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"Fokus penelitian ini ialah eksplorasi hubungan potensial antara percobaan bunuh diri di Jakarta pada tahun 1982/1983, dan diagnosis psikiatri dan faktor sosiokultural. Sistem Kesehatan Nasional 1982 dalam menyongsong tahun 2000 memperkirakan bahwa jumlah gangguan kesehatan jiwa rakyat Indonesia secara relatif lebih besar berkembang di bidang yang diakibatkan oleh tekanan hidup dengan akibat meningkatnya angka perilaku menyimpang, termasuk percobaan bunuh diri. Berdasarkan ulasan kepustakaan mengenai tindakan bunuh diri, ditinjau dari sejarah, agama, psikologi, sosiologi, patodinamika percobaan bunuh diri serta pengalaman pribadi penulis, diajukan permasalahan utama sebagai berikut. Apakah percobaan bunuh diri yang terjadi pada akhir-akhir ini di Jakarta berhubungan dengan gangguan kesehatan (penyakit) jiwa dan faktor sosiokultural tertentu?Metode penelitian ini adalah suatu studi kasus kelola dengan cara menyelidiki kelompok pasien yang melakukan percobaan bunuh diri, kelompok pasien psikiatri yang tidak melakukannya, dan kelompok orang yang melakukan bunuh diri. Pada penelitian ini diuji sejumlah 17 hipotesis yang terdiri dari variabel utama diagnosis psikiatri menurut Sistem dan Evaluasi Multiaksial dan faktor-sosiokultural tertentu. Analisis statistik menggunakan tabel 2 x 2 untuk uji X2, risiko relatif dan kuatnya hubungan asosiasi б (phi) dan Y (Yule). Sampel yang digunakan ialah sampel sengaja (purposive sample) dan sampel berlapis (stratified sample), yaitu wanita menikah yang berusia muda dengan tujuan agar diperoleh sampel yang spesifik untuk percobaan bunuh diri.Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan terdapatnya asosiasi yang sangat bermakna (significant) (p <0,01) dan hubungan yang sangat kuat antara percobaan bunuh diri dan gangguan depresi, Gangguan dan Ciri Kepribadian Histrionik,Stres Psikososial yang berat, Fungsi Adaptif Tertinggi yang lumayan pada setahun terakhir, metode yang lunak, penyalahgunaan obat dan alkohol, faktor pencetus/stres kehidupan berupa masalah pernikahan, predileksi jenis kelamin (wanita) dan usia (16-30 tahun), status menikah, dan golongan etnik Cina. Di samping itu, terdapat asosiasi yang bermakna (p <0,05) dan hubungan yang kuat antara PBD dan Gangguan dan Kondisi Fisik yang minimal, sikap keluarga yang tergolong menerima, dan bermukim kurang dari tiga tahun di Jakarta. Hipotesis yang ditolak ialah asosiasi antara percobaan bunuh diri dan status sosial ekonomi yang rendah, komposisi keluarga, kepatuhan beragama yang kurang, dan aktivitas kemasyarakatan yang kurang. Pada analisis regresi berganda teruji urutan prediksi variabel Stres Psikososial yang berat, gangguan depresi, dan Fungsi Adaptif Tertinggi Setahun Terakhir yang lumayan. Ternyata prediksi variabel Gangguan dan Ciri Kepribadian Histrionik dan golongan etnik Cina kurang menunjukkan peran yang nyata. Hasil yang lain ialah dapat dicatat sejumlah 1.337 pasien pada tahun 1982/1983 atau angka prevalensi 2,3/100.000 orang penduduk serta peta tindakan bunuh diri menurut kecamatannya. Secara ringkas, penemuan hasil penelitian ini ialah tentang patodinamika terjadinya, profit orang yang mempunyai risiko tinggi untuk melakukannya, dan informasi terbaru mengenai peristiwa percobaan bunuh diri di Jakarta.Implikasi studi ini ialah bahwa karena asosiasi yang sangat bermakna antara diagnosis psikiatri dan percobaan bunuh diri, diperlukan evaluasi dan terapi di bidang psikiatri untuk semua pelaku percobaan bunuh diri. Pola penanggulangan percobaan bunuh diri dengan cara pendekatan Ilmu Kesehatan Jiwa Masyarakat berupa prevensi primer, sekunder, dan tersier (postvention) disarankan agar dikembangkan. Penelitian ini mengundang penelitian-penelitian lain di bidang epidemiologi, perilaku destruksi diri yang lain, dan masalah lain seperti depresi, stres kehidupan, dan faktor sosiokultural lainnya yang diduga ada kaitannya dengan percobaan bunuh diri.

