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"Solanesol adalah senyawa terpena alkohol alifatik yang terdiri dari sembilan unit isoprena yang memiliki banyak manfaat bioaktif dan umum ditemukan dalam tanaman Solanaceae termasuk tembakau. Solanesol sulit disintesis secara artifisial sehingga masih mengandalkan ekstraksi. Ekstraksi berbantuan gelombang mikro (MAE) dan suara ultra (UAE) telah ditemukan dapat mengurangi waktu ekstraksi serta menghemat pelarut yang digunakan. Pada metode MAE, sejumlah variabel yang dapat menentukan performa ekstraksi yakni pilihan pelarut, durasi ekstraksi, daya alat gelombang mikro serta rasio sampel dan pelarut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh nilai parameter MAE yang optimum dalam metode ekstraksi berbantuan gelombang mikro-ultra suara untuk ekstraksi solanesol dari tembakau varietas virginia menggunakan pendekatan metode respon permukaan (RSM). Dalam penelitian ini, parameter yang akan di optimisasi adalah variasi waktu ekstraksi (30, 60 dan 90 detik), rasio sampel dengan pelarut air (1:1; 1:3; dan 1:6) dan daya alat gelombang mikro (200, 400, dan 600 watt). Kuantifikasi menggunakan kromatografi cair berkinerja tinggi (HPLC), berupa respon rendemen diolah menggunakan aplikasi Design Expert untuk mendapat nilai optimum variabel MAE. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, nilai optimal untuk tahapan MAE adalah dengan jumlah air 10 mL, daya 324.677-Watt selama 30 detik dengan perolehan yang diprediksi sebesar 2.926%.

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Solanesol is an aliphatic terpene alcohol which comprises of nine isoprene units that has many bioactive benefits and commonly found in Solanaceae including tobacco. Solanesol is difficult to be synthesized artificially and thus its acquisition still relies extraction. Extraction methods like microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction have been proven to reduce extraction time and solvent usage. In MAE, few variables that affect extraction performance are solvent selection, extraction duration, microwave power and ratio of sample to solvent. This research is aimed towards finding the optimum parameter in extracting solanesol from Virginia variety tobacco leaves using response surface methodology approach. Parameters that would be optimized in this study are extraction duration (30, 60 and 90 seconds), sample to water ratio (1:1; 1;3; and 1:6), as well as microwave power (200, 400, and 600 Watt). Solanesol from extraction is quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the yield response would then be processed using Design Expert to obtain optimum variables value for MAE. The result of this research indicates that the optimum value for the MAE procedure are with 10 mL of water, power of 324.677 Watt for 30 seconds with a predicted solanesol yield of 2.926%."

"ABSTRAKUsus besar merupakan organ yang berperan penting dalam proses pencernaan. Namun, ada banyak penyakit yang dapat mengganggu kinerja kolon. Selain itu, proses pelepasan obat dalam usus besar merupakan salah satu metode pelepasan obat yang paling berkembang saat ini karena fungsi kolon mampu menyerap sari makanan dan mengedarkannya ke aliran darah serta memiliki banyak keunggulan dalam distribusi obat. Tantangan pelepasan obat di usus besar adalah kondisi lingkungan yang dilalui obat sebelum mencapai usus besar sangat bervariasi, sehingga obat harus dilapisi dengan benar sehingga bisa sampai pada jumlah yang sesuai di usus besar. Dalam penelitian ini, xanthone dipilih sebagai obat yang dilepaskan. Xanthone dibentuk menjadi mikropartikel setelah proses enkapsulasi dengan kitosan dan alginat. Proses enkapsulasi bertujuan untuk melindunginya sebelum mencapai usus besar dengan metode ionasi gelasi. Uji pelepasan obat dilakukan secara in vitro pada 3 cairan uji yang mewakili organ pencernaan manusia. Penelitian ini menggunakan 3 variabel dengan 3 variasi masing-masing digunakan untuk proses optimasi pelepasan obat di usus besar yaitu ukuran mikropartikel F002-kitosan dengan rentang ukuran <100μm; 100-199μm; dan 200-299 μm, perbandingan kitosan dan alginat dengan perbandingan kuantitas 1: 0,1; 1: 0,25; dan 1: 0,5, serta konsentrasi CaCl2 sebagai pengikat silang berada pada kisaran 4%, 6%, dan 8%. Proses optimasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan Metodologi Permukaan Respon terhadap 15 sampel dengan persentase respon pelepasan kumulatif pada jam ke-2 dan ke-10. Dari proses ini, formulasi optimumnya adalah 98,67% untuk ukuran mikropartikel 100-199μm F002-kitosan, rasio kitosan dan alginat 1: 0,5, dan konsentrasi CaCl2 4% (b / v) yang digunakan.

