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"A study of state and business ciecles hegemony and domination to ward the peasent was conducted in Baluk Hering Village, Tanjung Bunga subdistrict,East Flores regency of Nusa Tenggara Timur Province. ...."

"Hubungan antara negara dan bisnis menjadi basis institusional dari proses industrialisasi di Korea Selatan. Hubungan ini bersifat dinamis dalam menghadapi tantangan domestik dan internasional. Walaupun telah melewati reformasi ekonomi neoliberal pasca Krisis Finansial Asia, hubungan yang terbentuk di bawah model developmental state ini, ternyata berlanjut hingga ke era globalisasi kontemporer. Tulisan ini akan menjawab pertanyaan bagaimana evolusi kronologis dari hubungan negara dan bisnis dalam proses industrialisasi di Korea Selatan? Berdasarkan analisis struktural dari tiga periode industrialisasi di Korea Selatan: tahun 1961-1979, tahun 1980-1998, hingga pasca tahun 1998, ditemukan evolusi peran dan karakter dari hubungan negara dan bisnis. Pertama, hubungan negara dan bisnis diwarnai dengan karakter negara kuat, bisnis lemah yang berperan dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi pesat di Korea Selatan. Kedua, evolusi terjadi yang melihat pergeseran karakter hubungan negara dan bisnis menjadi negara melemah, bisnis menguat yang berperan dalam menyebabkan krisis berimbas bagi Korea Selatan. Terakhir, evolusi kembali terjadi dengan penetapan hubungan negara dan bisnis yang karakternya adaptif serta berperan dalam menghasilkan upaya-upaya adaptasi terhadap tantangan neoliberalisme global.

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State-business relations become the institutional basis for South Korea's industrialization process. This type of state-business relations is dynamic in facing domestic and international challenges. Even though it has gone through neoliberal reforms after the Asian Financial Crisis, the relationship formed under developmental state model have continued into the contemporary era of globalization. This paper will answer the question of how the chronological evolution of state and business relations in the industrialization process in South Korea? Based on the structural analysis of the three periods of industrialization in South Korea: from 1961-1979, 1980-1998, until after 1998, the evolution of the roles and characters of the South Korean state and business relations was found. First, the relationship between the state and business is characterized by the character of strong state, weak business that plays a role in rapid economic growth in South Korea. Second, evolution occurs which sees the character of the relationship shifted into a weakening state, stronger business and has a role in causing the financial crisis in South Korea. Finally, re-evolution occurs by establishing an adaptive state-business relations in character and this relation plays a role in generating adaptation measures to the challenges of global neoliberalism."

"ABSTRAK Tesis ini menaklik hubungan negara dan bisnis dalam kebijakan ekonomi luar negeri China bernama BRI. Berangkat dari konsep ldquo;bina ekonomi negara rdquo; dan metode penelitian kualitatif ndash; studi kasus, penelitian ini mengafirmasi bahwa agenda konektivitas melalui BRI mengandung motif ekonomi dan politik China di Asia Tenggara. Tujuan strateginya, yaitu pendalaman hubungan kerja sama dan kontiunitas internasionalisasi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan aktor bisnis memiliki keterlibatan penting dalam penyelenggaraan bina ekonomi negara. Industri konstruksi infrastruktur dan transportasi merupakan bagian dari pengendalian tersebut. Proses penetrasi berlangsung dalam empat faktor determinan. Pertama, kebijakan BRI dijadikan sebagai program pembangunan nasional yang sesuai visi China rsquo;s Rejuvenation, sehingga hubungan antara pemerintah pusat dengan pemerintah subnasional terunifikasi. Kedua, tujuan antara pemerintah dengan aktor bisnis bersifat kompatibel. Terakhir, hubungan anatar pemerintah dengan kedua sektor industri beserta keterlibatan aktor bisnisnya menjadi direktif dan hierarkis, karena pemerintah melakukan penguasaan sistem kepemilikan, sistem manajemen perusahaan, dan struktur kepemimpinan perusahaan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa negara berhasil mengendalikan aktor bisnis.Kata kunci: BRI, Negara-Bisnis, Bina Ekonomi Negara, Konektivitas, dan Industri Konstruksi dan Transportasi.

