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"ABSTRAKSweet sorghum is a kind of sorghum that contains high content of sugar in its stem. Sweet sorghum has a big potential to be developed in Indonesia owing to its wide adaptation and the fact that it can be used as raw material for liquid sugar, syrup, ethanol, and also as animal feed. Sweet sorghum has not been developed in Indonesia because of lack of a sweet sorghum variety. Improvement of available sweet sorghum genotype can be done among others through plant breeding program. First step on the plant breeding program is to increase the plant genetic variability. This might be done by introduction of varieties or by breeding to create new varieties. Induced mutation using Gamma irradiation can be used to increase the genetic variability of sweet sorghum. Mutation breeding using Gamma irradiation in sweet sorghum was aimed at improving the yield and quality of sweet sorghum.This research was conducted to study the effect of Gamma irradiation on sweet sorghum growth in the M1 generation, and to estimate the optimal dose range suitably for the breeding program. Beside, the objective of this research was to evaluate the genetic variability for the purpose of plant selection in the M2 generation.Plant materials consisted of 2 sweet sorghum lines introduced from ICRISAT namely line No. 79 and No. 83. Non-saccharin sorghum of local variety Fiigari was used as a control. The doses of Gamma irradiation treatment were 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 Gy. The Ml plants were sown in greenhouse at PATIR-BATAN Jakarta, and then were transplanted in the experimental field at Balitbiogen, Bogor. The M2 plants were grown in the experimental field at Lubang Buaya, Jakarta. Important agronomic traits such as plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike were observed.The results indicated that sorghum lines gave different response to Gamma irradiation, and all measured variables were significantly affected. Irradiation gave morphology and physiology damages on sorghum like abnormality, sterility, and lethality in the Ml generation. The increase of irradiation doses increased physiological damage. Effective doses of Gamma irradiation for sweet sorghum was to be around 400-500 Gy, and the lethal doses 50% of sweet sorghum was around 800-1000 Gy. Putative mutation sometimes could be observed in the M2 generation. The treatment of Gamma increased genetic variability of plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike. The highest genetic variability was found in the dose treatment of 200-300 Gy. Within this interval dose, there might be high probability to find desirable mutants for further breeding purpose. A number of 38 plants had been selected from the M2 population as putative mutants."

"ABSTRAKSweet sorghum is a kind of sorghum that contains high content of sugar in its stem. Sweet sorghum has a big potential to be developed in Indonesia owing to its wide adaptation and the fact that it can be used as raw material for liquid sugar, syrup, ethanol, and also as animal feed. Sweet sorghum has not been developed in Indonesia because of lack of a sweet sorghum variety. Improvement of available sweet sorghum genotype can be done among others through plant breeding program. First step on the plant breeding program is to increase the plant genetic variability. This might be done by introduction of varieties or by breeding to create new varieties. Induced mutation using Gamma irradiation can be used to increase the genetic variability of sweet sorghum. Mutation breeding using Gamma irradiation in sweet sorghum was aimed at improving the yield and quality of sweet sorghum. This research was conducted to study the effect of Gamma irradiation on sweet sorghum growth in the M1 generation, and to estimate the optimal dose range suitably for the breeding program. Beside, the objective of this research was to evaluate the genetic variability for the purpose of plant selection in the M2 generation. Plant materials consisted of 2 sweet sorghum lines introduced from ICRISAT namely line No. 79 and No. 83. Non-saccharin sorghum of local variety Higari was used as a control. The doses of Gamma irradiation treatment were 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 Gy. The M1 plants were sown in greenhouse at PATIR-BATAN Jakarta, and then were transplanted in the experimental field at Balitbiogen, Bogor. The M2 plants were grown in the experimental field at Lubang Buaya, Jakarta. Important agronomic traits such as plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike were observed. The results indicated that sorghum lines gave different response to Gamma irradiation, and all measured variables were significantly affected. Irradiation gave morphology and physiology damages on sorghum like abnormality, sterility, and lethality in the M1 generation. The increase of irradiation doses increased physiological damage. Effective doses of Gamma irradiation for sweet sorghum was to be around 400?500 Gy, and the lethal doses 50% of sweet sorghum was around 800?1000 Gy. Putative mutation sometimes could be observed in the M2 generation. The treatment of Gamma increased genetic variability of plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike. The highest genetic variability was found in the dose treatment of 200?300 Gy. Within this interval dose, there might be high probability to find desirable mutants for further breeding purpose. A number of 38 plants had been selected from the M2 population as putative mutants.

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"Metode untuk isolasi selulosa terdapat berbagai macam jenis, seperti metode kimiawi, mekanik, dan enzim. Isolasi selulosa yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah metode kimiawi. Dari setiap metode kimiawi seperti pemutihan, oksidasi radikal dan hidrolisis asam memiliki kondisi optimum untuk isolasi selulosa. Pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kondisi optimum dari setiap proses metode kimiawi dalam isolasi selulosa. Kondisi optimum setiap prosesnya adalah pemutihan NaClO2 1,7%, oksidasi radikal menggunakan NaClO2/NaClO/TEMPO, dan hidrolisis asam H2SO4 25%. Setiap proses tersebut diawali dengan alkalinisasi NaOH 4% dalam suhu 70 - 90°C selam 4 jam dengan 3 kali pengulangan. Hasil paling bagus ditunjukan oleh proses oksidasi radikal dimana hasil serat selulosanya paling terurai, kondisi permukaan paling bersih, serta nilai kristalinitas paling tinggi yaitu 75,735%. Akan tetapi pengurangan lignin dan hemiselulosa lebih rendah dibanding hidrolisis asam.

