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"Latar belakang: Stunting adalah gangguan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada anak-anak yang muncul dari akumulasi nutrisi buruk dan paparan infeksi berulang dalam 1000 hari pertama kehidupan. Stunting dicirikan dengan tinggi badan anak di bawah rata-rata dan ditemukan menyebabkan kelainan email karena berkurangnya massa jaringan email (hipoplasia) atau berkurangnya konten mineral di dalam email (hipomineralisasi). Kadar hemoglobin rendah masih menjadi kontroversi apakah ciri dari stunting karena faktor etiologinya yang serupa sering dijumpai pada kasus stunting. Tujuan: Menganalisis potensi kelainan email dan kadar hemoglobin sebagai prediktor kondisi stunting. Metode: Sampel penelitian adalah data pemeriksaan tahun 2019 pada siswa/i sekolah dasar (SD) kelas 1-2 Kecamatan Nangpanda, Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Hasil: Kelainan email dan kadar hemoglobin secara statistik tidak mampu menjadi prediktor kondisi stunting (p>0,05). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada frekuensi kelainan email dan kadar hemoglobin antara anak normal dan anak dengan stunting (p>0,05). Korelasi antara frekuensi kelainan email dengan kadar hemoglobin secara statistik memiliki korelasi sedang negatif (p<0,05; r =-0,403). Tidak terdapat korelasi secara statistik antara variabel stunting dengan frekuensi kelainan email dan kadar hemoglobin (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Pada anak 6-8 tahun, kelainan email dan kadar hemoglobin tidak mampu menjadi prediktor stunting, meskipun terdapat hubungan antara kelainan email dengan kadar hemoglobin.

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Background: Stunting is an impaired growth and development in children arises from the accumulation of poor nutrition and repeated infections in the first 1000 days of a child's life. Characterized by height below their age peer’s average height and been reported caused defect on enamel structure, due to lack of tissue mass (hypoplasia) or lack of mineral content (hypomineralization). Meanwhile, low haemoglobin levels as for now is still a controversy as to whether the characteristic of stunting or not. Objective: To analyse the potency of enamel defects and haemoglobin levels as predictors of stunting. Methods: Examination data in 2019 from elementary school students of grades 1-2 (6-8 years old) at Nangpanda District, Ende, East Nusa Tenggara. Results: Enamel defects and haemoglobin levels were unable to predict stunting (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in enamel defects and haemoglobin levels between normal and stunted children (p>0.05). The frequency of enamel defects and haemoglobin levels has a statistically moderate negative (p<0.05; r=-0.403), there is no statistical correlation between stunting and the frequency of enamel defects and haemoglobin levels (p>0.05). Conclusion: Enamel defects and haemoglobin levels are not able to predict stunting, although there is a relationship between enamel abnormalities and haemoglobin levels."

"Latar Belakang: Salah satu permasalahan kesehatan anak di Indonesia adalah adanya gangguan status nutrisi yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan berupa stunting. Prevalensi stunting tertinggi di Indonesia terdapat di provisi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT). Pada berbagai penelitian terdahulu tentang kesehatan gigi mulut ditemukan adanya kecenderungan perburukan nilai OHI-S pada anak dengan status nutrisi buruk dan disertai adanya peningkatan populasi bakteri oral Veillonella spesies, yakni bakteri yang berperan penting dalam menjaga integritas komunitas multispesies pada dental biofilm di tahap early colonization sebelum terbentuk middle dan late colonizer. Akan tetapi, sampai saat ini belum diketahui hubungan antara populasi oral Veillonella spesies dengan status stunting. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbandingan distribusi oral Veillonella spesies pada dental biofilm anak usia 6-7 tahun pada kelompok HAZ stunting serta menganalisa korelasi jumlah bakteri oral Veillonella spesies dengan nilai OHI-S. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik laboratorik terhadap 40 sampel dental biofilm dari permukaan gigi M1 rahang bawah anak usia 6-7 tahun yang sebelumnya telah dikelompokkan berdasarkan status HAZ sesuai pengukuran standar WHO dan kategori OHI-S. Ekstraksi DNA dari dental biofilm sampel dilakukan dengan instaGene Matrix Kit. Hasil ekstraksi DNA kemudian dikuantifikasi menggunakan absolute quantification dengan mesin real-time PCR. Jumlah cycle dari tiap sampel dibandingkan dengan jumlah cycle pada kurva standar untuk mendapatkan jumlah bakteri secara spesifik. Hasil: Spesies Veillonella dispar ditemukan dominan di keseluruhan sampel. Jumlah spesies Veillonella denticariosi menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok HAZ normal dan stunting. Jumlah Veilonella denticariosi pada kelompok OHI-S sedang dan buruk menunjukkan korelasi dengan perbedaan bermakna. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara jumlah bakteri oral Veillonella spesies dari sampel dental biofilm gigi permanen anak usia 6-7 tahun dengan status stunting, kecuali Veillonella denticariosi. Selain itu, terdapat kecenderungan bahwa semakin buruk status OHI-S maka jumlah Veillonella denticariosi semakin menurun, sedangkan 6 oral Veillonella spesies lain tidak menunjukkan perbedaan jumlah pada kelompok OHI-S yang berbeda. Penelitian lanjutan diperlukan untuk mengetahui peran Veillonella denticariosi terhadap kebersihan mulut dan status nutrisi anak usia 6-7 tahun

