Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Persalinan prematur sekarang ini menjadi tantangan dibidangobstetri. Ini terlihat dari tingginya angka prematur di dunia. Dua hal yang harusdiperhatikan dalam kehamilan prematur yaitu kontraksi dan pemberian kortikosteroiduntuk pematangan paru, maka dibutuhkan suatu penanganan dengan menggunakanobat tokolitik. Saat ini telah banyak digunakan terbutalin sulfat yang merupakangolongan agonis beta dan juga nifedipine yang merupakan golongan penyekat kanalkalsium. Namun penggunaan agonis beta menyebabkan efek yang kurang baik padaibu seperti takikardi, dispnoe dan ansietas sehingga penggunaannya sekarang mulaiterbatas. Tujuan: Tesis ini bertujuan mengetahui perbandingan efektifitas nifedipineoral dibandingkan dengan terbutalin sulfat sebagai tokolitik dalam kehamilanprematur. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis randomisasi tanpa penyamaranpada ibu hamil prematur di kurang dari 34 minggu di RSUPN Cipto mangunkusumo.Hasil: dari 60 subyek yang diikutsertakan dengan consecutive sampling, didapatkan56 subyek (93,3%) hilang kontraksi dengan rincian 27 subyek (90,0%) padakelompok nifedipin dan 29 subyek (96,7%) pada kelompok terbutalin (p=0,61).Kelompok yang diberikan nifedipin hilang kontraksi dengan median waktu 1,25(0,67-2,00) jam sementara kelompok yang diberikan terbutalin hilang kontraksi lebihcepat dengan median waktu 0,50 (0,50-1,50) jam (p<0,001). Tidak ada perbedaan efek samping yang ditemukan pada kedua kelompok. Simpulan: Nifedipin dan terbutalin memiliki efektifitas yang sama pada kehamilan prematur.

---

ABSTRACTBackground: Preterm labour is considered as one of problems frequentlyencountered in obstetric and ginecologic department. To date, the incidence ofprematurity is still high worldwide. Two things should be noted: uterine contractionand corticosteroid for lung maturity of the baby. Thus, a tocolytic agent may be usefulin these circumstances. To date, terbutaline sulfate is widely used as it is known asbeta agonist. Beside, nifedine, a calcium channel blocker, is also widely accepted. Theuse of beta agonist might contribute several adverse events related to the mother,including tachycardia, dispnea, and anxiety. Some physicians have begun to restrictits use. Objective: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of slow releasenifedipine and terbutaline sulfate injection as a tocolytic agent for preterm labour.Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial unblinding. Subjects were pregnantwomen with prematurity (below 34 weeks of gestational age) at CiptoMangunkusumo hospital. Results: From a total of 60 subjects, 56 subjects (93.3%)had no contraction after given tocolytic (27 subjects (90.0%) in nifedipine group and29 subjects (96.7%) in terbutaline sulfate group; (p= 0.61). Subjects in nifedipinegroup lost their contraction after the drug was given with median time of 1.25 (0.672.00)hours while subjects in terbutaline sulfate group lost their contraction withmedian time of 0.50 (0.50-1.50) hours (p<0.001). There was no significantly differentproportion of adverse event found in both groups. Conclusions: Nifedipine and terbutaline sulfate have relatively same efficacy to vanish uterine contraction for prematurity management. ;Background: Preterm labour is considered as one of problems frequentlyencountered in obstetric and ginecologic department. To date, the incidence ofprematurity is still high worldwide. Two things should be noted: uterine contractionand corticosteroid for lung maturity of the baby. Thus, a tocolytic agent may be usefulin these circumstances. To date, terbutaline sulfate is widely used as it is known asbeta agonist. Beside, nifedine, a calcium channel blocker, is also widely accepted. Theuse of beta agonist might contribute several adverse events related to the mother,including tachycardia, dispnea, and anxiety. Some physicians have begun to restrictits use. Objective: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of slow releasenifedipine and terbutaline sulfate injection as a tocolytic agent for preterm labour.Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial unblinding. Subjects were pregnantwomen with prematurity (below 34 weeks of gestational age) at CiptoMangunkusumo hospital. Results: From a total of 60 subjects, 56 subjects (93.3%)had no contraction after given tocolytic (27 subjects (90.0%) in nifedipine group and29 subjects (96.7%) in terbutaline sulfate group; (p= 0.61). Subjects in nifedipinegroup lost their contraction after the drug was given with median time of 1.25 (0.672.00)hours while subjects in terbutaline sulfate group lost their contraction withmedian time of 0.50 (0.50-1.50) hours (p<0.001). There was no significantly differentproportion of adverse event found in both groups. Conclusions: Nifedipine and terbutaline sulfate have relatively same efficacy to vanish uterine contraction for prematurity management. ;Background: Preterm labour is considered as one of problems frequentlyencountered in obstetric and ginecologic department. To date, the incidence ofprematurity is still high worldwide. Two things should be noted: uterine contractionand corticosteroid for lung maturity of the baby. Thus, a tocolytic agent may be usefulin these circumstances. To date, terbutaline sulfate is widely used as it is known asbeta agonist. Beside, nifedine, a calcium channel blocker, is also widely accepted. Theuse of beta agonist might contribute several adverse events related to the mother,including tachycardia, dispnea, and anxiety. Some physicians have begun to restrictits use. Objective: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of slow releasenifedipine and terbutaline sulfate injection as a tocolytic agent for preterm labour.Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial unblinding. Subjects were pregnantwomen with prematurity (below 34 weeks of gestational age) at CiptoMangunkusumo hospital. Results: From a total of 60 subjects, 56 subjects (93.3%)had no contraction after given tocolytic (27 subjects (90.0%) in nifedipine group and29 subjects (96.7%) in terbutaline sulfate group; (p= 0.61). Subjects in nifedipinegroup lost their contraction after the drug was given with median time of 1.25 (0.672.00)hours while subjects in terbutaline sulfate group lost their contraction withmedian time of 0.50 (0.50-1.50) hours (p<0.001). There was no significantly differentproportion of adverse event found in both groups. Conclusions: Nifedipine and terbutaline sulfate have relatively same efficacy to vanish uterine contraction for prematurity management. , Background: Preterm labour is considered as one of problems frequentlyencountered in obstetric and ginecologic department. To date, the incidence ofprematurity is still high worldwide. Two things should be noted: uterine contractionand corticosteroid for lung maturity of the baby. Thus, a tocolytic agent may be usefulin these circumstances. To date, terbutaline sulfate is widely used as it is known asbeta agonist. Beside, nifedine, a calcium channel blocker, is also widely accepted. Theuse of beta agonist might contribute several adverse events related to the mother,including tachycardia, dispnea, and anxiety. Some physicians have begun to restrictits use. Objective: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of slow releasenifedipine and terbutaline sulfate injection as a tocolytic agent for preterm labour.Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial unblinding. Subjects were pregnantwomen with prematurity (below 34 weeks of gestational age) at CiptoMangunkusumo hospital. Results: From a total of 60 subjects, 56 subjects (93.3%)had no contraction after given tocolytic (27 subjects (90.0%) in nifedipine group and29 subjects (96.7%) in terbutaline sulfate group; (p= 0.61). Subjects in nifedipinegroup lost their contraction after the drug was given with median time of 1.25 (0.672.00)hours while subjects in terbutaline sulfate group lost their contraction withmedian time of 0.50 (0.50-1.50) hours (p<0.001). There was no significantly differentproportion of adverse event found in both groups. Conclusions: Nifedipine and terbutaline sulfate have relatively same efficacy to vanish uterine contraction for prematurity management. ]"

