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"ABSTRAK Objective: In this study, we aimed to compare efficacy of various irrigating solutions for smear layer removal and dentin microhardness. Methods: Based on the four final irrigants used plus saline control, 50 single rooted teeth were divided into five groups. Using a step back technique with K files, chemomechanical preparation was performed.Canals were apically enlarged up to ISO size 40 and stepped back up to ISO size 60. During preparation, irrigation was performed with 2.5% NaOCl solution and the roots were sectioned into two halves. In the coronal, middle, and apical thirds, the smear layer was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy in one half, whereas the dentinmicrohardness was evaluated in the other half. Results: For all irrigants in the coronal and middle third regions, the efficacy of smear layer removal was comparable. Doxycycline, citric acid, Tween 80 (MTAD) and 10% maleic acid were the most effective for the apical third region, followed by 7% maleic acid and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Dentin microhardness was most affected by MTAD and 10% maleic acid, followed by 17% EDTA and 7% maleic acid. Conclusion: For removal of smear layer and the least effect on dentin microhardness, 7% maleic acid was effective."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Peran root surface conditioning terhadap keberadaan smear layer.Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara penggunaan root surface conditioning (minosiklin 2,1% dan EDTA 24%) terhadap keberadaan smear layer setelah penghalusan akar gigi. Metoda: Sepuluh gigi manusia yang dicabut akibat kelainan periodontal dan dilakukan penghalusan akar. Gigi dipotong pada daerahsepertiga servikal, dan 30 spesimen yang terbentuk dibagi dalam tiga kelompok.Hasil: Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan terhadap tingkat keberadaan smear layer antara kelompok minosiklin maupun EDTA (p=0,759). Terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok minosiklin dan EDTA dengan salin sebagai kontrol (p=0,00). Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan antara penggunaan root surface conditioning terhadap keberadaan smear layer.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Role of root surface conditioning of the existence of smear layer.Objective: To analyze the smear layer on root surface conditioned withminocycline HCl 2,1% , EDTA gel 24%, after root planed.Materials and methods: Ten human teeth removed due to chronic periodontitis were collected and root planed. The teeth were sectioned on 1/3 cervikal, 30 specimens were divided into three groups. Results: No significant differences of smear layer between minocycline and EDTA (p=0,759). There was significant differences of minocycline and EDTA group compare to saline (p=0,00).Conclusion: There was relationship of root surface conditioning treatment with smear layer.;Background: Role of root surface conditioning of the existence of smear layer.Objective: To analyze the smear layer on root surface conditioned withminocycline HCl 2,1% , EDTA gel 24%, after root planed.Materials and methods: Ten human teeth removed due to chronic periodontitis were collected and root planed. The teeth were sectioned on 1/3 cervikal, 30 specimens were divided into three groups. Results: No significant differences of smear layer between minocycline and EDTA (p=0,759). There was significant differences of minocycline and EDTA group compare to saline (p=0,00).Conclusion: There was relationship of root surface conditioning treatment with smear layer., Background: Role of root surface conditioning of the existence of smear layer.Objective: To analyze the smear layer on root surface conditioned withminocycline HCl 2,1% , EDTA gel 24%, after root planed.Materials and methods: Ten human teeth removed due to chronic periodontitis were collected and root planed. The teeth were sectioned on 1/3 cervikal, 30 specimens were divided into three groups. Results: No significant differences of smear layer between minocycline and EDTA (p=0,759). There was significant differences of minocycline and EDTA group compare to saline (p=0,00).Conclusion: There was relationship of root surface conditioning treatment with smear layer.]"

