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"The SMST Conferences are a series of shape memory industry conferences focusing on real-world issues and applications of shape memory materials. Each volume of the proceedings contains over 100 technical papers and is an excellent reference on the current state-of-the-art in the shape memory and superelastic industry.Topics covered include Medical and Dental Applications, Biocompatibility, Corrosion, Actuators, Connectors, Alloy Processing, Manufacturing Issues, Laser Processing, Design, Finite Element Analysis, and Shape Memory Thin Films."

"The SMST Conferences focus on real-world issues and applications of shape memory materials. This volume includes more than 100 edited technical papers and is an excellent reference on the latest technical advances, industrial applications, and current state of-the-art in shape memory and superelastic technologies."

"Edited by B. Berg, M.R. Mitchell, J. Proft Audience Engineers and researches involved in the application and study of shape memory and superelastic technologies."

"Inovasi dalam bidang rekayasa jaringan dan manufaktur aditif mendorong pengembangan scaffold tulang cerdas yang dapat disesuaikan secara kustomisasi. Scaffold cerdas ini meniru sifat mekanik dan biologis tulang asli, dan memiliki kemampuan self-fitting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh penambahan senyawa bioaktif hidroksiapatit (HAp) pada scaffold berbahan PLA yang dibuat menggunakan metode pencetakan 3D FDM. Scaffold PLA kemudian dilapisi dengan lapisan HAp melalui proses perlakuan alkali selama 1 jam, diikuti dengan coating dispersi 1% w/v HAp. Penambahan HAp bertujuan untuk meningkatkan biokompatibilitas dan bioaktivitas scaffold. Variabel yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah waktu agitasi coating dispersi HAp, yaitu 0,5, 1, dan 2 jam. Pengaruh waktu agitasi terhadap bioaktivitas dan sifat mekanik scaffold diamati melalui pengujian imersi dalam larutan simulasi cairan tubuh (r-SBF), pengujian swelling, observasi visual menggunakan mikroskop optik, SEM & EDS, dan pengujian kompresi dinamis. Hasil pengujian imersi menunjukkan bahwa scaffold PLA/HAp memiliki bioaktivitas enam kali lipat dibandingkan dengan scaffold PLA dengan variabel 1% w/v HAp-1 jam sebagai kondisi optimal. Deposisi mineral apatit terjadi selama tujuh minggu imersi dalam r-SBF, sedangkan perubahan warna PLA terjadi pada minggu ketiga hingga keempat. Hasil SEM & EDS pada scaffold imersi r-SBF selama 7 minggu menunjukkan ukuran deposisi apatit lebih besar pada sampel PLA/HAp, munculnya porositas pada permukaan scaffold, dan retakan permukaan. Hasil pengujian swelling menunjukkan peningkatan rasio swelling seiring peningkatan waktu agitasi, yang menunjukkan peningkatan sifat hidrofilik scaffold. Namun, penambahan waktu agitasi juga berhubungan dengan penurunan kemampuan self-fitting scaffold. Scaffold PLA dapat mengalami enam siklus kompresi dan pemulihan sebelum mengalami kegagalan, sebesar 97-99%. Sementara itu, scaffold PLA/HAp mengalami kegagalan setelah dua siklus kompresi dan pemulihan, dengan pemulihan mencapai 90-91% akibat intrusi HAp pada penampang strut. Secara keseluruhan, penambahan HAp pada scaffold berbasis PLA meningkatkan biokompatibilitas dan bioaktivitas. Kondisi optimalnya adalah 1% w/v HAp-1 jam, memberikan solusi yang menjanjikan untuk aplikasi regenerasi medis dan rekayasa jaringan.

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Innovation in the field of tissue engineering and additive manufacturing is driving the development of customizable smart bone scaffolds. These smart scaffolds mimic the mechanical and biological properties of natural bone and possess self-fitting capabilities. This research aims to investigate the influence of adding bioactive compound hydroxyapatit (HAp) to PLA-based scaffolds produced using the FDM 3D printing method. The PLA scaffold was subsequently coated with an HAp layer through an alkaline treatment process for 1 hour, followed by a 1% w/v HAp dispersion coating. The addition of HAp aims to enhance the biocompatibility and bioactivity of the scaffold. The variable observed in this study is the agitation time for the HAp dispersion coating, which was set at 0.5, 1, and 2 hours. The influence of agitation time on the bioactivity and mechanical properties of the scaffold was evaluated through immersion testing in simulated body fluid (r-SBF), swelling testing, visual observation using optical microscopy, SEM & EDS analysis, and dynamic compression testing. The immersion test results revealed that the PLA/HAp scaffold exhibited six times higher bioactivity compared to the PLA scaffold, with the optimal condition being 1% w/v HAp-1 hour. Apatit mineral deposition occurred during a seven-week immersion in r-SBF, while PLA color change was observed from the third to fourth week. SEM & EDS analysis of the scaffolds immersed in r-SBF for seven weeks showed larger apatit deposition on the PLA/HAp samples, the appearance of surface porosity in the scaffold, and surface cracking. Swelling testing demonstrated an increase in swelling ratio with longer agitation time, indicating improved hydrophilic properties of the scaffold. However, longer agitation time was also associated with a decrease in the self-fitting ability of the scaffold. The PLA scaffold endured six cycles of compression and recovery before failure, with a recovery rate of 97-99%. In contrast, the PLA/HAp scaffold failed after two cycles of compression and recovery, with a recovery rate of 90-91% due to HAp intrusion into the strut cross-section. In summary, adding HAp to PLA-based scaffolds enhances biocompatibility and bioactivity. The optimal condition is 1% w/v HAp-1 hour, providing a promising solution for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications."