"Peningkatan populasi manusia menyebabkan kebutuhan pangan meningkat. Untuk menjaga pertumbuhan dan kualitas tanaman sebagai sumber pangan, maka pemberian pupuk perlu dioptimalkan. Urea, sebagai pupuk nitrogen yang paling umum digunakan, memiliki potensi untuk meningkatkan produktivitas pertanian. Namun, urea cepat terdegradasi di tanah sehingga tidak terserap optimal oleh tanaman, sehingga diperlukan pendekatan baru seperti mekanisme slow-release fertilizer (SRF) yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi tanaman sekaligus menjaga keseimbangan lingkungan dari nutrisi yang berlebih. Penelitian ini, memanfaatkan fly ash sebagai sumber silika untuk sintesis silika mesopori sebagai SRF. Sintesis silika mesopori menggunakan surfaktan CTAB (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) sebagai template dan dilakukan variasi pH 6,8 dan 10 untuk mempelajari pengaruh pH dan CTAB terhadap karakteristik silika mesopori. Penggunaan CTAB menghasilkan ukuran partikel yang seragam dan luas permukaan yang lebih baik. Silika mesopori yang disintesis dengan CTAB pada pH 10 memiliki luas permukaan terbesar, yaitu 1351 m2/g dengan ukuran partikel 138,97 nm. Silika mesopori yang disintesis memiliki kemurnian 93-97%. Silika mesopori menunjukkan kemampuan adsorpsi urea dengan kinetika yang mengikuti model pseudo-orde dua. Kinetika release urea dari silika mesopori mengikuti model kinetika orde satu, yang berarti laju pelepasan dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi urea yang tersisa dalam silika. Silika mesopori mampu mengadsorpsi urea hingga 565,83 mg/g dan mampu melepaskan urea sebesar 88% dalam 96 jam.