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The methods of cellulose isolation can be divided into three main group, named: chemical, mechanic, and enzymes. In this research, chemical methods is conducted. In every chemical method processes, such as bleaching, radical oxidation, and acid hydrolysis have its own optimum condition. The optimum conditions of each process are 3 times 1.7% NaClO2 bleaching for 4 hours at 70 - 90°C, radical oxidation using NaClO2/NaClO/TEMPO, and 25% H2SO4 acid hydrolysis for 2 hours. The pre-treatment of each process is 3 times 4% NaOH alkalinization at 70 - 90°C. The optimum process was oxidation radical where the cellulose fiber was the most unravelled, the cleanest surface cellulose fiber, and the highest percentage of crystallinity, reaching as high as 75.735%. But the reduction of lignin and hemicellulose are lower than hydrolysis acid."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang alih wahana dari novel ke film dengan judul Red Sorghum（红高粱：Hóng Gāoliang）. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menemukan serta memaparkan persamaan dan perbedaan yang muncul akibat adanya proses alih wahana dari novel ke film. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode kajian alih wahana. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa cerita yang ditampilkan dalam film tidak sepenuhnya setia dengan cerita yang ada dalam novel. Selain itu, perbedaan yang muncul disebabkan oleh karakteristik masing-masing wahana serta misi dari penulis dan sutradara.

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The focus of this undergraduate thesis is the Red Sorghum‟s（红高粱：Hóng Gāoliang）novel to film adaptation. The purpose of this study is to find and explain both the similarities and differences caused by the adaptation process. This research is a qualitative study using an adaptation method. The conclusion of this study shows that the story in the movie diverged from the story in the novel. In addition, the differences that appear were caused by the characteristic of both medium and personal goals from the writer of the novel and the producer of the movie."

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"ABSTRAKSeiring dengan perkembangan zaman non-plastik, kebutuhan akan teknologi ramah lingkungan menjadi perhatian penting. Inovasi berkelanjutan terus mengalami perkembangan, khususnya dengan meningkatnya pemanfaatan nanoselulosa yang berasal dari serat alami. Shorgum adalah tanaman yang secara fisiologis menarik karena ketahanannya terhadap lingkungan yang panas dan kering. Meskipun demikian, belum ada penelitian mengenai isolasi nanoselulosa dari biomasanya dalam literatur. Hal inilah yang mendorong penelitian nanoselulosa yang berasal dari shorgum kali ini melalui metode perlakuan kimia, fibrilasi mekanik, dan pembuatan nanopaper biomasa sorgum. Penelitian ini telah dilakukan dengan penekanan terhadap sifat mekanik nanopaper sorgum yang dihasilkan dari berbagai bagian (daun, selubung, batang) dan tahap pematangan (vegetative, mid-grain, late-grain), serta pengaruh berbagai perlakuan mekanis (ball milling, homeginisation). Hasil uji menunjukan bahwa pada daun cenderung lebih kaku sedangkan pada batangnya memiliki nilai tarik lebih besar. Namun, tidak ada perbedaan signifikan pada sifat mekanis pada bagian tanaman dengan perbedaan tahap pematangan. Selain itu, milling menyebabkan nanopaper menjadi lebih kaku dibandingkan dengan homogenisation. Penelitian dengan jenis shorgum bervariasi dan perlakuan kimia ramah lingkungan disarankan untuk diteliti lebih lanjut.

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ABSTRACTAs the anti-plastic era evolves, the imperative for environmentally friendly technology continues to grow. The development of sustainable innovations has been steadily progressing, especially with the rising utilisation of nanocellulose derived from natural fibres. Sorghum is a cereal crop that is physiologically appealing for its resistance to hot and arid environmental conditions, yet there are no widely known reported cases involving the isolation of nanocellulose from its biomass within literature. This has prompted the investigation of sorghum-derived nanocellulose in this project, produced by chemical pre-treatment, mechanical fibrillation and nanopaper fabrication of sorghum biomass. Studies were performed with an emphasis on the mechanical properties of sorghum nanopaper produced from different sections (leaf, sheath, stem) and maturation stages (vegetative, mid-grain, late-grain), as well as the influence of different mechanical treatments (ball milling, homogenisation). Overall, the results revealed that the leaf tends to be stiffer while the stem has a slightly greater tensile index. On the other hand, there are no significant discrepancies in mechanical properties between the different maturation stages. Moreover, milling seems to cause the nanopaper to become stiffer compared to homogenisation. Performing studies on different sorghum varieties and exploring sustainable chemical pre-treatments are suggested to further the research."

