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"ABSTRACTTotal auricular reconstruction of microtia with autogenous costal cartilage is one of the most demanding challenges in plastic and reconstructive surgery because of the complex three-dimensional shape of the auricle. An ideal result of the constructed ear depends primarily on the fabricated cartilaginous ear framework. As the cartilage framework used for reconstruction is always insufficient for the fabrication of anatomical structures, especially the tragus and the conchal bowl, individualized framework grafting based on different patient age groups and different degrees of strength and thickness of the rib cartilages have been devised accordingly. For a configuration of the concha that is definitely anatomical, we constructed the conchal bowl element in one of three patterns according to the amount of available cartilages: one block, two-pieces, or a cymba bowl element only. The patients were followed up for more than 1 year. The aesthetic results were scored by evaluating characteristics involving the stability of the crus helicis, the conchal definition, and the smoothness of the helical curve.The ears reconstructed early without a conchal bowl element and ears reconstructed later with the concha bowl element showed a definite crus helicis, deep cymba conchal space, and smooth helical curve. The construction of the conchal bowl element is simple dan not time-consuming procedure. It is suggested that the conchal bowl element must be constructed and attached to the main framework for natural configuration of the reconstructed ear. "

"Dengan berlakunya Undang-Undang No. 20 Tahun 2016, hukum merek Indonesia memperluas perlindungan merek, mencakup komponen baru yaitu bentuk tiga-dimensi. Namun peraturan perundang-undangan merek yang berlaku setelah itu, tidak mengatur lebih dalam mengenai konsep merek tersebut, menyebabkan perlindungan terhadap konsep ini masih terkesan abu-abu. Di lain sisi, perlindungan merek tiga-dimensi di Amerika telah berlangsung lebih lama dibandingkan Indonesia, dan pengaturannya pun terletak pada sebuah konsep khusus bernamakan trade dress. Penelitian ini menganalisa, pertama, indikator merek tiga-dimensi di Indonesia yang tidak dielaborasi dalam hukum merek yang berlaku di Indonesia, serta peraturan pelaksananya. Kedua, penelitian ini membandingkan bagaimana perlindungan merek tiga-dimensi di Indonesia dan di Amerika, dari segi peraturan maupun praktiknya. Dengan harapan, akan terlihat sudah sejauh mana perlindungan merek tiga-dimensi di Indonesia jika dilihat dari sudut pandang trade dress Amerika. Ketiga, adakah hal-hal yang dapat Indonesia pelajari dari konsep trade dress di Amerika yang sudah jauh berkembang pesat, demi kepentingan publik di masa yang akan datang. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif atas norma hukum tertulis. Wawancara dengan pegawai pemeriksa merek Direktorat Jenderal Kekayaan Intelektual dilakukan untuk memberikan gambaran perbedaan praktik dan peraturan tertulis tentang merek tiga-dimensi. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah perlindungan merek tiga-dimensi di Indonesia jika dilihat dari peraturan tertulis yang berlaku, sudah tertinggal jauh dari praktik yang sebenarnya dilakukan. Dalam praktiknya, perlindungan merek tersebut telah berkembang sangat pesat, dimana implementasinya banyak terinspirasi dari praktik di luar negeri, khususnya Amerika Serikat. Sehingga, bisa dikatakan bahwa konsep tiga-dimensi di Indonesia sudah sejajar dengan konsep trade dress. Namun dari praktik tersebut, kebanyakan dijalankan tanpa adanya peraturan tertulisnya; masih sebatas kewenangan petugas bersangkutan ataupun dari kebiasaan yang selama ini dilaksanakan.

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With the enactment of Law no. 20 of 2016, Indonesia's trademark law expands its protection of trademarks, including a new mark component, namely three-dimensional shapes. However, the trademark laws and regulations that were implemented after that, did not regulate further on the new recognized component, causing the protection of this concept still vague. On the other hand, three-dimensional marks protection in the U.S. has existed long before Indonesia and the component lies under a special concept called trade dress. This research analyzes, firstly, three-dimensional mark indicators in Indonesia which are not elaborated in the prevailing trademark laws and regulations in Indonesia. Second, this study compares the three-dimensional marks protection in Indonesia and U.S., from the aspect of regulatory frameworks and practices, with hope that the extent of three-dimensional marks protection in Indonesia will be discovered from the point of view of U.S. trade dress. Third, the values that Indonesia can learn from the U.S. trade dress concept for the benefit of the public in the future. This research uses normative legal research on written legal norms. An interview with trademark examiner of the Directorate General of Intellectual Property was conducted to provide an overview of the discrepancy between the practice and written regulations regarding three-dimensional marks. The conclusion of this research is that the prevailing written regulations of three-dimensional marks in Indonesia is far from the actual practice. In practice, the protection of the mark has developed greatly, and its implementation is mostly inspired by the practices abroad, especially the U.S. Thus, it can be asserted that the Indonesian three-dimensional mark is equivalent with the trade dress concept. However, mostly the practice is carried out without any written regulations; it is solely based on the authority of the authorized officials or from the tendency that have been implemented so far."