---

The growing population leads to an increased demand for food. To ensure the growth and quality of plants as a food source, the application of fertilizers needs to be optimized. Urea, the most used nitrogen fertilizer, has the potential to boost agricultural productivity. However, urea degrades quickly in the soil, limiting its absorption by plants. Therefore, new approaches such as slow-release fertilizer (SRF) mechanisms are necessary to meet the nutritional needs of plants while maintaining environmental balance. This study explores the use of fly ash as a source of silica for the synthesis of mesoporous silica as SRF. The synthesis of mesoporous silica utilized the surfactant CTAB (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) as a template and varied pH at 6, 8 and 10 to investigate the impact of pH and CTAB on the characteristics of mesoporous silica. The use of CTAB resulted in uniform particle size and improved surface area. Mesoporous silica synthesized with CTAB at pH 10 exhibited the largest surface area at 1351 m2/g with a particle size of 138.97nm. The synthesized mesoporous silica demonstrated a purity of 93-97%. Mesoporous silica can absorb up to 565.83 mg/g of urea and release 88% of urea within 96 hours. The kinetics of urea adsorption follow the pseudo-second-order model. Urea release from mesoporous silica follows a first-order kinetic model, indicating that the release rate is influenced by the remaining urea concentration."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat pupuk slow-release nanokomposit superabsorben. Sintesis pupuk slow-release nanokomposit superabsorben dilakukan dalam 4 tahap. Tahap pertama, isolasi natrium alginat dari ganggang coklat diperoleh rendemen natrium alginat sebesar 44,32% dengan berat molekul 10163,819 g/mol. Keberhasilan isolasi didukung dengan karakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, XRD, SEM dan DSC. Tahap kedua, sintesis superabsorben nanokomposit menggunakan natrium alginat sebagai backbone, asam akrilat dan akrilamida sebagai monomer, kalium persulfat sebagai inisiator dan N,N-metilena bisakrilamida (MBA) sebagai pengikat silang serta zat anorganik bentonit sebagai filler. Kapasitas swelling superabsorben nanokomposit terbaik sebesar 576 g/g dan kapasitas swelling dan release terhadap larutan urea sebesar 629 g/g, dan 15 %. Hasil ini didukung dengan karakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, SEM dan DSC. Komposisi terbaik ini digunakan untuk sintesis pupuk slow release dengan metode polimerisasi insitu diperoleh kapasitas swelling air sebesar 638 g/g dan kapasitas release sebesar 72,76 %. Pupuk slow release dikarakterisaasi dengan FTIR dan SEM.

---

Superabsorbent nanocomposite fertilizer was synthezised in four steps. Initially, isolation alginate sodium from brown algae by extraction method. Sodium alginate obtained from extraction of brown algae used as the backbone for the synthesis of superabsorbent nanocomposite copolymerization.. The rendement of sodium alginate obtained was 44.32% with molecular weight of 10163,819 g/mol from measurement the intrinsic viscosity. The product isolation was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and DSC. The next step was synthesis of nanocomposite superabsorbent by acrylic acid and acrylamide as monomer, sodium alginate as backbone, potassium persulfate as inisiator, MBA as crosslinker and bentonite as filler by radical polimeryzation method. Optimazation of composition nanocomposite superabsorbent was done by swelling capacity. The results of swelling capacity in water gave 576 g/g for SA3 while swelling and release in urea solutions gave respectively 629 g/g and 15%. SA3 was characterized by FTIR, SEM, and DSC. The composition in synthesis of SA3 was used to synthesized slow release fertilizer and characterized by FTIR and SEM. Swelling and release capacity of fertilizer was 638 g/g and 72,76 % respectively"