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Background: One of the major Indonesian children’s health problems is nutritional disorders that affects child’s developmental process, called stunting. Highest stunting prevalence in Indonesia is in East Nusa Tenggara Province. In various previous studies, it was found that there was a tendency of worsening OHI-S values in children with poor nutritional status and accompanied by an increase in oral Veillonella species population, which are bacteria that play an important role in maintain the integrity of the multispecies community on dental biofilms in early colonization stage before forming middle and late colonizer. However, until now, there is no study regarding the direct relationship between stunting and oral Veillonella spesies. Objective: To analyze distribution of oral Veillonella spesies in dental biofilm from stunting children range from 6-7 years old and to analyze correlation between oral Veillonella spesies and oral hygiene. Methods: Dental biofilm samples collected from 40 Indonesian children’s first permanent molar were divided into 2 groups (normal and stunting) and 3 oral hygiene groups (good, moderate, and poor). Genomic DNA was extracted from each sample. For this, we used absolute quantification of real-time PCR method with species-specific primer sets of 7 oral Veillonella species to detect these species effectively. Results: Veillonella dispar was found as the predominant species among all oral Veillonella species in 40 samples. There are no significant associations between 7 oral Veillonella species with normal and stunting conditions except for Veillonella denticariosi (stunting < normal). Significant associations are also found in moderate and poor oral hygiene status of Veillonella denticariosi also good and moderate oral hygiene status of Veillonella dispar. Significant correlation between Veillonella denticariosi and oral hygiene status is also found. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that there is no relationship between number of oral Veillonella species with stunting condition, except Veillonella denticariosi. Besides that, there is a tendency that the worse the OHI-S status, the lower the number of Veillonella denticariosi, while the other 6 oral Veillonella species do not show a difference in numbers in different OHI-S groups. Further research is needed to determine the role of Veillonella denticariosi on oral hygiene and nutritional status of children aged 6-7 years."

