blood transfusion conducted by nurses. Increased knowledge can be provided through regular training and evaluation. "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keluhan subjektif mata kering dan gangguan komponen air mata (lipid, akuos, mucin) pada pasien thalassemia mayor dengan riwayat transfusi darah jangka panjang, serta menganalisis hubungan antara kadar feritin serum, durasi, dan frekuensi transfusi darah dengan masing-masing parameter penilaian komponen lapisan air mata. Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang (cross sectional) pada pasien thalassemia mayor yang sudah berusia dan mengalami transfusi darah selama minimal 10 tahun. Penilaian mata kering terdiri dari pengisian kuesioner OSDI untuk menilai keluhan subjektif, pemeriksaan biomikroskopi lampu celah dan nilai tear break up time (TBUT) untuk menilai tingkat keparahan mata kering, pemeriksaan Schirmer basal, Ferning, dan sitologi impressi konjungtiva untuk menghitung jumlah sel goblet. Data perhitungan tingkat keparahan mata kering, nilai uji Schirmer basal, TBUT, dan jumlah sel goblet dianalisis dan dicari hubungannya dengan kadar feritin serum, durasi dan frekuensi transfusi. Pada 77 subyek, mata kering terjadi sebanyak 14.3%, penurunan nilai TBUT (39%), nilai Schirmer basal (37.7%), nilai Ferning (24.7%), dan jumlah sel goblet (45.5%). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara tingkat keparahan mata kering, nilai TBUT, nilai Schirmer basal, nilai Ferning, dan jumlah sel goblet dengan kadar feritin serum, durasi, dan frekuensi transfusi. Namun, terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara tingkat keparahan mata kering dan usia (p = 0.014), serta nilai TBUT (p = 0.012) dan Schirmer (p = 0.014) dengan jenis kelamin. Penelitian ini memperlihatkan 14.3% subyek thalassemia mayor mengalami mata kering berdasarkan kriteria DEWS 2007. Kejadian mata kering pada thalassemia mayor tidak dipengaruhi oleh faktor transfusi dan kadar feritin serum, melainkan dipengaruhi oleh usia dan jenis kelamin.

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This study is aimed to understand subjective complaints for dry eyes and disruption of component of tear fluid (lipid, aqueous, mucin) in patients with major thalassemia with a history of long-term blood transfusions and to analyse the correlation between serum ferritin level, duration and frequency of blood transfusion. This study is a cross-sectional study. The subject of this study is patients with major thalassemia age minimum of 10 years old and have had blood transfusion for at least 10 years. OSDI questionnaire, slit-lamp biomicroscopy examination, tear break up time (TBUT), and basal Schirmer test was used to assess dry eyes severity. Ferning and conjunctiva impression cytology examination was used to assess mucin quality and count the amount of goblet cells. The correlation analysis between the result of these assessments and serum ferritin level and duration and frequency of blood transfusion was done. In 77 subjects, the prevalence of dry eyes is 14.3%. There is a decrease in TBUT (39%), basal Schirmer (37.7%), Ferning (24.7%), and goblet cells (45.5%). There is no significant correlation between dry eyes severity and TBUT, basal Schirmer, Ferning, and the amount of goblet cells with serum ferritin level, duration, and frequency of blood transfusion. There is a significant correlation between dry eyes severity and patient s age (p = 0.014); TBUT (p = 0.012), as well as, Schirmer (p = 0.014) with sex. This study showed that 14.3% of patients with major thalassemia suffer from dry eyes with severity level grade 2 according to DEWS 2007. The incidence of dry eyes is not influenced by transfusion and serum ferritin level but is influenced by age and sex."

"Hepatitis pasca transfusi (HPT) telah lama mendapat perhatian para ahli. Sampai saat ini masih tetap merupakan salah satu komplikasi tindakan transfusi yang sering terjadi dan sering berkembang menjadi kronis, walaupun telah dilakukan pemilahan HBsAg terhadap semua darah donor oleh PMI (1,2,3 ). Berbagai penelitian mengenai kekerapan hepatitis pasca transfusi pada penderita yang mendapat transfusi darah dan komponen-komponennya menunjukkan angka yang berbeda-beda. Angka kekerapan HPT di Amerika Serikat berkisar antara 10-20%, di - Eropa Utara berkisar antara 2-4% sedangkan di Eropa Selatan mungkin berkisar antara 15-20% (dikutip dari 4). Di Jakarta, Rahman (1988) pada penelitiannya terhadap 60 penderita dengan tindakan bedah yang mendapat transfusi darah melaporkan terjadinya 18 kasus (30%) hepatitis pasca transfusi, 3 diantaranya hepatitis virus B (5). Sedangkan Sutanto (1989) pada penelitiannya terhadap 80 penderita yang mendapatkan transfusi darah melaporkan terjadinya 13 kasus hepatitis pasca transfusi (16,25%), 1 diantaranya adalah hepatitis virus B (6). Pada kedua penelitian tersebut, penyebab hepatitis pasca transfusi belum dapat dideteksi, sehingga disebut hepatitis Non A Non B (5,6).

