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"ABSTRAKLatar belakangHipoperfusi splanknik tetap terjadi pada pasca-resusitasi renjatan perdarahan. Hipoperfusi splanknik dapat menimbulkan kerusakan mukosa usus, translokasi bakteri usus ke sistemik, dan kemungkinan gagal organ multipel. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh anestesi epidural torasik (AEV) Iidokain terhadap perubahan perfusi splanknik pasca-resusitasi renjatan perdarahan.Metode dan Bahan Penelitian Suatu penelitian acak tersamar ganda dilakukan pada 16 ekor Macaca nemestrina, terdiri atas kelompok kontrol (n = 8) dan AET (n = 8). Kedua kelompok mendapat ketamin pada tahap persiapan, dan dilakukan pemasangan kateter epidural pada 17-8, selanjutnya diberikan anestesia-umum. Renjatan perdarahan dicapai dengan cara darah dialirkan secara pasif keluar tubuh secara bertahap sehingga tekanan arteri rerata (TAR) 40 mm Hg dan dipertahankan selama 60 menit. Resusitasi dilakukan dengan cara darah dikembalikan disertai pemberian kristaloid. Pasca-resusitasi, kelompok AET mendapatkan lidokain 2% dan kontrol salin melalui kateter epidurai. Pemantauan tekanan parsial CO2 gaster (PQCOQ), selisih tekanan CO2 gaster - arteri [P(g-a)CO2], pH mukosa gaster (pHi), parameter hemodinamik, asam basa dan Iaktat darah dilakukan secara berkala. Kadar norepinefrin dan kortisol diukur pada menit 90, kultur darah, dilakukan pada saat prarenjatan dan menit 180, biopsi usus, hati dan ginjal dilakukan saat prarenjatan, menit 60, 90, dan 270 selama penelitian.HasilNilai PgCO; lebih rendah secara bermakna pada kelompok TEA pada menit ke- 90 (11,0 (SD 8,0) vs. 19,0 (8,0) kPa; p=0,038), 150 (9,9 (8,-4) vs. (19,5 (8,6) kPa; p=0,023), dan pada akhir penelitian (270 menit) (10,1 (8,3) vs. 20,7 (10,0) kPa; p=0,041); di mana P(g-a) CO2 lebih rendah pada kelompok TEA pada menit ke-150 dan 270; and pHi lebih rendah pada kelompok TEA pada menit ke-90 and 150. Parameter Iain tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna. Translokasi bakteri ditemukan Iebih sedikit pada kelompok AET dari pada kontrol. Histopatologi duodenum kelompok AEI' lebih sedikit mengalami perburukan dari pada kontrol (p = 0,0456).KesimpulanPerfusi splanknik kelompok AEl'|id0kBir1 pascz-rresusitasi renjatan perdarahan lebih baik dari pada kontrol.

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ABSTRACT

Background

Splanchnic hypoperfusion still exists despite of successful resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock. Studies have shown that splanchnic hypoperfusion may lead to increased permeability of gastrointestinal mucosa, bacterial translocation, and increased risk of developing multiple organ failure. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of lidocaine thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) on splanchnic perfusion in post-resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock.

Methods

This is a double blind randomized controlled study. Sixteen Macaca nemescrinas were randomly selected into two groups, i.e TEA group (n=8) and control (n=8). Both groups were anesthetized with ketamine during preparation, an epidural catheter was inserted at 17-8, then were given the same anesthesia procedure. Hemorrhagic shock was induced by drawing blood gradually to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mm Hg, and maintained for 60 minutes. Animals were then resuscitated by their own blood and crystalloid solution. Post resuscitation, the control group were given salin epidurally and the TEA group Iidocaine 2%. During this study PgCO2, P(g-a)CO2, pHi, hemodynamic parameters, acid-base balance and lactate acid were monitored. Blood norepinephrine and cortisol concentrations were measured at 90 minute, blood sample at preshock and 180 minute were cultured and intestinal, liver, and kidney biopsies were done at preshock, 60 minute, 90 minute, and 270 minute during timeof study.

Results

Means of PgCO2 were consistently significantly lower in the TEA group compared to control at 90 minute (11.0 (SD 8.0) vs. 19.0 (8.0) kPa; p=0.038), 150 minute (9.9 (8.4) vs. (19.5 (8.6) kPa; p=0.023, and at the end of this study (270 minute) (10.1 (8.3) vs. 20] (10.0) kPa; p=.041); whereas P(g~a)CO, were lower in TEA group at 150 and 270 minute and pHi were lower in TEA group at 90 and 150 minute. Other parameters did not show significant difference between groups. Bacterial translocations were less in TEA group than in control group. Duodenum histopathology deterioration was less in the TEA group than in control (p = 0,0456).