"Latar Belakang: Kejadian stunting di Indonesia masih tergolong tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan standar yang ditetapkan oleh World Health Organization (WHO). Menurut beberapa penelitian terdahulu, stunting dapat menyebabkan kelainan email dan keterlambatan erupsi gigi permanen. Telah dilaporkan adanya hubungan antara status gizi stunting dengan penurunan kadar IGF-1, serta hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan pertumbuhan gigi terkait dengan perkembangan email dan erupsi gigi. Pengukuran kadar IGF-1 biasanya dilakukan dengan menggunakan IGF-1 darah. Diketahui bahwa saliva mengandung biomarker yang terkandung di dalam darah, termasuk IGF-1, dalam kuantitas yang lebih rendah. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 saliva dengan kelainan email dan waktu erupsi gigi pada anak stunting usia 6-8 tahun. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasi laboratorium dengan menggunakan 40 sampel saliva yang diambil dari sediaan biologis tersimpan dari penelitian tahun 2019 pada populasi siswa/i sekolah dasar (SD) kelas 1-2 Kecamatan Nangapanda, Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur yang telah dikelompokkan berdasarkan status gizi stunting dan normal. Sampel saliva diuji menggunakan ELISA kit human IGF-1 untuk melihat kadar IGF-1. Kelainan email dinilai dengan cara menghitung jumlah gigi yang mengalami kelainan pada mahkota serta waktu erupsi gigi dinilai dengan menghitung jumlah gigi permanen yang telah erupsi. Data kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan program SPSS. Hasil: Kadar IGF-1 saliva pada anak status gizi normal 7,50 ng/ml dan pada anak stunting 5,64 ng/ml. Proporsi IGF-1 terhadap total protein pada anak status gizi normal 1,04×10-2 dan pada anak stunting 8,96×10-3. Rata-rata jumlah gigi yang mengalami kelainan mahkota pada anak berstatus gizi normal 2,94 gigi dan pada anak dengan status gizi stunting 1,17 gigi. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada jumlah gigi dengan kelainan mahkota antara anak bestatus gizi normal dan stunting (p < 0,05). Rata-rata jumlah erupsi gigi permanen pada anak berstatus gizi normal 8,29 gigi dan pada anak stunting adalah 8,04 gigi. Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan jumlah erupsi gigi permanen antara anak berstatus gizi normal dan berstatus stunting (p > 0,05). Terdapat korelasi positif lemah yang tidak signifikan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan status gizi anak usia 6-8 tahun (r = 0,147), korelasi positif lemah yang tidak signifikan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan jumlah kelainan mahkota gigi anak usia 6-8 tahun (r = 0,219), terdapat korelasi positif lemah yang tidak signifikan antar kadar IGF-1 dengan jumlah erupsi gigi permanen anak usia 6-8 tahun (r = 0,074). Kesimpulan: Pada anak stunting usia 6-8 tahun yang secara tidak signifikan memiliki kadar IGF-1 saliva lebih rendah dan waktu erupsi lebih lambat dibandingkan anak normal tetapi erlihat frekuensi kelainan email yang lebih tinggi. Pada kelompok sampel demikian, tidak terlihat hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 saliva dengan kelainan email dan keterlambatan waktu erupsi gigi permanen.

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Background: The incidence of stunting in Indonesia is still relatively high when compared to the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO). According to several previous studies, stunting can cause enamel defects and delayed tooth eruption. It has been reported that there is a relationship between stunting nutritional status and decreased IGF-1 levels, as well as a relationship between IGF-1 levels to enamel development and tooth eruption. Measurement of IGF-1 levels is usually done using serum IGF-1. Saliva contains biomarkers that is circulating in the blood, including IGF-1, but in much lower quantities. Objective: Analyzing the relationship between IGF-1 levels in saliva with enamel defects and the time of tooth eruption in stunted children aged 6-8 years. Method: This research was a laboratory observation study using 40 saliva samples taken from stored biological samples from a 2019 study on a population of elementary school students class 1-2 Nangapanda District, Ende, East Nusa Tenggara which has been grouped based on stunting and normal nutritional status. Saliva samples were tested using the human IGF-1 ELISA kit to see the levels of IGF-1. Enamel defects were assessed by counting the number of teeth with crown defects and the time of tooth eruption was assessed by counting the number of erupted permanent teeth. The data were then analyzed using the SPSS software. Result: Salivary IGF-1 levels in children with normal nutritional status were 7.50 ng/ml and 5.64 ng/ml in stunted children. The proportion of IGF-1 to total protein in children with normal nutritional status was 1.04×10-2 and in stunted children was 8.96×10-3. The average number of teeth with crown defects in children with normal nutritional status was 2.94 teeth and in stuntedchildren was 1.17 teeth. There was a significant difference in the number of teeth with crown defects between normal and stunted children (p < 0.05). The average number of permanent tooth eruptions in children with normal nutritional status was 8.29 teeth and in stunted children was 8.04 teeth. There was no significant difference in the number of permanent tooth eruptions in children with normal nutritional status and stunting (p > 0.05). There was a weak positive correlation that was not significant between IGF-1 levels and the nutritional status of children aged 6-8 years (r = 0.147), a weak positive correlation that was not significant between IGF-1 levels and the number of dental crown defects (r = 0.219), and a correlation between IGF-1 levels and the number of permanent teeth eruption (r = 0.074). Conclusion: Stunted children aged 6-8 years old tend to show not significant lower IGF-1 level and delayed tooth eruption compared to normal children but had significant lower frequency of enamel defect. In such samples no significant relationship between salivary IGF-1 level and tooth eruption time could be seen."