"ABSTRAKDalam upaya meningkatkan produksi pertanian, khususnya padi sawah, berbagai faktor perlu diperhatikan. Gulma merupakan tanaman penggangu tanaman padi sawah yang dapat menurunkan hasil padi Oleh sebab itu, pengendalian gulma merupakan salah satu faktor penting untuk meningkatkan hasil padi.Berbagai macam cara telah banyak dilakukan dalam upaya menekan dan mengendalikan pertumbuhan gulma. Akhir-akhir ini telah banyak jenis herbisida yang digunakan oleh petani dalam mengendalikan dan menekan pertumbuhan gulma. Penggunaan bahan ini. akan menimbulkan berbagai resiko, diantaranya adalah terjadinya pencemaran lingkungan dan gulma menjadi resisten terhadap jenis herbisida tertentu.Berdasarkan pada uraian tersebut maka telah diteliti penggunaan herbisida thiobencarb dan butachlor dengan formulasi lepas terkendali untuk mengendalikan gulma pada sistem pertanian minapadi.Penelitian telah dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui efisiensi dan efektifitas, dan pengaruh penggunaan herbisida formulasi lepas terkendali jenis thiobencarb dan butachlor pada sistem minapadi, serta untuk mengendalikan gulma dengan mencegah seminimal mungkin kerusakannya terhadap lingkungan. Percobaan dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Hi_lik PT Ciba Geigy di Cikampek, Subang, Jawa Barat dan analisis terhadap reside herbisida dilakukan di Laboratorium Kimia dan Biologi BATAN PAIR, pasar Jum'at, Jakarta Selatan. Lama penelitian adalah 7 bulan, dari bulan Maret 1991 sampan dengan Agustus 1991.Percobaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap, dengan ulangan sebanyak 4 kali yang menggunakan plot percobaan seluas 5 m x 5 m/plot. Dua belas perlakuan yang telah dicobakan adalah herbisida yang diformulasikan secara lepas terkendali jenis thiobencarb dengan dosis (1) 0,6 kg/ha (perlakuan I), (2) 1,2 kg/ha (perlakuan II), (3) 2,4 kg/ha (perlakuan III); dan Butachlor dosis (1) 0,6 kg/ha (perlakuan IV), (2) 1,2 kg/ha (perlakuan V), dan 2,4 kg/ha (perlakuan VI). Sebagai perlakuan VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, dan XII berturut-turut adalah sebagai berikut thiobencarb komersial, butachlor komersial, pretilachlor komersial, Hand Weeding, Kontrol+ikan, dan kontrol.Benih padi varietas Way Seputi ditanam dengan jarak 25 x 25 cm dengan jumlah 3 tanaman/lubang. Herbisida formulasi lepas terkendali diaplikasikan pada saat tanam, sedangkan herbisida komersial diaplikasikan 4 hari setelah tanam. Hand weeding dilakukan hari ke 7 dan 21 setelah tanam. Ikan ditanam 4 hari setelah tanam.Dari pengamatan diperoleh hasil bahwa dengan meningkatkan dosis thiobencarb dan butachlor yang diformulasikan secara lepas terkendali tidak meningkatkan hasil padi. Penggunaan thiobencarb dan butachlor formulasi lepas terkendali dapat diperoleh hasil padi yang sama dengan formulasi yang direkomendasikan (formulasi komersial). Pengendalian gulma dengan cara hand weeding diperoleh hasil padi yang lebih tinggi dart pada dengan menggunakan herbisida, baik formulasi komersial maupun formulasi lepas terkendali.Penggunaan thiobencarb dan butachlor yang diformulasikan secara lepas terkendali dapat menurunkan keracunan pada ikan dan menurunkan residu herbisida dalam air.

---

ABSTRACT

An experiment had been conducted at PT Ciba Geigy Experimental Garden, Cikampek West Java, from August 1990 to April 1991. At first, the experiment was con-ducted to study the effect of slow-released formulation of herbicide for aquatic weed control in rice-fish culture yields, as well as fish and rice yields. Secondly, the experiment was conducted to investigate the residue of slow-released formulation of herbicide in water.

Three levels of thiobencarb and butachlor slow-released formulation with rubber carrier namely 0.6; 1.2; 2.4 kilograms per hectare were applied at day of planting rice. So, recommended formulation of pretilachlor, thiobencarb, and butachior were applied four days after planting. Hand weeding was conducted at 7 and 21 days after planting. Control with or without fish were used, with fish sown four days after planting. These twelve treatments replicated four times were applied in completely randomized design on plots of 5 x 5 m2.

The samples of water for analysis of herbicide residue were taken at harvest. The result indicated non significant different on rice quality, significant different (P<0_05) on tiller and plant bight, rice yield, weed dry matter, and total_ Increasing the level of slow-release formulation of thiobencarb and butachior did not increase rice tiller, plant height, total weed, and rice yield.

The slow-release formulation of thiobencarb and buta--chlor with a rubber carrier decreased fish toxicity, and residue on water."

"Sintesis superabsorben dari selulosa sekam padi sebagai backbone dengan metode polimerisasi radikal bebas pada kopolimerisasi cangkok dengan monomer asam akrilat dan akrilamida dapat menghasilkan pupuk slow-release yang bersifat ramah lingkungan. Selulosa diisolasi dari sekam padi dengan tahapan ekstraksi lemak dengan toluen : etanol (2:1). Penghilangan hemiselulosa dan lignin dengan menggunakan kalium hidroksida 5% dan hidrogen peroksida 2% pH basa. Rendemen selulosa yang diperoleh adalah 39,5% untuk metoda I dan 59,50% untuk metoda II. Spektrum FTIR selulosa menunjukkan hilangnya serapan lignin pada bilangan gelombang 1728 cm-1 untuk selulosa I sedangkan pada selulosa II masih muncul gugus lignin. Indeks kristalinitas dari selulosa didapatkan dari hasil analisis XRD sebesar 68% untuk selulosa I sedangkan 60% untuk selulosa II. Kopolimerisasi berlangsung 2 jam pada suhu 70C dengan dialiri gas nitrogen. Inisiator dan agen pengikat silang yang digunakan adalah kalium peroksodisulfat dan N?N-metilena bis akrilamida. Hasil analisis SEM memperlihatkan bahwa permukaan kopolimer selulosa memiliki morfologi yang lebih kasar, homogen, dan merata disebabkan terjadinya pencangkokkan monomer ke selulosa sehingga jaringan superabsorben yang terbentuk semakin rapat. Superbasorben menunjukkan kapasitas pengembangan air dan urea dengan konsentrasi 200 ppm berturut-turut adalah 845,53 g/g dan 667,81 g/g untuk selulosa I dan 744,52 g/g dan 1459,13 g/g untuk selulosa II . Sedangkan kapasitas pelepasan air dan urea dari superbsorben yang paling baik adalah pada selulosa satu dengan kapasitas berturut-turut adalah 87,14 % dan 24,34%. Kinetika pengembangan dan pelepasan dari urea mengikuti orde pseudo-kedua.