Conclusion

Splanchnic perfusion in hemorrhagic shock post resuscitation in TEA Iidocaine group as better than in control group."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakangHipoperfusi splanknik tetap terjadi pada pasca-resusitasi renjatan perdarahan. Hipoperfusi splanknik dapat menimbulkan kerusakan mukosa usus, translokasi bakteri usus ke sistemik, dan kemungkinan gagal organ multipel. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh anestesi epidural torasik (AEV) Iidokain terhadap perubahan perfusi splanknik pasca-resusitasi renjatan perdarahan.Metode dan Bahan Penelitian Suatu penelitian acak tersamar ganda dilakukan pada 16 ekor Macaca nemestrina, terdiri atas kelompok kontrol (n = 8) dan AET (n = 8). Kedua kelompok mendapat ketamin pada tahap persiapan, dan dilakukan pemasangan kateter epidural pada 17-8, selanjutnya diberikan anestesia-umum. Renjatan perdarahan dicapai dengan cara darah dialirkan secara pasif keluar tubuh secara bertahap sehingga tekanan arteri rerata (TAR) 40 mm Hg dan dipertahankan selama 60 menit. Resusitasi dilakukan dengan cara darah dikembalikan disertai pemberian kristaloid. Pasca-resusitasi, kelompok AET mendapatkan lidokain 2% dan kontrol salin melalui kateter epidurai. Pemantauan tekanan parsial CO2 gaster (PQCOQ), selisih tekanan CO2 gaster - arteri [P(g-a)CO2], pH mukosa gaster (pHi), parameter hemodinamik, asam basa dan Iaktat darah dilakukan secara berkala. Kadar norepinefrin dan kortisol diukur pada menit 90, kultur darah, dilakukan pada saat prarenjatan dan menit 180, biopsi usus, hati dan ginjal dilakukan saat prarenjatan, menit 60, 90, dan 270 selama penelitian.HasilNilai PgCO; lebih rendah secara bermakna pada kelompok TEA pada menit ke- 90 (11,0 (SD 8,0) vs. 19,0 (8,0) kPa; p=0,038), 150 (9,9 (8,-4) vs. (19,5 (8,6) kPa; p=0,023), dan pada akhir penelitian (270 menit) (10,1 (8,3) vs. 20,7 (10,0) kPa; p=0,041); di mana P(g-a) CO2 lebih rendah pada kelompok TEA pada menit ke-150 dan 270; and pHi lebih rendah pada kelompok TEA pada menit ke-90 and 150. Parameter Iain tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna. Translokasi bakteri ditemukan Iebih sedikit pada kelompok AET dari pada kontrol. Histopatologi duodenum kelompok AEI' lebih sedikit mengalami perburukan dari pada kontrol (p = 0,0456).KesimpulanPerfusi splanknik kelompok AEl'|id0kBir1 pascz-rresusitasi renjatan perdarahan lebih baik dari pada kontrol.

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ABSTRACT

Background

Splanchnic hypoperfusion still exists despite of successful resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock. Studies have shown that splanchnic hypoperfusion may lead to increased permeability of gastrointestinal mucosa, bacterial translocation, and increased risk of developing multiple organ failure. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of lidocaine thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) on splanchnic perfusion in post-resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock.

Methods

This is a double blind randomized controlled study. Sixteen Macaca nemescrinas were randomly selected into two groups, i.e TEA group (n=8) and control (n=8). Both groups were anesthetized with ketamine during preparation, an epidural catheter was inserted at 17-8, then were given the same anesthesia procedure. Hemorrhagic shock was induced by drawing blood gradually to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mm Hg, and maintained for 60 minutes. Animals were then resuscitated by their own blood and crystalloid solution. Post resuscitation, the control group were given salin epidurally and the TEA group Iidocaine 2%. During this study PgCO2, P(g-a)CO2, pHi, hemodynamic parameters, acid-base balance and lactate acid were monitored. Blood norepinephrine and cortisol concentrations were measured at 90 minute, blood sample at preshock and 180 minute were cultured and intestinal, liver, and kidney biopsies were done at preshock, 60 minute, 90 minute, and 270 minute during timeof study.