"Karet alam merupakan salah satu komoditi besar di Indonesia. Penggunaan karet alam beragam, salah satunya adalah ban kendaraan. Pada ban, dibutuhkan karet yang memiliki kekakuan dan kekuatan yang baik. Untuk meningkatkan sifat tersebut dibutuhkan pengisi. Pengisi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah serat sorgum. Serat sorgum bersifat polar sehingga tidak kompatibel dengan karet bersifat yang nonpolar. Digunakanlah coupling agent berbasis pati untuk meningkatkan kompatibilitas keduanya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melihat pengaruh coupling agent terhadap kompatibilitas karet alam dengan serat sorgum serta mengetahui komposisi serat sorgum dan coupling agent untuk menghasilkan komposit dengan kekuatan dan kekakuan yang paling baik. Variasi komposisi yang divariasikan adalah 0, 1, dan 2 phr coupling agent, serta 10, 20, dan 30 phr serat sorgum. Karakteristik yang dilakukan adalah FT-IR, SEM, serta pengujian tarik menggunakan UTM. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan coupling agent dapat meningkatkan kompatibilitas karet alam dengan serat sorgum, serta komposisi untuk mendapatkan produk dengan kekuatan dan kekakuan tinggi adalah pada 10 phr serat sorgum dan 2 phr CA.

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Natural rubber is one of the major commodities in Indonesia. The use of natural rubber varies, one of which is tires. Good stiffness and strength are the properties needed for tires. To improve these properties, fillers are needed. The fillers used in this study are sorghum fibers. Sorghum fiber has polar molecular structure, so it is not compatible with rubber which has nonpolar molecular structure. Starch-based coupling agent is used to improve the compatibility of sorghum fibers and natural rubber.

The purpose of this study is to see the effect of coupling agent on the compatibility of natural rubber with sorghum fiber and to know the composition of sorghum fibers and coupling agent to produce composites with the best tensile strength and stiffness. The variations in compositions used are 0, 1 and 2 phr of coupling agent; and 10, 20, and 30 phr of sorghum fibers.

The characteristics performed were FT-IR, SEM, and tensile testing using UTM. The test results show that the addition of CA improve the compatibility of natural rubber with sorghum fiber, and the composition to obtain products with high strength and stiffness is in 10 phr of sorghum fibers and 2 phr of coupling agent."

"Sifat plastik yang sulit terdegradasi di alam menjadi tantangan utama dalam menggunakan plastik untuk berbagai aplikasi. Material biokomposit dengan matriks polimer dan penguat serat alam merupakan salah satu jenis biokomposit yang tengah dikembangkan sebagai salah satu alternatif tersebut, dan serat sorghum merupakan salah jenis serat alam yang menjanjikan untuk diaplikasikan sebagai penguat dari material biokomposit. Selulosa dalam serat sorghum merupakan zat yang penting karena dapat menjadi penguat yang baik dalam material biokomposit, dan dapat diperoleh melalui proses fibrilasi serat sorghum. Proses fibrilasi serat sorghum dilakukan dengan metode alkalinisasi - termal, dengan variasi konsentrasi natrium hidroksida (NaOH) 0%, 5%, dan 10%, serta variasi waktu proses rendam bertekanan selama 1, dan 3 menit. Variabel yang paling optimal dalam menfibrilasi serat sorghum adalah pada konsentrasi NaOH 5% dengan waktu proses rendam bertekanan selama 3 menit. Serat sorghum yang telah dimodifikasi dengan variasi tersebut memiliki permukaan serat yang lebih bersih dan terberai, kadar lignin dan hemiselulosa yang telah berkurang yang diindikasikan melalui hasil pengujian FTIR, tingkat hidrofobisitas yang baik yang diindikasikan oleh pengujian Sessile Drop dengan hasil sudut kontak sebesar 120,9o, serta peningkatan indeks kristalinitas sebesar 6,3% yang diperoleh melalui pengujian X Ray Diffraction (XRD). Peningkatan hidrofobositas mengindikasikan bahwa serat semakin kompatibel dengan matriks polimer.

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One major problem in using plastics for various applications is their poor degradability behavior. Therefore, biocomposite material becomes a promising alternative. Biocomposites, with polymer matrix and natural fiber reinforcing agent are among the types that are currently being developed worldwide, and sorghum fiber is one of the promising natural fiber as a reinforcing agent. Cellulose in sorghum fiber is essential in reinforcing biocomposites, and can be obtained through natural fiber fibrillation process. In this study, the fibrillation process was conducted with alkalinization - thermal method, and with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration variations of 0%, 5%, and 10%, as well as pressured - soaking time variations of 1, and 3 minutes. The most optimal result was obtained at the 5% NaOH concentrations with 3 minutes pressured - soaking, showing cleaner and fibrillated morphology, less concentration of lignin and hemicellulose as indicated through FTIR testing result, good hydrophobicity as indicated through Sessile Drop test result showing contact angle of 120.9o, as well as significant increase in crystallinity index of 6.3% as indicated through X Ray Diffraction (XRD) test result. The increase in the hydrophobicity of the modified sorghum fiber indicated the increase of the natural fiber compatibility with polymer matrix."