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ABSTRACTThe large intestine is an organ that plays an important role in the digestive process. However, there are many diseases that can interfere with colonic performance. In addition, the process of releasing drugs in the large intestine is one of the most developed methods of drug release today because the function of the colon is to absorb food juices and circulate it into the bloodstream and has many advantages in drug distribution. The challenge of releasing drugs in the large intestine is that the environmental conditions that the drug goes through before it reaches the large intestine vary widely, so the drug must be properly coated so that it can arrive at the appropriate amount in the large intestine. In this study, xanthones were selected as the drug to be released. Xanthones were formed into microparticles after the encapsulation process with chitosan and alginate. The encapsulation process aims to protect it before it reaches the large intestine by the gelation ionation method. The drug release test was carried out in vitro on 3 test fluids representing the human digestive organs. This study used 3 variables with 3 variations, each of which was used for the optimization process of drug release in the large intestine, namely the size of the microparticle F002-chitosan with a size range <100μm; 100-199μm; and 200-299 μm, the ratio of chitosan and alginate with a quantity ratio of 1: 0.1; 1: 0.25; and 1: 0.5, and the concentration of CaCl2 as a crosslinker was in the range of 4%, 6%, and 8%. The optimization process was carried out using the Response Surface Methodology for 15 samples with the cumulative release response percentage at the 2nd and 10th hours. From this process, the optimum formulation is 98.67% for the 100-199μm F002-chitosan microparticle size, the chitosan and alginate ratio of 1: 0.5, and the concentration of CaCl2 4% (w / v) used."

"The adsorption of Eosin B from waste water using magnetic chitosan nanoparticle(MCNs) has been investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the adsorption parameters of Eosin B from waste water.The effects of three independent variables, namely pH, dosage MCNs and initial concentration Eosin B on the capacity adsorption were investigated. Results indicated that the data were adequately fitted into three second-order polynomial models. The independent variables, the linearity of adsorption pH and dosage , the quadratics of initial concentration and dosage, the interactions between initial concentration and pH, initial concentration and dosage, as well as absorption pH and dosage had a significant effect on the absorption capacity. The optimal adsorption parameters were the initial concentration Eosin B of 300 ppm 51.3%, adsorption pH of 5.5 and dosage CNMs of 100 mg according to the response surface analysis. Under this condition, the adsorption capacity was 23.84 mg/g,"