"Perkembangan teknologi 3D print telah merevolusi bidang rekayasa jaringan dalam manufaktur scaffold dengan struktur yang kompleks. Penggunaan poly-lactic acid (PLA) sebagai bahan dasar scaffold telah umum digunakan karena sifatnya yang biokompatibel dan bioresorbable. Di sisi lain, PLA memiliki sifat unik berupa shape memory effect (SME) sehingga membuka peluang dalam pengembangan self-fitting scaffold. Namun, permukaan PLA yang bersifat hidrofobik menghambat interaksi scaffold dengan jaringan sekitar. Sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan hidrofilisitas permukaan, scaffold PLA dilakukan modifikasi permukaan menggunakan alkali treatment dan pelapisan hidroksiapatit (HAp). Hidroksiapatit merupakan utama penyusun tulang sehingga diharapkan mampu meningkatkan fungsi biologis scaffold. Untuk mengetahui konsentrasi pelapisan HAp yang optimal dilakukan variasi konsentrasi HAp dalam dispersi HAp-etanol sebesar 0,5, 1, dan 2% (w/v). Pengaruhnya terhadap SME dan bioaktivitas scaffold PLA akan dievaluasi menggunakan uji imersi r-SBF, observasi visual, uji kompresi, dan karakterisasi SEM-EDS. Hasil uji imersi menunjukkan bahwa pemberian dan peningkatan konsentrasi HAp pada permukaan mampu meningkatkan kemampuan absorpsi air scaffold secara signifikan. Selain itu, scaffold juga terukur mengalami tren peningkatan massa selama pengujian. Observasi visual menunjukkan adanya kristal putih terpresipitasi. Melalui karakterisasi SEM-EDS diketahui komposisi kristal yang terbentuk adalah CaP. Dengan demikian, dapat diketahui bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi lapisan HAp akan meningkatkan bioaktivitas scaffold melalui peningkatan laju presipitasi CaP. Namun, hal ini juga akan berdampak pada penurunan kekuatan kompresi serta kemampuan strain recovery akibat adanya penetrasi HAp ke dalam scaffold sehingga mengalami aglomerasi dan menyebabkan terjadinya embrittlement pada scaffold.

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The development of 3D printing technology has revolutionized the field of tissue engineering in manufacturing scaffolds with complex structures. The use of poly-lactic acid (PLA) as the base material for scaffolds has been widely adopted due to its biocompatible and bioresorbable properties. However, PLA has a unique property known as shape memory effect (SME), which opens up opportunities for the development of self-fitting scaffolds. On the other hand, the hydrophobic nature of PLA surfaces inhibits the interaction between the scaffold and the surrounding tissue. In an effort to enhance the hydrophilicity of the surface, surface modifications are performed on PLA scaffolds using alkali treatment and hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating. Hydroxyapatite, being the main component of bone, is expected to improve the biological function of the scaffold. To determine the optimal concentration of HAp coating, variations in HAp concentration in the HAp-ethanol dispersion are conducted at 0.5%, 1%, and 2% (w/v). Their influence on the SME and bioactivity of the PLA scaffold will be evaluated using r-SBF immersion tests, visual observations, compression tests, and SEM-EDS characterization. The immersion test results show that the addition and increased concentration of HAp on the surface significantly enhance the water absorption capacity of the scaffold. Additionally, the scaffold's measured mass shows an increasing trend during the testing. Visual observations reveal the presence of white crystals that precipitate. Through SEM-EDS characterization, it is determined that the composition of the formed crystals is CaP. Thus, it can be concluded that increasing the concentration of the HAp layer enhances the scaffold's bioactivity by increasing the rate of CaP precipitation. However, this also leads to a decrease in compressive strength and strain recovery ability due to HAp penetration into the scaffold, causing agglomeration and resulting in scaffold embrittlement."