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Post-transfusion hepatitis (HPT) has long received the attention of experts. Until now, it is still a frequent complication of transfusion procedures and often develops into a chronic one, even though HBsAg has been screened for all donor blood by PMI (1,2,3). Various studies regarding the frequency of post-transfusion hepatitis in patients who received blood transfusions and its components show varying figures. The frequency of HPT in the United States ranges from 10-20%, in Northern Europe it ranges from 2-4%, while in Southern Europe it may range from 15-20% (quoted from 4). In Jakarta, Rahman (1988) in his research on 60 patients with surgical procedures who received blood transfusions reported the occurrence of 18 cases (30%) of post-transfusion hepatitis, 3 of which were viral hepatitis B (5). Meanwhile, Sutanto (1989), in his research on 80 patients who received blood transfusions, reported 13 cases of post-transfusion hepatitis (16.25%), 1 of which was hepatitis B virus (6). In both studies, the cause of post-transfusion hepatitis could not be detected, so it was called Non A Non B hepatitis (5,6).

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"ABSTRAKLatar belakang. Transfusi darah mempunyai resiko untuk menyebabkan transmisi penyakit melalui darah, seperti malaria. Indonesia merupakan daerah endemik malaria terutama jenis P.falsiparum dan P.vivax. Di daerah endemik sulit menyaring kasus malaria hanya melalui wawancara dan keadaan klinis saja sehingga diperlukan pemeriksaan laboratorium untuk menyaring kasus malaria. Pemeriksaan laboratorium terhadap malaria yang ada saat ini adalah pemeriksaan mikroskopik dengan pewarnaan Giemsa, rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) dan PCR. Teknik yang digunakan tersebut memiliki keterbatasan. Perubahan yang terjadi pada permukaan membran eritrosit selama perkembangan parasit malaria intraseluler antara lain diekspresikannya berbagai protein polimorfik yang diketahui dapat memberi respon imun yang kuat. Antibodi terhadap molekul protein ini dapat ditemukan dalam serum penderita segera setelah penyembuhan infeksi malaria primer. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan penelitian ini untuk melihat apakah sediaan apus sel darah merah yang terinfeksi malaria yang diwarnai dengan teknik imunositokimia dapat mendeteksi adanya antigen pada permukaan sel darah merah tersebut menggunakan mikroskop cahaya.Metodologi.Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 42 bahan penelitian yang terdiri dari bahan yang positif dan negatif berdasarkan pemeriksaan mikroskop. Bahan penelitian ini diperiksa dengan teknik PCR sebagai baku emas, lalu dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksaan imunositokimia ( immunocytochemistry,ICC).Hasil. Dari 42 bahan penelitian yang diperiksa dengan PCR , dua bahan tidak dapat dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksaan ICC karena sediaan terlalu kecil.Dari 40 bahan yang diperiksa dengan PCR dan ICC, tiga bahan penelitian menunjukkan hasil positif dengan pemeriksaan PCR maupun ICC. Satu bahan penelitian yang negatif dengan pemeriksaan PCR menunjukkan hasil positif dengan pemeriksaan ICC. Sensitivitas pemeriksaan menggunakan teknik ICC dibandingkan dengan PCR adalah 100% dengan spesifisitas 97%.Simpulan. Pemeriksaan ICC cukup sensitif untuk menyaring adanya sel darah merah yang terinfeksi malaria sehingga dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai pemeriksaan untuk uji saring malaria pada darah donor.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Blood transfusion are at risk to cause the transmission of blood borne diseases, such as malaria. Indonesia is a malaria- endemic areas , especially P.falciparum and P.vivax. In endemic areas, malaria is difficult to filter out throught interviews and clinical manifestation only. Hence, the laboratory tests to screen cases of malaria are needed. The existing laboratory techniques to detect malaria are microscopic examination with Giemsa staining, rapid diagnostic test and PCR. These technique had limitation . Changes that occur on the surface of the erythrocyte membrane during intracellular malaria parasite development such as the expression of various polymorphic protein, is known to induce a strong immune response. Antibodies to this protein molecule can be found in the serum of patients immediately after primary malarial infection. Therefore this research aims to search if the red blood cells smear of blood infected with malaria using immunocytochemistry technique can detect the presence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells using a light microscope.Methodology. In this study conducted at 42 study material consisting of positive and negative material base on microscope examination. This research material examined by PCR as gold standard, followed by immunocytochemistry examination (ICC).Result. Forty two research material were examined by PCR, two material can not be able to proceed with the ICC examination because the size of preparation are too small. Forty material were examined by PCR and ICC, three material research shows positive result with PCR and ICC . One study material negative with PCR shows positive result with the ICC. Sensitivity checks using ICC compared to PCR technique was 100% with specificity was 97%.Conclusion. ICC technique is sensitive to screen for red blood cells infected with malaria. It can be considered as a screening examination for malaria in blood donor."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Salah satu reaksi transfusi lambat yang bersifat fatal adalah TA GVHD (Transfusion Associated Graft Versus Host Disease). Kejadian TA GVHD pada pasien immunocompromised diperkirakan sebesar 0,1- 1,0% dengan angka kematian sekitar 80- 90%.7 Upaya radiasi komponen darah seluler saat ini merupakan cara yang paling efisien dan dapat diandalkan untuk mencegah TA-GVHD. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh efek berbagai dosis radiasi terhadap sel darah merah selama penyimpanan. Metodologi : Penelitian ini menggunakan desain deskriptif analitik pada 72 sediaan sel darah merah yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Sediaan sel darah merah dibagi menjadi 4 grup, yaitu grup yang mendapat dosis 2500,3000,5000 cGy dan kontrol. Dilakukan pengujian OFT dan kadar kalium pada hari pertama, ketiga dan kelima penyimpanan.Hasil : Terjadi peningkatan kadar kalium yang bermakna secara statistik mulai dari hari pertama setelah dilakukan radiasi pada semua dosis. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna ketahanan membran sel darah merah terhadap semua dosis radiasi selama penyimpanan sampai hari kelima.Simpulan : Radiasi pada dosis 2500-5000 cGy dapat menyebabkan peningkatan kadarkalium dan tidak menyebabkan perubahan fragilitas sel darah merah yang disimpan selama 5 hari setelah radiasi. Perlunya penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai mutu sediaan sel darah merah selama penyimpanan setelah dilakukan radiasi seperti melihat tingkat hemolisis (hemolisis rate).