"Tanaman nanas di Indonesia sering kali dijangkit hama seperti kutu putih (Dysmicoccus neobrevipes). Spesies tersebut merupakan vektor utama penularan virus layu kutu putih nanas (pineapple mealybug wilt-associated virus/PMWaV) yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada tanaman nanas, sehingga menurunkan produktivitas dan kualitas hasil panen. Di sisi lain, limbah nanas merupakan salah satu limbah pertanian yang melimpah di Indonesia. Limbah ini mengandung berbagai metabolit sekunder yang memiliki kemampuan insektisida. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimasi proses ekstraksi maserasi rendemen ekstrak dari limbah nanas dengan pelarut semipolar aseton 70%, sebagai insektisida nabati yang efektif bagi Dysmicoccus neobrevipes. Optimasi dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan response surface methodology dengan desain Box–Behnken, pada variasi parameter operasi, yaitu suhu ekstraksi, waktu ekstraksi, dan rasio simplisia dengan pelarut (w/v). Kondisi optimal untuk ekstraksi adalah pada suhu 36 °C, waktu 8 jam, dan rasio simplisia terhadap pelarut 1:40 g/mL, dengan rendemen aktual 30,45% ± 0,78%, dari rendemen prediksi 31%. Uji efektivitas dilakukan pada tiga variasi konsentrasi (25, 50, dan 75 mg/mL), dan kontrol positif yakni insektisida komersial Bifenthrin 0,1% sebagai pembanding. Uji efektivitas dilakukan pada empat pengulangan masing-masing variasi terhadap D. neobrevipes instar ketiga. Secara statistik, hasil uji efektivitas menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan ekstrak limbah nanas pada konsentrasi 25 mg/mL lebih efisien tanpa penurunan efektivitas yang signifikan. Nilai mortalitas pada konsentrasi 25, 50, dan 75 mg/mL berturut-turut adalah 43,58% ± 14,58%, 43,72% ± 16,45%, dan 50,09% ± 16,88%; tidak ada perbedaan signifikan dengan konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi dan kontrol positif. Karakterisasi senyawa-senyawa aktif dalam ekstrak dengan liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, menunjukkan keberadaan senyawa-senyawa alkaloid, fenolik, dan saponin, yang memiliki kapasitas sebagai insektisida.

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Pineapple plants in Indonesia are often infected by pests such as mealybugs (Dysmicoccus neobrevipes). This species is the main vector for transmitting the pineapple mealybug wilt virus (PMWaV) which can cause damage to pineapple plants, thereby reducing productivity and quality of harvest. On the other hand, pineapple waste is one of the agricultural wastes that is abundant in Indonesia. This waste contains various secondary metabolites that have insecticidal capabilities. This research aims to optimize the maceration extraction process for the yield of extract from pineapple waste with the semipolar solvent acetone 70%, as an effective botanical insecticide for Dysmicoccus neobrevipes. Optimization was carried out using a response surface methodology approach with a Box–Behnken design, with variations in operating parameters, namely extraction temperature, extraction time, and simplicia to solvent ratio (w/v). The optimal conditions for extraction were at a temperature of 36 °C, a time of 8 hours, and a simplicia to solvent ratio of 1:40 g/mL, with an actual yield of 30.45% ± 0.78%, with a predicted yield of 31%. The effectiveness test was carried out at three concentration variations (25, 50, and 75 mg/mL), and the positive control was the commercial insecticide Bifenthrin 0.1% as a comparison. The effectiveness test was carried out on four repetitions of each variation on third instar of D. neobrevipes. Statistically, the results of the effectiveness test showed that the use of pineapple waste extract at a concentration of 25 mg/mL was more efficient without a significant decrease in effectiveness. Mortality values at concentrations of 25, 50, and 75 mg/mL were 43.58% ± 14.58%, 43.72% ± 16.45%, and 50.09% ± 16.88%, respectively; there was no significant difference with higher concentrations and positive controls. Characterization of the active compounds in the extract using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry showed the presence of alkaloid, phenolic and saponin compounds, which have the capacity to act as insecticides."

"Limbah industri biodiesel merupakan senyawa komplek yang mengandung gliserol. Gliserol limbah biodiesel dapat digunakan sebagai substrat Pseudomonas aeruginosa untuk memproduksi biosurfaktan. Limbah biodiesel yang ada masih perlu dimurnikan. Pemurnian limbah biodiesel dari senyawa-senyawa yang dapat meracuni bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa dalam memproduksi biosurfaktan dan momotong-motong asam lemak agar mudah digunakan sebagai sumber karbon dapat menggunakan variasi pH dan metode ozonasi yang diatur laju alirnya. Pencarian kondisi operasi optimum proses pemurnian limbah biodiesel akan menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Perubahan karateristik limbah biodiesel akan dianalisa menggunakan Spectrofotometer UV-Visible dan GCMS. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kondisi optimum produksi biosurfaktan dengan pH 4, Laju alir 3 L/menit, dan waktu ozonasi selama 50 menit. dengan tengangan permukaan yang mampu diturunkan 56.12% dan tegangan antar muka 80.12%.