"Latar Belakang: Acid-Base Resistant Zone (ABRZ) merupakan “super dentin” yang terbentuk di bawah lapisan hibrida, yang diharapkan dapat menahan demineralisasi dari acid-base challenge oleh mikroorganisme dalam karies sekunder. Teknik deproteinisasi smear layer menggunakan papain telah terbukti meningkatkan penetrasi monomer adhesif self-etch, sedangkan restorasi adhesif S-PRG terbukti melepaskan multi-ion, yang keduanya dapat membentuk ketebalan ABRZ. Belum ada penelitian yang menggabungkan kedua faktor ini dalam memberikan pengaruh terhadap ketebalan ABRZ. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui pengaruh deproteinisasi smear layer menggunakan papain dan restorasi adhesif S-PRG terhadap ketebalan Acid-Base Resistant Zone (ABRZ) pada dentin. Metode: 20 gigi geraham molar tiga yang bebas karies di potong dibagian mid-korona menghasilkan lempeng dentin setebal 1 mm, secara acak dibagi menjadi empat kelompok, dilakukan restorasi membentuk dentin sandwich (n=20) yaitu: (1) Non deproteinisasi dan non S-PRG (ND-NS), (2) Non deproteinisasi dan S-PRG (ND-S), (3) Deproteinisasi dan non SPRG (D-NS), (4) Deproteinisasi dan S-PRG (D-S). Seluruh sampel dilakukan acid-base challenge. Setelah itu dilakukan persiapan sampel untuk uji SEM untuk melihat perubahan morfologi dan ketebalan ABRZ pada interface adhesif-dentin. Hasil: Terdapat peningkatan rata-rata ketebalan ABRZ dengan deproteinisasi smear layer menggunakan papain dan restorasi adhesif menggunakan S-PRG pada dentin. Kesimpulan: Deproteinisasi smear layer menggunakan papain dan restorasi adhesif menggunakan S-PRG bekerja secara sinergis meningkatkan ketebalan ABRZ pada dentin.

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Background: The Acid-Base Resistant Zone (ABRZ) is a ‘Super dentin” layer formed beneath the hybrid layer, anticipated to resist demineralization caused by acid-base challenges from microorganisms in secondary caries. The technique of smear layer deproteinization using papain using papain has been demonstrated to enhance the penetration of self-etch adhesive monomers, while S-PRG adhesive restorations have been shown to release multi-ions, both contributing to ABRZ thickness. However, no research has yet combined these factors to assess their collective influence on ABRZ thickness. Objective: To investigate the impact of smear layer deproteinization using papain and S-PRG adhesive restoration on the thickness of the Acid-Base Resistant Zone (ABRZ) in dentin. Methods: Twenty caries-free third molar teeth were sectioned at the mid-coronal level to produce dentin discs with a thickness of 1 mm, then randomly assigned to four groups and restored to form dentin sandwiches (n=20): (1) non-deproteinization and non-S-PRG (ND-NS), (2) Non-deproteinization and S-PRG (ND-S), (3) Deproteinization and non-S-PRG (D-NS), (4) Deproteinization and S-PRG (D-S). All samples underwent acid-base challenges. Subsequently, sample preparation was conducted for SEM examination to observe changes in morphology and ABRZ thickness at the adhesive-dentin interface. Results: There was an increase in the average ABRZ thickness with smear layer deproteinization using papain and adhesive restoration using S-PRG on dentin. Conclusion: Deproteinization of the smear layer using papain and adhesive restoration using S-PRG synergistically increase ABRZ thickness in dentin."

"Latar Belakang: Preparasi saluran akar gigi menghasilkan smear layer saat bersentuhan dengan dinding saluran akar yang berpotensi menyebabkan kegagalan perawatan. Bentuk penampang file mempengaruhi pembentukan smear layer. Penelitian ini membandingkan kuantitas smear layer pada dinding saluran akar sepertiga apikal yang dipreparasi menggunakan file berpenampang melintang segitiga dan segi empat. Metode: 32 sampel gigi premolar rahang bawah dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok perlakuan yang dipreparasi dengan file berpenampang segitiga (One Curve®, n = 16) dan segi empat (Hyflex EDM®, n = 16). Setelah preparasi, saluran akar diirigasi menggunakan kombinasi larutan NaOCl 2,5% dan EDTA 17%. Smear layer pada dinding saluran akar sepertiga apikal diamati menggunakan scanning electron microscope (SEM) dan dikuantifikasi menurut sistem skoring Foschi. Hasil: Uji Mann- Whitney menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik antara preparasi saluran akar menggunakan kedua instrumen dengan skor smear layer. Kelompok yang dipreparasi dengan file berpenampang segitiga menghasilkan skor smear layer lebih rendah dibanding kelompok yang dipreparasi dengan file berpenampang segi empat. Kesimpulan: Preparasi saluran akar menggunakan file berpenampang segitiga dan segi empat dengan irigasi kombinasi NaOCl 2,5% dan EDTA 17% tetap menghasilkan smear layer pada daerah sepertiga apikal, namun preparasi dengan file berpenampang segitiga menunjukkan kuantitas smear layer yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan file berpenampang segi empat.