---

Superabsorbent that synthesized from rice husk cellulose as backbone and grafted with acrylic acid and acrylamide can be used as biodegradable slow release fertilizer. Cellulose was isolated from rice husk by extracted fat, wax, other extractive material with mixture of toluen and ethanol (2:1). Hemicellulose and lignin was removed by using potassium hydroxyde solution (5%) and hydrogen peroxyde solution (2%) in base condition. The average rendement of cellulose-1 obtained 39.50 % and 59.50 % for cellulose-2.

FTIR spectrum of cellulose showed that lignin from rice husk had been removed, it showed at wave number 1750 cm-1. The diffraction pattern of XRD obtained crystallinity index of rice husk 42.60 % which increased after isolated to 67.80% for cellulose-1 and cellulose-2 60.20 %. Copolymerization process was conducted at temperatur 70C for 2 hours and nitrogen gas was flowed into reactor. Potassium peroxodisulphate and N,N?-methylene bis-acrylamide was used as cross-linking agent and inisiator, respectively.

Mycrograph of SEM analysis showed that the surface of superabsorbent was rough and homogen because of monomer grafting that was done to cellulose. Swelling capacity of superabsobent in water and urea solution (200 ppm) were 845,53 g/g and 667,81 g/g for cellulose-1 and 744,52 g/g and 1459,13 g/g for cellulose-2, respectively. Release capacity of superbasobent for cellulose-1 was the best, and the release capacity were 87,14 % and 24,34% for water and urea solution respectively. Swelling and release kinetics of urea solution followed a pseudo-second order of rate law."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat gel kopolimer pelapis pupuk lepas lambat dari pati sebagai kerangka utama melalui kopolimerisasi iradiasi sinar-? dengan monomer akrilamida AAm dan polivinil alkohol PVA . Tahap pertama, pada proses iradiasi kitosan dengan dosis iradiasi 100 kGy diperoleh berat molekul kitosan 24663.39 g/mol dan kitosan iradiasi 1774.26 g/mol. Keberhasilan proses degradasi kitosan didukung dengan karakterisasi menggunakan FTIR. Tahap kedua, sintesis gel kopolimer pati, akrilamida dan polivinil alkohol dengan variasi dosis iradiasi 5, 10, 15 dan 20 kGy serta penambahan kitosan iradiasi sebagai bahan penginduksi pertumbuhan bayam. Peningkatan viskositas gel kopolimer iradiasi yang terendah adalah 4236,84 dan yang tertinggi adalah 71597,83 . Kapasitas swelling terbaik gel kopolimer iradiasi 5 kGy sebesar 149,62 g/g, sedangkan gel kopolimer iradiasi 10 kGy sebesar 164,70 g/g. Nilai fraksi gel terbaik kopolimer iradiasi 5 kGy sebesar 76,92 g/g dan kopolimer iradiasi 10 kGy sebesar 125 g/g. Gel kopolimer iradiasi kemudian digunakan sebagai bahan pelapis pupuk urea dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR dan DTA/TGA. Uji simulasi slow release terbaik gel kopolimer iradiasi 5 kGy menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis sebesar 87.5 mg/g mulai menit ke-360 hingga 1440 dan gel kopolimer iradiasi 10 kGy sebesar 79 mg/g mulai menit ke-360 hingga 1440

---

ABSTRACTCopolymer gel as an urea coating was synthesized from starch, acrylamide and polyvinyl alcohol using gamma rays from Co 60. Chitosan was irradiated 100 kGy, and obtained the intrinsic viscosity of chitosan is 24663.39 g mol and intrinsic viscosity of Irradiated Chitosan is 1774.26 g mol. Degradation process of chitosan was supported using FTIR characterization. Synthesized of gel copolymer starch acrylamide and polyvinyl alcohol applied 5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy absorbed doses variation and irradiated chitosan addition as spinach growth promotor. The lowest copolymer gel viscosity enhancement is 4236,84 and the highest is 71597,83 . Optimum swelling capacity of copolymer gel 5 kGy is 149,62 g g, whereas copolymer gel 10 kGy is 164,70 g g. Optimum gel fraction of copolymer gel 5 kGy is 76,92 g g and 125 g g for copolymer gel 10 kGy. Irradiation copolymer gel is used as an urea coating and characterized using FTIR and DTA TGA. Slow release simulation test using UV Vis Spectrophotometer for copolymer gel 5 kGy is 87.5 mg g and 79 mg g for copolymer gel 10 kGy at 360 1440 minutes."