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Waste from Biodiesel industry contains glycerol. Glycerol from Biodiesel waste can be processed into biosurfactant as substrate Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Waste biodiesel there still needs to be purified from compounds that are toxic to bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa in producing biosurfactant and cutting fatty acids for easy use as a carbon source in biosurfactant production, the methode for purification can use a variation of pH and ozonation method which set the flow rate. Optimum operating condition will be search using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Carateristic will be analyzed using Spectrophotometer UV-Visible and GC-MS. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the production of biosurfactant with pH 4, flow rate 3 L/menit, and the time during the ozonation 50 minute with surface tension 56.12% and interfacial tension 80.12%."

"ABSTRAKLuteolin merupakan kandidat yang poten sebagai alternatif pengobatan penyakit asam urat karena aktivitas antiinflamasi dan penghambatan xantin oksidase. Akan tetapi, kelarutan dan permeabilitas luteolin yang kurang baikmerupakan masalahdalam pengembangan formula. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan penetrasi luteolin ke dalam kulitmelalui formulasi transfersom luteolin.Luteolin diformulasikan dalam transfersomdan beberapa variasi formula meliputi konsentrasi total lipid (fosfolipid-Tween 80) dan luteolin dioptimalisasi menggunakan response surface methodology. Respon optimalisasiyang diukur adalah ukuran partikel, indeks polidispersitas, potensial zeta dan efisiensi penjerapan. Uji penetrasi in vitro dan in vivo dilakukan menggunakan tikus putih jantan galur Sprague Dawley.Hasil optimalisasi transfersom luteolin mengindikasikan bahwa konsentrasi total lipid 4,88% dan luteolin 0,5% merupakan formula optimal. Gambaran vesikel menggunakan transmission electron microscope (TEM) memperlihatkan partikel sferis dengan beberapa partikel yang beragregasi. Transfersom luteolin formula optimal mempunyai ukuran partikel 257,18±15,20 nm, indeks polidispersitas0,480±0,013, potential zeta -18,67±0,379 mV danefisiensi penjerapan 94,97±0,28%. Penetrasi luteolin secarain vitropada gel transfersom luteolin sebesar 16,49% dengan nilai fluks 126,80±5,09 μg/cm2/jam. Hasil tersebut lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan gel luteolin yaitu 6,27% dan fluks 24,03±2,32 μg/cm2/jam. Penetrasi in vivomemberikan nilai Cmaksdan AUC0-∞ sebesar 9982,29 ng/mL dan 25329,94 ng.jam/mL pada gel transfersom luteolin dan 2908,34 ng/mL dan 7965,88 ng.jam/mL pada gel luteolin.Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa transfersom luteolin mampu meningkatkan penetrasi melalui kulit, baik secara in vitromaupunin vivo.

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ABSTRACTLuteolin is a potent candidate as an alternative treatment for gout due to its xanthine oxidase inhibition and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its poor solubility and permeability are hampering its formulationand development process. This study aimed to improve skin penetration of luteolin by luteolin transfersome formulation. Luteolin transfersome fistly was prepared, and various formulation variables including total lipid (phospholipid-Tween 80) and luteolin concentration were optimized using response surface methodology. Measured responses of optimization were particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency. In vitro and in vivo penetration studies were carried out using Sprague Dawley male rats. The results of optimization indicate that 4.88% total lipid and 0.5% luteolin concentration is the optimum formulation. Vesicle image using transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed spherical particles and occurrence of particle aggregation. The optimumluteolin transfersome had particle size of 257.18±15.20 nm, polidispersity index of 0.480±0.013, zeta potential of -18.67±0.379 mV and entrapment efficiency of 94.97±0.28%. In vitro penetration experiment of luteolin transfersome gel showed that16.49% of luteolin was penetrated with flux parameter was of 126.80±5.09 μg/cm2/h. It was significantly higher compared to luteolin gel which only6.27%of luteolin was penetrated and flux of 24.03±2.32 μg/cm2/h. Moreover, in vivo penetration study showed that Cmax and AUC0-∞of luteolin transfersome gel were 9982.29ng/Ml and 25329.94 ng.h/mL,respectively, which was higher than those of luteolin gel (2908.34 ng/mL and7965.88 ng.h/mL). It was concluded that luteolin transfersome enhaced in vitro and in vivo penetration of luteolin"