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Background: Root canal preparation produces smear layer when in contact with its wall, which potentially causing treatment failures. Cross-section shape of file influences smear layer production. This experiment compares smear layer quantity at apical third of root canal walls prepared using files with triangular and rectangular cross-section.

Methods: Thirty-two premolar samples taken from mandibles were divided into two groups whose root canals were prepared using file with triangular (One Curve®, n = 16) and rectangular (Hyflex EDM®, n = 16) cross-section. After preparation, root canals were irrigated with combination of NaOCl 2,5% and EDTA 17% solutions. Smear layer in apical third of root canal walls were then observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) dan quantified according to Foschi scoring system.

Results: Mann- Whitney test shows significant difference between root canal preparation using both instruments and produced smear layer score. Group prepared with triangular file produced lower smear layer score compared to those which prepared with rectangular file.

Conclusions: Root canal preparation using files with triangular and rectangular cross-section, followed by combined NaOCl 2,5% and EDTA 17% irrigation still produces smear layer in apical third area. However, preparation with triangular file shows less smear layer quantity compared to rectangular file."

"Latar belakang: Smear layer akibat preparasi saluran akar dapat menyebabkan kegagalan perawatan Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis penggunaan dua macam irigan kombinasi terhadap pembersihan smear layer di daerah sepertiga apeks. Metode: Tiga puluh gigi premolar tetap dibagi atas tiga kelompok sama besar Kelompok I, Kelompok II dan Kelompok II masing masing menggunakan irigan kombinasi NaOCl 2 625 asam sitrat 17 NaOCl 2 625 EDTA 17 dan Kelompok III kelompok kontrol menggunakan salin. Sisa smear layer di daerah sepertiga apeks diperiksa dengan SEM dan diukur dengan memberikan skor jika permukaan yang bersih dari smear layer adalah lebih dari 75 50 - 75 25 - 50 dan kurang dari 25 maka berturut turut diberi Skor 0 1 2 dan 3 Hasilnya dianalisis dengan Kolmogorov Smirnov. Hasil: Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan dalam membersihkan smear layer antara Kelompok I dan II p 0 447 tetapi dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol Kelompok I dan II secara signfikan p 0 000 membersihkan smear layer lebih baik Kesimpulan Kombinasi irigan NaOCl - asam sitrat dan NaOCl - EDTA tidak berbeda pengaruhnya dalam membersihkan smear layer di daerah sepertiga apeks.

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Background: Smear layer as a result of instrumentaion could influence the outcome of treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of two combination of irigants in removing the smear layer in the root canal.

Methods: Thirty permanent premolars were divided in 3 groups equally Group I II and III used NaOCl 2 625 citric acid 17 NaOCl 2 625 EDTA 17 and saline solution control respectively. The remnants of smear layer were evaluated by SEM and were scored The Score was 0 1 2 or 3 if the remnants of the smear layer was less than 25 between 25 to 50 50 to 75 and more than 75 of the surface respectively and were analyzed by Kolmogorov Smirnov

Results: There was no significant different in removing the smear layer between the Group I and the Group II p 0 447 while comparing to the control group the experimental groups were significantly better p 0 000 Conclusion No difference in ability to remove the smear layer between combinations of irrigant of NaOCl 2 625 citric acid 17 and NaOCl 2 625 EDTA 17 "