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ABSTRACTBackground: One of the delayed transfusion reactions that are fatal is TA GVHD (Transfusion Associated Graft Versus Host Disease). TA incidence of GVHD in immunocompromised patients is estimated at 0.1 to 1.0% with a mortality rate of approximately 80-90% .7 Efforts irradiation of cellular blood components is currently the most efficient way and a reliable way to prevent TA-GVHD. This study aims to determine the effect of various doses of irradiation effects on red blood cells during storage.Method: This study used a descriptive analytic design at 72 red blood cell preparations that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The preparation of red blood cells were divided into 4 groups, ie the group that received 2500,3000,5000 cGy dose and control. OFT testing and potassium levels on the first day, the third and fifth storage.Results: An increase in potassium levels was statistically significant from the first day after irradiation at all doses. Found no significant differences in red blood cell membrane resistance to all doses of irradiation during storage until the fifth day. Conclusion: Irradiation at doses of 2500-5000 cGy can cause increased pottasium level and does not cause changes fragility of red blood cells stored for 5 days after irradiation. The need for further research on the quality of the preparation of red blood cells during storage after irradiation as seen levels of hemolysis (hemolysis rate).;Background: One of the delayed transfusion reactions that are fatal is TA GVHD (Transfusion Associated Graft Versus Host Disease). TA incidence of GVHD in immunocompromised patients is estimated at 0.1 to 1.0% with a mortality rate of approximately 80-90% .7 Efforts irradiation of cellular blood components is currently the most efficient way and a reliable way to prevent TA-GVHD. This study aims to determine the effect of various doses of irradiation effects on red blood cells during storage.Method: This study used a descriptive analytic design at 72 red blood cell preparations that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The preparation of red blood cells were divided into 4 groups, ie the group that received 2500,3000,5000 cGy dose and control. OFT testing and potassium levels on the first day, the third and fifth storage.Results: An increase in potassium levels was statistically significant from the first day after irradiation at all doses. Found no significant differences in red blood cell membrane resistance to all doses of irradiation during storage until the fifth day. Conclusion: Irradiation at doses of 2500-5000 cGy can cause increased pottasium level and does not cause changes fragility of red blood cells stored for 5 days after irradiation. The need for further research on the quality of the preparation of red blood cells during storage after irradiation as seen levels of hemolysis (hemolysis rate)., Background: One of the delayed transfusion reactions that are fatal is TA GVHD (Transfusion Associated Graft Versus Host Disease). TA incidence of GVHD in immunocompromised patients is estimated at 0.1 to 1.0% with a mortality rate of approximately 80-90% .7 Efforts irradiation of cellular blood components is currently the most efficient way and a reliable way to prevent TA-GVHD. This study aims to determine the effect of various doses of irradiation effects on red blood cells during storage.Method: This study used a descriptive analytic design at 72 red blood cell preparations that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The preparation of red blood cells were divided into 4 groups, ie the group that received 2500,3000,5000 cGy dose and control. OFT testing and potassium levels on the first day, the third and fifth storage.Results: An increase in potassium levels was statistically significant from the first day after irradiation at all doses. Found no significant differences in red blood cell membrane resistance to all doses of irradiation during storage until the fifth day. Conclusion: Irradiation at doses of 2500-5000 cGy can cause increased pottasium level and does not cause changes fragility of red blood cells stored for 5 days after irradiation. The need for further research on the quality of the preparation of red blood cells during storage after irradiation as seen levels of hemolysis (hemolysis rate).]"