"Pemanfaatan tandan kosong kelapa sawit TKKS untuk memproduksi bioetanol terdiri dari tiga proses, yaitu: pretreatment, hidrolisis dan fermentasi. Proses pretreatment menghasilkan sejumlah besar limbah lindi hitam. Lindi hitam berbahaya untuk ekosistem jika dibuang langsung ke lingkungan karena memiliki COD, TSS dan pH yang tinggi. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah koagulasi-flokulasi sebagai pengolahan pertama sedangkan jamur T. versicolor F200 sebagai pengolahan kedua pada pengolahan lindi hitam. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan dekolorisasi lindi hitam dengan menggunakan jamur T. versicolor F200. Aplikasi Response Surface Methodology (RSM) dengan menggunakan software Minitab 17 dilakukan untuk optimasi dekolorisasi yang dipengaruhi oleh variabel independen seperti CuSO4, Tween 80, dan agitasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dekolorisasi lindi hitam dengan menggunakan metode koagulasi-flokulasi sebagai pengolahan pertama mampu mendekolorisasi sebesar 68%, sedangkan jamur T. versicolor F200 sebagai pengolahan kedua mampu mendekolorisasi sebesar 85%. Hasil optimasi dekolorisasi dengan RSM menunjukkan bahwa jamur T. versicolor F200 dapat mendekolorisasi lindi hitam sebesar 86-93% dengan R2=0.991 dengan variabel yang dominan adalah agitasi.

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The utilization of oil palm empty fruit bunches to produce bioethanol consist of three processes pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation. The pretreatment process generated the high amounts of black liquor wastewater. Black liquor is harmful to aquatic ecosystem if discharge directly into water because it contains high COD, TSS and pH. The method in this research is using coagulation flocculation as first treatment and T. versicolor F200 as second treatment to decolorize of black liquor. The purpose of this research was increasing decolorization of black liquor by T. versicolor F200. The application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Minitab 17 software was to optimize decolorization which influenced by independent variables such as CuSO4, Tween 80 and agitation. The result showed that decolorization 68% using coagulation flocculation as first treatment was obtained, while T. versicolor F200 as second treatment decolorized black liquor 85%. The application RSM to optimize decolorization of black liquor resulted 86-93% with R2 0.991 and agitation is the dominant independent variable."

"Resveratrol memiliki berbagai aktivitas biologis seperti antioksidan, anti kanker, dan anti inflamasi. Tanaman melinjo khususnya bagian biji diketahui mengandung resveratrol serta turunannya.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan kondisi optimum MAE dalam memperoleh kadar reveratrol dari biji melinjo Gnetum gnemon menggunakan metode permukaan respon RSM. Untuk memperoleh resveratrol dari biji melinjo secara optimal perlu dilakukan ekstraksi dengan metode yang sesuai. Serbuk biji melinjo diekstraksi dengan MAE Microwave-Assisted Extraction dengan pelarut jenis ionic liquid yaitu [Bmim]Cl.RSM Response Surface Methodology digunakan guna merancang desain ekspermen dan menentukan kondisi optimum MAE dalam memperoleh kadar resveratrol. Faktor dalam desain eksperimen antara lain konsentrasi pelarut, rasio sampel terhadap pelarut, serta waktu ekstraksi. Tiap ekstrak ditentukan kadar resveratrolnya menggunakan metode KCKT serta ditentukan kandungan total fenolik dengan metode Folin-Ciocalteu.Hasil analisis kondisi optimum diperoleh dengan faktor konsentrasi pelarut [Bmim]Cl 1.0 mol/L, rasio sampel terhadap pelarut 1:15,5 dan waktu ekstraksi 12,5 menit dengan indeks desirability 0,869.