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The focus of this research is the exploration of the potential relationship between attempted suicides in Jakarta in the year 1982/1983 and psychiatric diagnosis and socio-cultural factors. The National Health System of 1982 in its approach towards the year 2000 estimates that there will be a relatively larger increase in disturbances of mental health among the Indonesian people in the category caused by life stresses resulting in deviant behavior, including attempted suicide. Based on a literature review on suicidal act concerning history, religion, psychology, sociology and the pathodynamics of attempted suicide, and the author's personal observations, the main problem is formulated as follows: Are the recent attempted suicides in Jakarta connected with mental health disturbance (mental illness) and particular socio-cultural factors?

The investigation method is the case-control study in which were examined one group of patients who attempted suicide, one group of psychiatric patients who did not, and a group of persons who committed suicide. In this study, 17 hypotheses were tested., involving such variables as certain psychiatric diagnosis according to the Multiaxial System and Evaluation and socio-cultural factors. For statistical analysis the 2 X 2 table for testing X2, relative risk, and associative strength between (phi) and Y (Yule) were used. Samples used were purposive samples and stratified samples, i.e. married young women in order to obtain a specific sample for attempted suicide.

The results of this study show a highly significant (p {0,O1) association and a very strong association between attempted suicide on the one hand - and on the other: depression and Histrionic Personality Disturbance and Traits, severe Psychosocial Stress, fair Highest Level of Adaptive Functioning Past Year, "soft" method, drug and alcohol abuse, life stress in the from of a marital discord as precipitating factor, predilection of the female sex aged 16--30, married status, and ethnic group (Chinese).

Further, the results show a significant (p < 0.05) association and strong association between attempted 'suicide on the one hand and on the other Minimal Physical Disturbance and Conditions, accepting attitude on the part of the family, and residence of less than 3 years in Jakarta.

Hypotheses that remain unsupported are concerning an association between attempted suicide on the one hand and on the other: low social and economic status, family structure, loose religious adherence, and insufficient social activity.

Multiple regression analysis indicates that prominent predictors to lead a person for attempting suicide are severe Psychosocial Stress, depressive disorders, and fair Highest Level of Adaptive Functioning Past Year. On the other hand, Histrionic Personality Disorder or Trait and Chinese ethnicity are relatively less prominent predictors.

Another result was that 1,337 patients were registered during 1982-1983, a prevalence of 2.3 per 100,000 city residents, and were entered on a map showing the distribution by district. In summary, the findings of this research throw light on the pathodynamics, provide a profile of persons at high risk of attempted suicide and the latest information on attempted suicide in Jakarta.

Because the study shows a highly significant association between psychiatric diagnosis and attempted suicide, it implies that psychiatric evaluation and therapy are required for all persons who attempt suicide. Programs based on the community mental health approach for dealing with attempted suicide, its primary, secondary and tertiary prevention (postvention) should be developed. This study invited further investigations in the field of epidemiology, self-destructive behavior, and other problems such as depression, life stresses and socio-cultural factors suspected to have a bearing on attempted suicide."

