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"Salah satu kebutuhan dasar manusia ialah kebutuhan akan hunian. Saat ini hunian dalam kota kembali diminati antara lain karena akses dan kedekatannya dengan pusat-pusat kegiatan, diantaranya terdapat townhouse yang pembangunannya terjadi dengan sporadis dalam lingkungan kota. Pembangunan townhouse yang sporadis memberikan beban bagi lingkungan kota yang terus menurun kualitasnya akibat aktivitas manusia dalam bertempat tinggal. Oleh karena itu, townhouse yang mampu berperan dalam meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan sekitar menjadi penting demi keberlanjutan lingkungan kota di masa mendatang. Skripsi ini akan meninjau keberadaan townhouse dari aspek spasial dan lingkungan. Dari aspek spasial akan dijelaskan seperti apa townhouse yang berkembang di Indonesia. Sedangkan aspek lingkungan akan menjelaskan unsur- unsur ekologi permukiman dan penerapannya pada townhouse, hingga pada akhirnya dihasilkan suatu kesimpulan mengenai townhouse yang dapat berperan meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan kota dengan aspek spasial yang dimilikinya.

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One of human's basic needs is the needs of shelter. Nowadays, shelters inside the town are becoming popular again because of their good access to the center of activities. One of those is townhouse. The development of townhouse inside the town happens sporadically. This kind of development burdens the environment of the town that has already decreased by human activities in fulfilling the needs of shelter. That's why, townhouse that is able to increase the quality of town's environment is important for the existence of a town in the future.

This writing will discuss the existence of townhouse from the spatial and ecological aspects. The spatial aspects will explain what townhouse developed in Indonesia. While the ecological aspect will explain the elements of settlements' ecology and its application in townhouse that will finally result a summary about townhouse that has the role in increasing the quality of town's environment with its spatial aspect."

"ABSTRAKKajian budaya pertanian masa Jawa kuno abad ke-8 ndash; 11 M yang menggunakan data utama isi prasasti, lokasional candi beserta gambaran reliefnya yang terkait dengan kondisi alam berdasar dimensi temporal dan spatial menunjukkan gambaran rekonstruksi lanskap arkeologi pertanian masa Jawa kuno. Penelitian arkeologi yang memfokuskan mengkaji benda budaya yang terkait dengan pertanian dalam isi prasasti, relief candi, sebaran candi dan lingkungannya yang ada di Jawa bagian tengah hingga Jawa bagian timur, pada bagian-bagiannya menurut waktu dan lokasionalnya menunjukkan keahlian lokal masyarakat Jawa kuno. Analisis arkeologis, analisis keruangan ekologi dapat menunjukkan bukti bahwa berbagai jenis pangan, tradisi pangan, jenis pengolahan tanah, pengolahan bahan pangan, profesi dan pejabat terkait dengan pengelolaan tanah, teknologi atau alat yang disebutkan untuk mendukung budaya pertanian masa lalu yang dipimpin oleh para-raja-raja masa Jawa kuno yang mengukuhkan tata aturan sesuai dengan agama Hindu dan Buddha di berbagai ruang wilayah penelitian dapat dibedakan keistimewaannya. Pelaksanaan budaya pertanian dikaji tidak terlepas dengan kondisi geografis fisiknya sebagai bukti upaya pemanfaatan lanskap alam yang terkait dengan lanskap arekologi pertaniannya. Analisis keruangan dari bukti-bukti tersebut dapat direkonstruksi nilai-nilai budaya masa Jawa kuno dan dijadikan refleksi. Refleksi nilai-nilai budaya tersebut dijadikan rujukan demi keberhasilan budaya pertanian. Nilai-nilai tersebut yaitu bahwa masyarakat Jawa kuno pandai memilih lanskap alam yang memiliki daya dukung lanskap budaya pertanian yang berkelanjutan. Selain itu masyarakat Jawa kuno yang berbekal pengalaman dan pengetahuan adaptasi ekologi di Jawa bagian tengah pada akhirnya peran manusia ikut menentukan perkembangan penerapan teknologi pertanian dan menentukan wilayah pilihan untuk melanjutkan kebudayaannya di Jawa bagian timur. Pengetahuan dan pengalaman menghadapi perubahan ekologis di Jawa bagian tengah yang relatif di dataran sempit berbukit hingga bergunung api, selanjutnya mampu mengekplorasi dan mengeksploitasi tidak hanya dataran luas lereng-lereng vulkanik tetapi hingga dataran rendah, dataran banjir sungai, rawa, pesisir dan laut. Hal ini dapat dijadikan refleksi budaya pada suatu wilayah dalam pengolahan tanah, pengadaan dan penyediaan pangan untuk lebih berkelanjutan.Kata kunci: Lanskap arkeologi pertanian, keruangan, ekologi.