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Resveratrol has various biological activities such as antioxidative, anti cancer, and anti inflammation. Melinjo seeds are known to have the content of resveratrol and its derivatives.This study aimed to determine the optimum condition of MAE in obtaining resveratrol concentration from melinjo seeds using RSM. To obtain resveratrol from melinjo seeds optimally, it needs to do extraction with appropriate method. Dried melinjo seeds were extracted by MAE method using ionic liquid solvent Bmim Cl.RSM Response Surface Methodology was used to arrange experiment design and determine optimum condition in order to obtain resveratrol concentration. The factors that used in this design experiment were solvent concentration, ratio, and extraction time. Each extract was determined its resvertarol content using HPLC method and total phenolic content by Folin Ciocalteu method.The analysis result of optimum condition obtained was the condition with solvent concentration of Bmim Cl 1,0 mol L, solid liquid ratio 1 15,5 mL, and extraction time 12,5 minutes with desirability index 0,869."

"ABSTRACTPengeringan adalah perlakuan yang paling penting setelah panen. Pengeringan elektrohidrodinamik Electrohydrodynamic Drying/ EHD diusulkan sebagai salah satu metode pengeringan yang lebih cepat dibanding pemaparan sinar matahari. Pada skripsi ini, disusun sebuah model yang menggambarkan hubungan antara rasio kelembaban dan parameter-parameter yang mempengaruhi seperti magnitudo tegangan, jarak antara elektroda dan sampel, dan waktu pengeringan. Eksperimen dilakukan dengan memaparkan gabah kering yang telah dibasahi dengan air pada tegangan tinggi AC yang bervariasi antara 8-12 kV peak-to-peak, dengan jarak elektroda dan sampel yang bervariasi antara 1-3 cm dan waktu pengeringan 20-60 menit. Desain eksperimen disusun berdasarkan Box-Behnken Design untuk memperoleh ciri-ciri statistik yang diinginkan dan dianalisis menggunakan Response Surface Methodology RSM untuk mendapatkan persamaan yang menggambarkan hubungan antara variabel bebas dan rasio kelembaban. Setelah memperoleh model yang paling sesuai, diprediksi waktu pengeringan yang optimum untuk memperoleh rasio kelembaban yang diinginkan. Berdasarkan prediksi, dibutuhkan waktu 230 menit untuk mencapai rasio kelembaban 0,56 yang merupakan standar dalam penyimpanan gabah.

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ABSTRACTDrying is the most important step done after harvesting. Electrohydrodynamic drying EHD is proposed as a solution for a faster drying method compared to sunlight exposure. In this research, a model that represents the relationship between moisture ratio and affecting parameters such as applied voltage magnitude, electrode distance, and treatment time is constructed. Experiment was done by exposing wetted rough rice to high AC voltage with magnitude 8 12 kV peak to peak, with electrode to sample distance of 1 3 cm and treatment time of 20 60 minutes. Experiment was made based on Box Behnken Design in order to obtain desirable statistical properties and was analyzed using Response Surface Methodology to obtain an equation that represents the relationship between independent variables and moisture ratio. After obtaining the most suitable model, the most optimum treatment time was predicted to obtain desired moisture ratio. Based on the prediction, 230 minutes of drying time is needed to obtain moisture ratio of 0,56 which is the standard rice storage moisture ratio. "

"Many previous researches conveyed the superiority of Steepest Ascent (SA) method to find the optimal area in Response Surface Methodology (RSM) by shifting the experiment factor level. By using this method, Design of Experiment (DoE) is enabled to shift the factor level gradually in the right track, so that the global optimum can be reached. However, the response variable that is commonly optimized by using RSM cannot fulfill the classical statistics assumption of surface regression model. Taguchi’s orthogonal array, as alternative of RSM, gives loose statistics assumptions in performing the analysis. However, Taguchi’s orthogonal array has not yet been supported to shift the factor level to an optimum direction. Adopting the procedures of RSM in finding the optimal level combination using SA, integrating SA method in the Taguchi experiment is proposed in this paper. This procedure is applied into a simulated response surface. Then, the performance of this procedure is evaluated based on its direction to reach the optimum solution. The simulation data representing the real case is generated for two factors. Then, the proposed procedure is applied. The result of this simulation study shows that the integrated SA method in the Taguchi experiment successfully found the factor level combination that yields optimum response even though it is not as close as possible as the RSM results."