Results

Means of PgCO2 were consistently significantly lower in the TEA group compared to control at 90 minute (11.0 (SD 8.0) vs. 19.0 (8.0) kPa; p=0.038), 150 minute (9.9 (8.4) vs. (19.5 (8.6) kPa; p=0.023, and at the end of this study (270 minute) (10.1 (8.3) vs. 20] (10.0) kPa; p=.041); whereas P(g~a)CO, were lower in TEA group at 150 and 270 minute and pHi were lower in TEA group at 90 and 150 minute. Other parameters did not show significant difference between groups. Bacterial translocations were less in TEA group than in control group. Duodenum histopathology deterioration was less in the TEA group than in control (p = 0,0456).

Conclusion

Splanchnic perfusion in hemorrhagic shock post resuscitation in TEA Iidocaine group as better than in control group."

"Renjatan sepsis pada anak diasosiasikan dengan angka mortalitas yang sangat tinggi dengan rentang 5% pada negara maju dan 35% pada negara berkembang. Skor PELOD-2 merupakan penilaian yang telah divalidasi dalam memprediksi mortalitas anak dengan renjatan sepsis tetapi membutuhkan banyak pemeriksaan penunjang tambahan yang tidak selalu tersedia diseluruh fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan di Indonesia, serta membutuhkan biaya yang cukup besar. Skor vasoaktif-inotropik (VIS) merupakan metode sederhana yang awal nya digunakan sebagai prediktor morbiditas dan mortalitas pada pasien dengan penyakit jantung bawaan pascaoperasi. Namun hingga saat ini telah banyak studi yang menunjukkan kemampuan VISdalam memprediksi mortalitas pada anak dengan berbagai penyakit kritis, termasuk renjatan sepsis,tetapi belum ada penelitian di dunia yang membandingkan kemampuan VIS dan PELOD-2 dalam memprediksi mortalitas anak dengan renjatan sepsis. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kemampuan VIS serta membandingkan kemampuan VIS dan PELOD-2dalam memprediksi mortalitas anak dengan renjatan sepsis. Penelitian ini merupakan sebuah studi kohort retrospektif dengan subyek anak berusia 1 bulan hingga 18 tahun dengan renjatan sepsis yang dirawat di PICU RSCM. Sebanyak 89 subyek memenuhi kriteria inklusi dengan prevalensrenjatan sepsis di PICU RSCM 17,6% dan angka kematian 78,6%. Skor vasoaktif - inotropik ≥ 11 memiliki sensitivitas 78,87%, spesifisitas 72,22%, positive predictive value(PPV)91,80%, dan negative predictive value (NPV) 46,43%. Diperoleh area under curve(AUC) berturut-turut untuk VIS dan PELOD-20,779 dan 0,757. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa VIS memiliki kemampuan yang cukup baik sebagai prediktor mortalitas anak dengan renjatan sepsis dengan titik potong ≥11, serta memiliki kemampuan yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan PELOD-2(p=0,747). Oleh karena itu, VIS dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor mortalitas anak dengan renjatan sepsis.

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Septic shock in children is associated with a very high mortality rate in the range of 5% in developed countries and 35% in developing countries. The PELOD-2 score is amvalidated toolin predicting the mortality of patients with septic shockyet requires many additional evaluations which are costly and not always available in every health service facilities in Indonesia. Vasoactive - inotropic score (VIS) is a simple method that was initially used as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in postoperative patients with congenital heart disease.Nevertheless, many studies have shown the ability of VIS in predicting mortality in pediatric patients with various critical illnesses,including septic shock. However,until this study, there had been no research in the world that compares the ability of VIS and PELOD-2 in predicting mortality in pediatric patients with septic shock. Therefore, this study aims toevaluate the ability of VIS, and to compare VIS with PELOD-2 in predicting mortality in pediatric patients with septic shock. This study is a retrospective cohort study with subjects of children aged 1 month to 18 years withseptic shock treated inthe Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Indonesia. A total of 89 subjects met the inclusion criteria with the prevalence of septic shock 17.6% and mortality rate78.6%. Vasoactive-inotropic score ≥11 has a sensitivity of 78.87%, specificity 72.22%, positive predictive value(PPV)91.80%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 46.43%. Obtained area under curves (AUC)respectively for VIS andPELOD-2 are0.779 and 0.757. Therefore,it can be concluded that VIS has agood ability to predict mortality in children with septic shock with ≥11 as the optimum cut-off,and has no significant difference compared to PELOD-2(p=0.747). Hence, VIS can be used as a predictor of mortality inpediatric patients with septicshock."