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ABSTRACT

The Study of Agriculture in Ancient Java using data from inscription, location of temple along with its candi relief related with natural environment, along with spatial and temporal dimension reconstruct archaeological agriculture in ancient Java era. Archaeological research aim and focus in studying cultural artifact of agriculture contain in inscriptions, candi relief, distribution of location of candi and its surrounding environment in central and east Java, each part described with its specific location and time frame, summarizing the evidence of local agricultural skill in ancient Java people. Archaeological along with spatial analysis such ecology conclude the evidence of various food source, food tradition, type of land cultivation, the food processing, the profession, bureaucracy related to land used, technology and various tools can provide a clear picture of ancient agriculture lead by kings in ancient Java in his terms of compliance to the religious setting and rule of Hinduism and Buddhism in various area in its specific settings. The cultural activity related to Agriculture are not separated with physical geography condition as a proven record of the use of natural landscape with its archeo agricultural landscape. Spatial analysis along with all related evidence can be use to reconstruct many of cultural values of ancient java on which can be reflected to now days needs situation. The value proved that ancient Java people has skill, knowledge, and experience to choose natural landscape that can support alive and sustainable agriculture landscape. On the progress, such expertise including ecological adaptation in central Java are used to choose to flourish the next episode of agriculture era in east Java. The knowledge and experience of challenging the ecological adaptation in central java, especially in narrow flat land to undulated hills and to volcanic mountain setting, are used well in exploring many areas not only hilly volcanic area, but also good use of flood plain, swamp, and coastal area. All of these great skill and experience can be use as cultural reflection in how an area can be used, tilled, and cultivated for a sustainable food security. Key Words Archaeology of Agricultural Landscape, spatial, ecology."

"This book demonstrates how cheetahs are adapted to arid savannahs like the southern Kalahari, and makes comparisons with other areas, especially the Serengeti. Topics dealt with are: demography and genetic status; feeding ecology, i.e. methods used for studying diet, diets of different demographic groups, individual diet specializations of females, prey selection, the impact of cheetah predation on prey populations, activity regimes and distances travelled per day, hunting behaviour, foraging success and energetics; interspecific competition; spatial ecology; reproductive success and the mating system; and conservation. The major findings show that cheetahs are well adapted to arid ecosystems and are water independent. Cheetah density in the study area was stable at 0.9/100 km2 and the population was genetically diverse. Important prey were steenbok and springbok for females with cubs, gemsbok, and adult ostrich for coalition males, and steenbok, springhares, and hares for single animals. Cheetahs had a density-dependent regulatory effect on steenbok and springbok populations. Females with large cubs had the highest overall food intake. Cheetahs, especially males, were often active at night, and competition with other large carnivores, both by exploitation and interference, was slight. Although predation on small cubs was severe, cub survival to adolescence was six times higher than in the Serengeti. There was no difference in reproductive success between single and coalition males. The conservation priority for cheetahs should be to maintain protected areas over a spectrum of landscapes to allow ecological processes, of which the cheetah is an integral part, to proceed unhindered."

"This book presents an integrative approach tomathematical and statistical modelling in ecology and evolutionary biology. After an introductory chapter, the book devotes one chapter for movement ecology, one for population ecology, one for community ecology, and one for genetics and evolutionary ecology. Each chapter starts with a conceptual section, which provides the necessary biological background and motivates the modelling approaches. The next three sections present mathematical modelling approaches, followed by one section devoted to statistical approaches. Each chapter ends with a perspectives section, which summarizes the key messages and discusses the limitations of the approaches considered. To illustrate how the very same modelling approaches apply in different fields of ecology and evolutionary biology, the book uses movement models as a building block to construct single-species models of population dynamics, the models of which are further expanded to models of species communities and to models of evolutionary dynamics. In all chapters, the book starts by making assumptions at the level of individuals, leading to individual-based simulationmodels. To derive analytical insights and to compare the behaviours of different types of models, the book shows how the individual-based models can be simplified, e.g. to yield models formulated directly at the population level. The book has a special emphasis on the integration of models with data. To achieve this, it applies statistical methods to data generated by mathematical models, and thus asks to what extent does the data contain signals of the underlying mechanisms."