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ABSTRACT This thesis examines state business relations in Belt and Road Initiative as China rsquo s foreign economic policy. Set forth from ldquo economic statecraft rdquo theory and qualitative method, this research shows that connectivity agenda through BRI have economic and geostrategic motives and interrelated in Southeast Asia. The significance of the strategy are internationalization continuity and deepening of cooperation. This research found that commercial actor as important part to implemented economic statecraft. The penetration process occupy in four determinant factors. First, BRI is positioned as national development and convergent in ldquo China rsquo s Rejuvenation rdquo , so that the relationship between the central government and subnational government is unified. Second, the intrinsic goal is compatible between government and commercial actors. Third, market structure in infrastructure construction and transportation industry sector is created by government become more concentrated and monopoly. Finally, the reporting relationship between state and commercial actors become more directive, hierarchy, and centralized, because government exercises ownership control, corporate managements, and the composition of personnels and company leader is appointed directly by government. The results of this research indicate that state has controlled actor commercial for reach economic and geostrategic aims in Southeast Asia. "

"ABSTRAKTaking issues from mainstream research, which has overly coalesced the discussion around patronage-ridden relationships and money politics, this paper argues that democracy has restructured the pattern of state-ethnic Chinese business relationships into a dispersed network, due to the dynamics of capital convertibility within varying scales of power and interests. Offering a unique perspective on capital conversion, this paper aims to debunk the orthodox view of Chinese capital as being merely money that accommodates politics. The revival of Chinese conglomerates in the political-economic life of Indonesia in the aftermath of crises was subject to capital in various forms: economic capital, socio-political capital, ideas, and knowledge. At the time of capital restructuring, an ever-increasing dispersed network of Chinese businesses demonstrated that their position was neither higher than politics nor independent of it, yet the arrangement allowed them to dovetail well with various forces and power holders in a pattern of horizontal connection."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas tentang pergeseran hubungan Kadin dengan negara di masa Orde Baru dan masa reformasi. Argumen dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa telah terjadi pergeseran dalam hubungan Kadin dengan negara di masa Orde Baru dan reformasi dari bentuk predation ke mutual hostage. Pergeseran hubungan yang terjadi dipicu oleh pergantian struktur politik sebagai antecendent condition terhadap faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya pergeseran tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dan studi literatur. Adanya perubahan struktur politik yang lebih demokratis memberikan kesempatam bagi Kadin selaku asosiasi puncak di sektor bisnis untuk berkembang ke arah yang lebih otonom. Tingkat kemandirian Kadin juga didukung oleh semakin melemahnya dominasi negara, sehingga Kadin tidak lagi didominasi oleh kepentingan-kepentingan negara. Karakter negara yang tidak lagi mendominasi mempengaruhi Kadin untuk lebih berkembang menjadi asosiasi bisnis yang lebih otonom. Kemudian, dengan adanya perubahan struktur politik memunculkan beberapa perubahan dalam urusan internal Kadin, salah satunya ialah pemilihan jabatan Ketua Umum yang menjadi lebih demokratis. Berubahnya sistem tersebut memunculkan faksi-faksi dalam internal Kadin yang kemudian turut mempengaruhi hubungan Kadin dengan negara serta preferensi kepentingannya. Temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat faktor-faktor yang turut mempengaruhi pergeseran hubungan kelompok bisnis dengan negara diantaranya ialah karakter negara, karakter kelompok bisnis (dalam hubungannya dengan negara) serta kondisi internal kelompok bisnis.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discussed about shifting in state business relations: Study case Indonesian Chamber of commerce and Industry in New Order Era and Reform Era. The argument of this study is, has been shifting in state business relation in New Order Era and Reform era from predation to Mutual Hostage relation. The triggered of shifting happen because political structure has changed, Politcal Stucture as anticendent codition from this process. This thesis used qualitative and literature study method. The findings of this study indicate that the factors that caused the shift is character of the state, bussines association character (From this relation to state) and internal of business association. In the reform era, there was a change in political structure to become more democratic than the new order era, in this era gave space for business association to be more autonomous. When domination of the state is decreased, make kadin freely from state interests. At the end, this factor encourage Kadin to develop into an autonomous business association. when political structure has changed, making the internal Kadin more democratic than before. At the end, the process triggered the emergence of factions within the Kadin. This process influenced their relations with the state and their interests."