"Kelebihan beban cairan pascaresusitasi dihubungkan dengan luaran buruk sehingga diperlukan deresusitasi. Tekanan vena sentral (TVS) rendah penting untuk menjamin aliran balik darah, meningkatkan curah jantung dan memperbaiki perfusi jaringan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai efektivitas deresusitasi dengan target TVS 0–4 mmHg pada pasien pascaresusitasi renjatan sepsis di ICU. Penelitian menggunakan desain randomized controlled trial dan dilakukan di RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan September 2019–Oktober 2020. Subjek berusia 18–60 tahun dengan renjatan sepsis pascaresusitasi. Kriteria eksklusi adalah gangguan jantung primer, gagal jantung kanan, penyakit jantung bawaan, penyakit paru obstruksi menahun berat, efusi pleura berat, batu atau tumor ginjal dan gagal ginjal kronik. Subjek penelitian dibagi menjadi dua kelompok dengan target TVS 0–4 mmHg dan 8–10 mmHg dan dilakukan dideresusitasi. Target TVS dicapai dengan furosemid drip dan loading kristaloid. Parameter luaran adalah perbedaan hasil PVD, stadium AKI, indeks curah jantung, lama penggunaan ventilator, dan lama hari perawatan di ICU. Data dianalisis program SPSS versi 20.0 meliputi analisis deskriptif dan inferensial memakai uji yang sesuai. Dari 44 subjek, 1 subjek dikeluarkan karena menjalani hemodialisis karena gagal ginjal kronik pada kelompok dengan target TVS 8–10 mmHg. Karakteristik dasar pasien berupa stadium AKI, ureum, kreatinin dan nilai TVS inisial berbeda bermakna pada kedua kelompok. Deresusitasi dengan target TVS 0–4 mmHg tidak berbeda bermakna pada nilai PVD, perbaikan AKI, CI, lama penggunaan ventilator, dan perawatan ICU (p>0,05). Tiga subjek meninggal sebelum selesai follow up pada kelompok dengan target TVS 0–4 mmHg dan 6 subjek meninggal sebelum selesai follow up, pada kelompok dengan target TVS 8–10 mmHg. Simpulan: Tidak didapatkan perbedaan efektivitas antara target deresusitasi TVS 0‒4 mmHg dengan target TVS 8‒10 mmHg terhadap nilai PVD sublingual, perubahan stadium AKI KDIGO, indeks curah jantung, lama penggunaan ventilator, lama perawatan ICU

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Post-resuscitation fluid overload is associated with a poor outcome in critically patient and thus requires deresuscitation (aggressive fluid removal). Low central venous pressure (CVP) is important to ensure the venous return, increase cardiac output and improve tissue perfusion. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of deresuscitation with a CVP target of 0–4 mmHg in post-septic shock resuscitation patients in the emergency department and ICU. This study used a randomized controlled trial design at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo in September 2019–October 2020. The study sample was patients 18–60 years old with septic shock in the post-resuscitation ICU. Exclusion criteria were patients with primary heart failure, right heart failure, congenital heart disease, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, severe pleural effusion, kidney stones or tumors, and chronic renal failure. The study subjects were deresuscited and divided into two CVP target groups (0–4 mmHg and 8–10 mmHg). Furosemide drip and cristaloid were given to reach target of CVP. Outcome parameters were differences in PVD, AKI stage, cardiac index (CI), ventilator duration, and length of stay in ICU. Statistical analysis includes descriptive and inferential analysis testing the appropriate test. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS version 20.0 statistical program. Results: There were 44 subjects, 1 subject were excluded due to hemodialysis in CVP target of 8–10 mmHg. Baseline characteristics have significant difference in ureum, creatinine, AKI stage and initial CVP value between two groups. Deresuscitation with a CVP target of 0–4 mmHg did not have a significant difference in the value of PVD, improvement in AKI, CI, ventilator duration, and length of ICU stay (p > 0.05). Three subjects died before 7 days of follow up in CVP target of 0–4 mmHg and 3 subjects died before 7 days of follow up in CVP target of 8–10 mmHg."