"Masa remaja merupakan salah satu tahapan perkembangan dengan berbagai tantangan yang menyebabkan adanya risiko untuk mengalami stress dan menjadi faktor risiko suicidal behavior. Penelitian sebelumnya mengungkapkan bahwa salah satu faktor risiko suicidal behavior pada remaja adalah kerusakan hubungan interpersonal. Pada remaja, keluarga merupakan ikatan sosial terpenting dimana remaja dengan persepsi pola komunikasi keluarganya bermasalah lebih rentan untuk menunjukkan suicidal behavior. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut maka diperlukan intervensi psikologis untuk meningkatkan kemampuan yang menunjang hubungan interpersonal dengan orang tua. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) untuk menurunkan intensitas suicidal behavior pada remaja dengan permasalahan pola komunikasi keluarga. IPT dilaksanakan selama empat sesi dengan jeda satu minggu antar sesi serta terdapat sesi follow-up. Pengukuran pola komunikasi keluarga dilakukan melalui alat ukur Revised Family Communication Pattern (RFCP) sedangkan pengukuran intensitas perilaku bunuh diri dilakukan menggunakan alat ukur Youth Risk Behavior (YRB) kluster perilaku bunuh diri. Pengukuran dilakukan sebelum intervensi, setelah intervensi (post-test), serta follow-up. Terdapat tiga partisipan yang terlibat hingga follow-up. Ketiga partisipan tersebut berjenis kelamin perempuan dengan rata-rata usia 18 tahun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa IPT dapat menurunkan intensitas suicidal behavior pada ketiga partisipan. Hal ini terlihat dari penurunan skor intensitas perilaku bunuh diri dan wawancara kualitatif yang dilakukan.

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Adolescence is one of the developmental stages with various challenges that can induce the risk of experiencing stress. It then can lead to be a risk factor for suicidal behavior. Previous research revealed that one of the risk factors for suicidal behavior in adolescents is damage in interpersonal relationships. In adolescents, family is the most important social bond. Adolescents who perceive their family communication patterns as problematic are more prone to conduct suicidal behavior. Psychological intervention is needed to improve the abilities that support interpersonal relationships with parents in order to overcome suicidal behavior. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) to reduce the intensity of suicidal behavior in adolescents with family communication pattern problems. IPT was carried out for four sessions with a one-week interval between sessions and a follow-up session. Family communication pattern is measured through the Revised Family Communication Pattern (RFCP) while the intensity of suicide behavior is measured by Youth Risk Behavior (YRB) cluster of suicidal behavior. Measurements were taken before (pre-test), after the intervention (post-test), and follow-up (two weeks after post-test). Three participants are involved in this research until the follow-up. The three participants are female with an average age of 18 years. The result shows the IPT can reduce the intensity of suicidal behavior. This can be seen from the decrease in the intensity of suicidal behavior and qualitative interviews conducted."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini meneliti hubungan frekuensi kunjungan, perasaan keputusasaan, dan perilaku bunuh diri pada narapidana wanita di rumah tahanan Pondok Bambu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif, dengan menggunakan tiga skala pengukuran utama yaitu Beck Hopelessness Scale, Suicidal Behavior Scale, dan Frequency ofVisits Scale. Subyek penelitian adalah 130 narapidana wanita di rumah tahanan Pondok Bambu. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa, ada hubungan yang signifikan antara frekuensi kunjungan sebagai bentuk dukungan sosial dengan perasaan keputusasaan, dan perilaku bunuh diri. Selain itu juga ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antara perasaan keputusasaan dengan perilaku bunuh diri. Akan tetapi, tidak ditemukan pengaruh yang signifikan dari frekuensi kunjungan pada hubungan antara perasaan keputusasaan dan perilaku bunuh diri.

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ABSTRACTThis study explores the relationship between frequency of visits, feelings of hopelessness, and suicida! behavior among female inmates in Pondok Bambu correctional facility. The study uses quantitative research method, with three main measurement scales: Beck Hopelessness Scale, Suicidal Behavior Scale, dan Frequency of Visits Scale. The subjects in this research are 130 female inmates in Pondok Bambu Correctional facility. This study found a significant correlation between frequency of visits as a form of social support and feelings of hopelessness, and also with suicidal behavior. Moreover, this study also found that feelings of hopelessness have a significant relationship with suicidal behavior. However, this study found no significant effect of frequency of visits on the relationship between feelings of hopelessness and suicidal behavior."