"Pada penelitian ini zeolite-A digunakan sebagai matriks pembawa aroma yang menahan laju pelepasan minyak atsiri mawar (Rosa damacena Mill.) yang dapat diregenerasi. Zeolite-A disintesis dari kaolin Bangka Belitung menggunakan metode hidrotermal yang terdiri dari proses metakaolinisasi dan zeolitisasi. Zeolite-A dengan 20 wt% bentonite dicampur untuk membentuk matriks ZAB. Bentonite berfungsi sebagai bahan pengikat yang memiliki kemampuan adsorpsi minyak atsiri sebesar 1,497 g/g bentonite. Zeolite-A dan matriks ZAB dikarakterisasi menggunakan X-Ray Difraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy- Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy. Pengaruh aktivasi kimia zeolite-A terhadap kinerja adsorpsi matriks ZAB diamati dengan penggunaan zat aktivator berbeda, yaitu HCl 0,1 M dan NaOH 0,1 M. Pengamatan siklus regenerasi dilakukan sebanyak 10 kali. Jumlah minyak atsiri teradsorpsi per berat matriks diamati dengan analisis gravimetrik. Tanpa aktivasi kimia, matriks ZAB dengan diameter 0,4; 0,7; 1 cm dapat mengadsorpsi minyak atsiri masing-masing sebesar 1,807; 1,624; 1,411 g/g matriks. Matriks ZAB diameter 0,4 cm teraktivasi HCl 0,1 M dan NaOH 0,1 M berturut-urut mampu mengadsorpsi minyak atsiri mawar sebanyak 1,95 dan 1,807 g/g matriks. Hasil tersebut mengindikasikan aktivasi dengan HCl 0,1 M mampu memperbesar pori sehingga minyak atsiri semakin banyak teradsorbsi. Hingga minggu ke-5 matriks ZAB masih mengandung geraniol, feniletil alkohol, linalool, sitral, sitronellol dan eugenol dengan laju pelepasan masing-masing senyawa adalah 0,04; 0,07; 0,037; 0,021; 0,026; dan 0,011 g/minggu. Hasil ini menunjukkan pelet matriks berbasis zeolite-A mampu menahan pelepasan aroma pada minyak atsiri mawar lebih dari satu bulan

---

In this study zeolite-A used as a fragrance carrier matrix which retained the rate of release of rose essential oil (Rose damacena Mill.) which can be regenerated. Zeolite-A was synthesized from Bangka Belitung kaolin using hydrothermal method which consists metakaolinization and zeolitization processes. Zeolite-A and 20 wt% bentonite are mixed to form ZAB matrix. Bentonite functiona as matrix binder which can adsorb rose essential oil 1,497 g/g bentonite. Zeolite-A and ZAB matrix was characterized using X-Ray Difraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy. Observation of chemical activation effect on zeolite-A was carried out by using different activator substances, HCl 0.1 M and NaOH 0.1 M. Observation of regeneration cycle was carried out 10 times. The amount of essential oil adsorbed per matrix weight was observed by gravimetric analysis. Without chemical activation, ZAB matrix with a diameter of 0.4; 0.7; 1 cm each has the ability to adsorb essential oils 1.807; 1.624; 1.411 g/g matrix. The 0,4 mm ZAB matrix activated with HCL o.1 M and NaOH 0.1 M each has the ability to adsorb rose essential oil 1,95 and 1,807 g/g matrix, respectively. These results indicate that activation using HCl 0.1 M enlarge pores and allow matrix to adsorb more rose essential oil. Slow release of rose essential oil observed using Gas Matrix pellet still contained geraniol, phenylethyl alcohol, linalool, citral, citronellol and eugenol on the fifth week with release rate of 0.04; 0.07; 0.037; 0.021; 0.026; and 0.011 g/week, respectively. This result shows that zeolite-A-based matrix pellets are able to withstand the release of aroma in rose essential oil up to more than a month."