"Level rekomendasi penggunaan rutin intra-arotic balloon pump (IABP) pada pasien dengan renjatan kardiogenik diturunkan menjadi level III. Manfaat penggunaan IABP sebelum revaskularisasi belum diinvestigasi secara uji klinis acak. Tujuan studi ini untuk menilai pengaruh penggunaan IABP sebelum revaskularisasi pada pasien infark miokard akut dengan komplikasi renjatan kardiogenik.Uji klinis acak pembanding terbuka dilakukan di Pusat Jantung Nasional Harapan Kita periode januari 2018 hingga Mei 2020. Randomisasi dilakukan pada 69 subjek infark miokard dengan renjatan kardiogenik. Alokasi kelompok kontrol 34 subjek dan perlakuan (IABP sebelum revaskularisasi) 35 subjek. Luaran primer adalah mortalitas rumah sakit dan pasca revaskularisasi hari ke_30. Luaran sekunder perfusi global (bersihan asam laktat jam ke_12), perfusi regional (kreatinin), performa jantung yang dinilai secara ekokardiografi (Global longitudinal strain) dan penanda biologis untuk regangan miokard (NT-proBNP dan ST2). Variabel hemodinamik ekokardiografi dan komplikasi tindakan juga dilaporkan.Setelah drop out, Analisis perprotokol dilakukan pada 18 subjek kelompok kontrol dan 16 subjek kelompok perlakuan. Mortalitas rumah sakit dan 30 hari pasca revaskularisasi, 12 (66,7%) subjek pada kelompok kontrol dan 9 (56,3%) subjek pada kelompok perlakuan, p 0,533. Pada luaran sekunder tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna pada kedua kelompok untuk bersihan laktat efektif jam ke-12; pemeriksaan kreatinin, global longitudinal strain, hemodinamik ekokardiografi dan nilai NT-proBNP dan ST2. Pada hari ke_3, kurva kaplan meier berpisah dan mortalitas RS dini pada kelompok kontrol 9 (50%) subjek dan pada kelompok perlakuan 1 (6,25%) subjek, hasil uji fisher p 0,013. Mortalitas RS lanjut berhubungan dengan IABP dan sepsis. Dua patomekanisme diusulkan untuk menerangkan patomekanisme kematian pada kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuanSimpulan: Penggunaan IABP sebelum revaskularisasi pada subjek infark miokard akut dengan komplikasi renjatan kardiogenik tidak memperbaiki mortalitas rumah sakit dan pasca perawatan hari ke-30. Pada kelompok kontrol diusulkan patomekanime mortalitas serangan fisiologis kali satu. Kelompok perlakuan, patomekanime mortalitas diusulkan serangan fisiologis kali dua.

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The guideline recommendation on routine use of Intra Aortic balloon pump (IABP) in cardiogenic shock had been downgraded to level recommendation III. The role of IABP insertion before revascularization has never been investigated in randomized control trial. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of IABP insertion before revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock.

Randomized control trial was performed in National Cardiac Center Harapan Kita at the period January 2018–April 2020. We randomly assigned 69 patients cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial infarction. There are 34 patients assigned to control group (no IABP) and 35 patients assigned to intervention group (IABP before revascularization). Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and medical care were performed according to local protocol. The primary end points were in-hospital mortality and mortality at 30 days post revascularization. The secondary end points were perfusion (lactate clearance, creatinine), cardiac performance (global longitudinal strain), Biomarker for myocardial stretch (NT-proBNP & ST2). Echo hemodynamic and complication variables were also reported.

After drop out, a total of 18 patients in the control group and 16 patients in intervention group (IABP before revascularization were included in per protocol analysis for the primary and secondary end points. The primary end result of in hospital mortality and 30 days post revascularization mortality were identical in 12 patients in the control group (66.7%) and 9 patients in the intervention group (56.3%), p 0,533. There were no significant differences in secondary end points, effective lactate clearance at 12 hour, creatinine, Global Longitudinal Strain, NT-proBNP, ST2 including echo hemodynamic, dose of catecholamine therapy and sepsis. At the third day, Kaplan Meier curve demonstrated early separation with significant difference in mortality 9 patients in the control group (50%) and 1 patients in the intervention group (6,25%), p 0,013. Late in hospital was associated with IABP and sepsis. There was also a trend of greater elevation of NT-proBNP on day 3 in the intervention group. Therefore, pathomechanisms of death for control group and intervention group were proposed.