"Perilaku bunuh diri merupakan penyebab kematian utama pada klien skizofrenia yang mengakibatkan kesedihan dan kerugian yang tidak terukur terhadap individu, keluarga dan masyarakat. Tindakan keperawatan ners, Cognitive Therapy dan Sosial Skiil Training diberikan pada klien bertujuan untuk menurunkan tanda gejala risiko percobaan bunuh diri, meningkatkan harga diri klien, mampu mnegontrol emosi dan perilaku, memanfaatkan system pendukung yang ada, mampu mengendalikan keinginan untuk mencederai diri sendiri serta meningkatkan kemampuan klien dalam bersosialisasi dengan orang lain. Tindakan keperawatan diberikan kepada 10 klien risiko bunuh diri 5 klien mendapatkan tindakan keperawatan Ners generalis dan Ners Spesialis Cognitive therapy dan 5 klien mendapatkan tindakan keperawatan ners generalis, ners spesialis cognitive therapy dan social skill training dengan menggunakan pendekatan model stres adaptasi stuart. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah terjadi penurunan tanda gejala risiko bunuh diri pada aspek kognitif, afektif, fisiologis, perilaku dan sosial, terjadi peningkatan harga diri klien dan kemampuan klien dalam bersosialisasi dengan orang lain, dan tindakan keperawatan ners generalis, ners spesialis cognitive therapy dan sosial skill training mempunyai pengaruh yang lebih baik dari pada klien yang hanya mendapatkan pemberian tindakan keperawatan Ners generalis dan Ners Spesialis Cognitive therapy. Hasil penanganan kasus ini merekomendasikan pentingnya tindakan keperawatan ners generalis, ners spesialis cognitive therapy dan sosial skill training dan melakukan pengawasan evaluasi stressor yang muncul serta perlunya kolaborasi dengan tim medis dalam pemberian antidepresan.

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Suicidal behavior is the leading cause of death in schizophrenic clients resulting in grief of suffering, and unmeasured harm to individuals, families and communities. Nursing intervention and Cognitive Therapy and Social Skiil Training SST are given to clients aimed at reducing the risk symptom signs of attempted suicide, increasing client self esteem, being able to control emotions and behavior, utilizing existing support systems, self injury and improve the ability of clients in socializing with others. Nursing Intervention, CT and SST were given to 5 clients of risk suicide 5 clients received Ners generalist action and Ners Specialist Cognitive therapy and 5 clients received ners generalist treatment, cognitive therapy ners specialist and social skill training by using the stuart tress adaptation model approach. The finding indicated decrease in signs of suicide risk symptoms on the aspects of cognitive, affective, physiological, behavioral and social aspects, increasing client 39 s self esteem and the ability of clients in socializing with others and ners generalist actions, specialist cognitive therapy and social skills training has a better effect than the clients who only get nursing treatment Generalist Ners and Ners Specialist Cognitive therapy. The results of this case recommend the importance of generalist nursing actions, specialist cognitive therapy and social skills training and monitoring evaluating the emerging stressors as well as the need for collaboration with the medical team in the administration of antidepressants"

"Farmers suicides have largely been framed through official suicide statistics, and they have been explained in terms of agrarian production-related crisis across geographies. Based on ethnographic work in Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh, this book offers a qualified challenge to such explanations. First part of the book describes local transformations that are taking place in interconnected domains of production, consumption, and social relationships. The attempted transition from a century-long involvement in rain-fed groundnut cultivation to groundwater-irrigated horticulture, which is being actively promoted by a pro-market state, has aggravated production-related risks in this fragile ecological zone. The book then explains how production risks contribute to causing anomic frictions amongst local small and middle farmers who aspire to adopt refined lifestyles and consumption practices. Emergent ideas of individualism, competitiveness, and status inequality are stressing familial roles and bonds. A key argument advanced here is that these local processes, their subjective experiences, and the manner in which they are acted upon, are all mediated by the local ideology of masculinity. Against the background of new social and economic processes, the second part of the book suggests that officially certified cases of farmers suicides are not always marked by farm-related economic factors in an objective and uniform manner. In other words, the entire process of production of official statistics of suicide is socially organized. The book concludes by suggesting that farm-related suicides relate to the wider field of rural suicides through new ideas and practices around individual and family honour, status inequality, and dignity."