"Superabsorben nanokomposit berbasis natrium alginat tercangkok poli akrilat-co-akrilamida yang dikompositkan dengan montmorillonite MMT , dan dengan penambahan pupuk NPK ke dalam superabsorben nanokomposit dengan metode polimerisasi in situ telah berhasil disintesis pada panelitian ini. Pada awal penelitian dilakukan isolasi natrium alginat dari ganggang coklat dengan persen rendemen rata-rata yang diperoleh sebesar 44,26 . Selanjutnya, natrium alginat hasil isolasi dikopolimerisasi dengan menggunakan asam akrilat dan akrilamida sebagai monomer, kalium persulfat sebagai inisiator, N,N '; metilen-bis-akrilamida MBA sebagai agen pengikat silang dan ditambahkan MMT untuk memperkuat sifat fisik dari superabsorben nanokomposit. Superabsorben nanokomposit dikarakterisasi dengan instrumen FTIR untuk analisis gugus fungsi, XRD untuk analisis indeks kristanilitas, dan SEM untuk melihat morfologi permukaan. Kapasitas swelling air, urea, KH2PO4, dan NH4 H2PO4 superabsorben nanokomposit natrium alginat menunjukkan nilai kapasitas terbaik, yaitu berturut-turut sebesar 475.8 g/g, 491.1 g/g, 122.9 g/g, dan 134.9 g/g. Kapasitas release air, urea, KH2PO4, dan NH4 H2PO4 superabsorben nanokomposit natrium alginat menunjukkan nilai kapasitas terbaik, yaitu berturut-turut sebesar 70.9 , 69.8 , 52.6 , dan 48.6 . Kapasitas swelling optimum superabsorben nanokomposit pupuk lepas lambat dengan in situ urea, KH2PO4, NH4 H2PO4, yaitu berturut - turut sebesar 423.3 g/g, 89.8 g/g, dan 138.1 g/g. Kapasitas release optimum superabsorben nanokomposit pupuk lepas lambat dengan in situ urea, KH2PO4, NH4 H2PO4, yaitu berturut - turut sebesar 55.0 , 35.3 , 28.2 . Kinetika orde swelling optimum SA9 FD terhadap larutan air, urea, KH2PO4, dan NH4 H2PO4 mengikuti hukum laju orde pseudo-pertama. Kinetika orde release optimum SA9 FD terhadap larutan KH2PO4, dan NH4 H2PO4 mengikuti hukum laju orde pseudo-pertama, sedangkan kinetika orde release optimum SA9 FD terhadap larutan air dan urea mengikuti hukum laju orde pseudo-kedua. Kinetika orde swelling optimum superabsorben nanokomposit pupuk lepas lambat in situ KH2PO4 SA17 FD terhadap air mengikuti hukum laju orde pseudo-pertama, sedangkan kinetika orde swelling optimum superabsorben nanokomposit pupuk lepas lambat in situ urea SA14 FD , dan in situ NH4 H2PO4 SA20 FD mengikuti hukum laju orde pseudo-kedua. Kinetika orde release optimum SA14 FD dan SA20 FD terhadap larutan NaCl 0.9 mengikuti hukum laju orde pseudo-pertama, sedangkan kinetika orde release optimum SA17 FD mengikuti hukum laju orde pseudo-kedua. Hukum laju reaksi orde pseudo-pertama mengikuti persamaan v=k[absorbat]^1, sedangkan hukum laju reaksi orde pseudo-kedua mengikuti persamaan v=k[absorbat]^2.

---

Superabsorbent nanocomposite based sodium alginate grafted poly acrylate co acrylamide composited with montmorillonite MMT , and with the addition of NPK fertilizers into superabsorbent nanocomposite by in situ polymerization methods have been successfully synthesized in this study. At the beginning of the study, the isolation of sodium alginate from brown algae with percentage of average yield was 44,26 . Furthermore, the isolated sodium alginate was copolymerized using acrylic acid and acrylamide as monomer, potassium persulfate as initiator, N, N 39 methylene bis acrylamide MBA as a crosslinking agent and MMT was added to enhance the physical properties of the superabsorbent nanocomposite. Superabsorbent nanocomposite were characterized by FTIR instruments for functional group analysis, XRD for christanility index analysis, and SEM for viewing surface morphology. The swelling capacity of water, urea, KH2PO4, and NH4 H2PO4 superabsorbent nanocomposite sodium alginate show the best capacity value, ie 475,8 g g, 491,1 g g, 122,9 g g, and 134,9 g g, respectively. The release capacity of water, urea, KH2PO4, and NH4 H2PO4 superabsorbent nanocomposite sodium alginate show the best capacity, ie 70,9 , 69,8 , 52,6 and 48,6 , respectively. The optimum swelling capacity of slow release fertilizer superabsorbent nanocomposites with in situ urea, KH2PO4, NH4 H2PO4, ie 423,3 g g, 89,8 g g, and 138,1 g g, respectively. The optimum release capacity of slow release fertilizer superabsorbent nanocomposites with in situ urea, KH2PO4, NH4 H2PO4, ie 55.0 g g, 35,3 g g, 28,2 g g, respectively. The optimum swelling order kinetics of SA9 FD against water, urea, KH2PO4, and NH4 H2PO4 solution follows the pseudo first order rate law. The optimum release order kinetics of SA9 FD against KH2PO4, and NH4 H2PO4 solution follows the pseudo first order rate law, whereas the optimum release order kinetics of SA9 FD against water and urea solution follows the pseudo second order rate law. The optimum swelling order kinetics superabsorbent nanocomposite fertilizer slow release in situ KH2PO4 SA17 FD against the water follows the pseudo first order rate law, while the optimum swelling order kinetics superabsorbent nanocomposite fertilizer slow release in situ urea SA14 FD , and in situ NH4 H2PO4 SA20 FD follows the pseudo second order rate law. The optimum release order kinetics SA14 FD and SA20 FD against 0.9 NaCl solution follows the pseudo first order rate law, while the optimum release order kinetics SA17 FD follows the pseudo second order rate law. The pseudo first order reaction rate law follows the equation v k absorbat 1, while the pseudo second order reaction rate law follows the equation v k absorbat 2."