"Latar Belakang: Tingginya angka prevalensi stunting merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan terkait tumbuh kembang anak di Indonesia. Selain menggambarkan kondisi malnutrisi yang terjadi, stunting juga dapat dikaitkan dengan respon imun innate terhadap status kadar konsentrasi Hb dan indeks OHI-S. Untuk menganalisis perbedaan respon imun innate terkait status HAZ normal dan stunting serta kaitannya terhadap status kadar konsentrasi Hb dan indeks OHI-S, beberapa penelitian menggunakan kadar ekspresi relatif IL-1β dan IL-6 pada cairan sulkus gingiva. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara kadar ekspresi relative IL- 1β dan IL-6 pada cairan sulkus gingiva dengan status HAZ normal dan stunting serta status kadar konsentrasi Hb dan indeks OHI-S. Metode: Sampel diambil dari sediaan biologis tersimpan penelitian tahun 2019 dari anak usia 6-8 tahun lalu dikelompokan berdasarkan status HAZ normal dan stunting. Sampel RNA dari cairan sulkus gingiva dilakukan sintesis cDNA kemudian kadar ekspresi relatif IL-1β dan IL-6 diuji menggunakan RT-qPCR. Hasil yang diperoleh kemudian diolah menggunakan SPSS. Hasil: Dalam penelitian ini, ditemukan tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara kadar ekspresi relative IL-1β dan IL-6 atau status kadar konsentrasi Hb dan indeks OHI-S dengan status HAZ stunting anak (p>0.05). Korelasi antara variabel adalah sebagai berikut: korelasi positif sangat lemah antara indeks OHI-S pada kelompok sampel dengan status HAZ severely stunting, stunting, dan normal (r = 0,089). Kesimpulan: Pada penelitian ini kadar ekspresi relatif IL-1β dan IL-6 pada cairan sulkus gingiva tidak dapat digunakan sebagai indikator biologis untuk menentukan status HAZ anak usia 6-8 tahun. Sedangkan, status kadar konsentrasi Hb dan indeks OHI-S tidak dapat digunakan untuk menentukan status HAZ anak usia 6-8 tahun.

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Background: The high prevalence of stunting is one of the health problems related to child development in Indonesia. In addition to describing the condition of malnutrition that occurs, stunting can also be associated with the innate immune response to the status of Hb concentration levels and OHI-S index. To analyze the differences in innate immune responses related to normal and stunting HAZ status as well as correlations with status of Hb concentration levels and OHI-S index, several studies used the relative expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in gingival crevicular fluid. Objective: To analyze the relationship between the relative expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in gingival crevicular fluid with normal and stunting HAZ status as well as the status of Hb concentration levels and OHI-S index. Method: Samples were taken from biological stored research in 2019 from children aged 6-8 years and then grouped based on normal and stunting HAZ status. RNA samples from gingival crevicular fluid were synthesized by cDNA and then the relative expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were tested using RT-qPCR. Data were statistically analysed using SPSS. Result: In this study, it was found that there was no significant relationship between the relative expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6 or status of Hb concentration levels and OHI-S index with stunting HAZ status of children (p>0.05). The correlations between variables are as follows: very weak positive correlation between the OHI-S index in the sample group with severe stunting, stunting, and normal HAZ status (r = 0.089). Conclusion: In this study, the relative expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in the gingival crevicular fluid cannot be used as a biological indicator to determine the HAZ status of children aged 6-8 years. Meanwhile, the status of Hb concentration levels and OHI-S index cannot be used to determine the HAZ status of children aged 6-8 years."