"Campuran cuka kayu dan minyak mimba berhasil dibuat nanoemulsi dan mikrokapsul dengan enkapsulan maltodekstrin, asam sitrat dan kalsium klorida. Komponen utama dalam cuka kayu didominasi asam asetat (47,36%) dan senyawa fenolik (32,12%), sedangkan fraksi etil asetat minyak mimba mengandung senyawa azadirachtin tertinggi sebesar 59.813 ppm. Fenol merupakan komponen terbesar dalam fraksi air minyak mimba (48,5%) sehingga diduga berpengaruh pada bioaaktifitasnya. Sinergi fenol dengan senyawa azadirachtin dalam minyak mimba menyebabkan aktivitas antifeedant 50% (EI50) terkecil yaitu 0.9%. Penggunaan campuran surfaktan berhasil digunakan sebagai emulsifier pada pembuatan nanoemulsi o/w, dimana minyak mimba didispersikan dalam cuka kayu. Nanoemulsi N30V60 memiliki stabilitas yang baik dengan ukuran droplet 33,78 nm dan PDI 0,176. Formulasi N30V60 merupakan nanoemulsi yang memiliki karakter terbaik dan efektif terhadap Spodoptera litura. Selanjutnya, uji toksisitas akut, menunjukkan Formula nanoemulsi N30V60 dan N40T1.0 memiliki LD50 diatas 5000mg/kgBB, sehingga aman bagi manusia dan hewan. Disisi lain, formula nanoemulsi N30V60 tidak mempengaruhi kadar SGPT dalam darah, sedangkan N40T1.0 berpengaruh pada kadar SGPT dan urea darah. Selanjutnya, pembuatan mikrokapsul telah berhasil dilakukan dengan efisiensi enkapsulasi tertinggi pada formula N30V60 (96%). Efisiensi enkapsulasi dipengaruhi diameter rata-rata droplet dan stabilitas nanoemulsinya, dimana nanoemulsi dengan stabilitas yang baik dan ukuran droplet yang kecil akan memiliki efisiensi enkapsulasi yang lebih tinggi. Uji bioaktivitas menunjukkan mikrokapsul memiliki aktivitas antifeedant yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan formula nanoemulsi, karena kandungan senyawa fenolik dalam mikrokapsul lebih dominan sehingga lebih bersinergi dengan azadirachtin. Uji kinetic pelepasan bahan aktif dalam mikrokapsul menunjukkan bahwa karakter slow release mikrokapsul tanpa CaCl2 termasuk pada orde 0 sedangkan mikrokapsul dengan konsentrasi CaCl2 1, 2, dan 3% termasuk dalam orde 2

---

The mixture of wood vinegar and neem oil was successfully prepared into nanoemulsions and microcapsules with maltodextrin encapsulation, citric acid, and calcium chloride. The main components in wood vinegar are dominated by acetic acid (47.36%) and phenolic compounds (32.12%). In the ethyl acetate fraction, neem oil contains the highest azadirachtin at 59.813 ppm. Phenol is the largest component in the water fraction of neem oil (48.5%) so it is suggested to affect its bioactivity. The synergy of phenol with azadirachtin compound in neem oil caused the smallest of 50% antifeedant activity (EI50) of 0.9%. The use of a mixture of surfactants has been successfully used as an emulsifier in the manufacture of o/w nanoemulsions, where neem oil is dispersed in wood vinegar. Nanoemulsion N30V60 has good stability with droplet size 33.78 nm and PDI 0.176, this formulation has the best characteristic and is effective against Spodoptera litura. Furthermore, the acute toxicity test shows that the nanoemulsion formula N30V60 and N40T1.0 had an LD50 above 5000 mg/kg BW that is safe for humans and animals. On the other hand, the nanoemulsion formula N30V60 does not affect the levels of SGPT in the blood, while N40T1.0 affected the levels of SGPT and urea. Furthermore, the preaparation of microcapsules has been successfully carried out with the highest encapsulation efficiency in the formula N30V60 as much as 96%. Encapsulation efficiency is influenced by the average droplet diameter and nanoemulsion stability, where nanoemulsions with good stability and small droplet size will have higher encapsulation efficiency. The bioactivity test showed that microcapsules had higher antifeedant activity than nanoemulsion formulas because the content of phenolic compounds in microcapsules is more dominant so that they synergized with azadirachtin. Kinetic release test of the active compound in microcapsules shows the slow release characteristic of microcapsules without calcium chloride is in order 0 while microcapsules with concentrations of calcium chloride of 1, 2, and 3% are in order 2."