Conclusion: The use IABP before percutaneous intervention in patient shock cardiogenic due to acute myocardial infarction did not improve clinical outcome in hospital mortality or 30 days post Revascularization. One hit of physiological deterioration model for cardiogenic cardiogenic shock patient and two hit of physiological deterioration model for cardiogenic shock patient treated with IABP before revascularization were proposed. "

"Renjatan merupakan kegawat-daruratan tersering pada anak. Laktat sering digunakan sebagai target keberhasilan resusitasi pada renjatan sepsis, namun sepertiga kasus renjatan pada anak tidak mengalami peningkatan kadar laktat alaktatemia . Penilaian laktat sebagai target keberhasilan resusitasi masih menjadi perdebatan. Penelitian sebelumnya menyimpulkan nilai bersihan laktat berkaitan dengan luaran pasien renjatan sepsis. Laktat dehidrogenase LDH -1, LDH-5 dan delivery oxygen DO2 berperan dalam metabolisme laktat dan menyebabkan kondisi alaktatemia dan hiperlaktatemia pada pasien renjatan anak.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari etiologi alaktatemia pada renjatan anak melalui pemeriksaan isoenzim LDH-1, LDH-5 dan DO2 selama proses resusitasi 6 jam. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian potong lintang pada 56 renjatan sepsis dan 44 hipovolemik berusia 1 bulan sampai 18 tahun di 4 rumah sakit umum. Pemeriksaan tekanan darah mean arterial pressure/ MAP, indeks jantung cardiac index, CI dan indeks tahanan vaskular sistemik systemic vascular resistance index, SVRI , DO2 dan pengambilan darah untuk pemeriksaan LDH-1 dan 5 dilakukan sebelum dan setelah resusitasi.Pada penelitian ini didapatkan usia terbanyak berada dalam rentang 1 ndash;59 bulan 56, dengan pasien yang datang dengan kondisi berat skor pediatric logistic organ dysfunction/PELOD-2 ge; 10 31, median kadar laktat jam ke-0 adalah 2,5 mmol/L. Angka kematian 20 . Proporsi hiperlaktatemia lebih tinggi secara bermakna p = 0,028 pada pasien renjatan dengan skor PELOD-2 ge; 10 71,9 . Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna isoenzim LDH-1, LDH-5 dan DO2 antara kelompok alaktatemia dan hiperlaktatemia. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna MAP, CI, SVRI antar kelompok alaktatemia dan hiperlaktatemia. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna luaran pasien berdasarkan nilai bersihan laktat.Simpulan: Pasien yang mengalami alaktatemia tidak terbukti aktivitas LDH-1 meningkat sedangkan pada hiperlaktatemia aktivitas LDH-5 meningkat. Kadar DO2 lebih tinggi pada kelompok alaktatemia dan lebih rendah pada hiperlaktatemia.

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Shock is the most common emergency condition in pediatric patients. Lactate levels have been used widely as resuscitation target in septic condition. Meanwhile, one third cases did not showed elevated lactate levels alactatemia . Lactate levels as a target for successful resuscitation is still being considered. Previous studies concluded lactate clearance has correlated with the septic shock patients outcome. Lactate dehydrogenase LDH 1, LDH 5 and delivery oxygen DO2 have an important role in lactate metabolism and causing alactatemia and hyperlactatemia in pediatric shock.

The objectives of this study were to determine the alactatemia etiology in pediatric shock using isoenzyme LDH 1, LDH 5 and DO2 examination during 6 hours resuscitation. This was a cross sectional study done in 56 patients with septic shock and 44 patients with hypovolemia, within aged 1 month until 18 years old in 4 general hospitals. Mean arterial pressure MAP , cardiac index CI , and systemic vascular resistance index SVRI , DO2, LDH 1 and LDH 5 were done before and after resuscitation.

This study found the most common age is in average 1 ndash 59 months 56 , proportion of patients who came with severe condition pediatric logistic organ dysfunction PELOD 2 score ge 10 was 31 , median of lactate levels in 0 hours was 2.5 mmol L. Death rate was 20 . Hyperlactatemia proportion was higher significantly p 0.028 in shock patients with PELOD 2 score ge 10 71.9. There was no differences in MAP, CI, SVRI values between alactatemia and hyperlactatemia groups. There was no differences in outcome based on lactate clearance.

Conclusion Patients with alactatemia do not prove that their LDH 1 activity is increased while in hyperlactatemia, the activity of LDH 5 is increased. DO2 levels were higher in the alactatemia group and lower in hyperlactatemia group."

"Insidens insufisiensi adrenal pada pasien renjatan sepsis dilaporkan sekitar 40-65. Sitokin IL-1 dan IL-6 dapat menstimulasi sekresi kortisol sedangkan TNF-? serta MIF berperan dalam menghambat pembentukan kortisol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran IL-1, IL-6, TNF-? dan MIF dalam terjadinya insufisiensi adrenal relatif pada renjatan sepsis.Penelitian eksperimental dilakukan di laboratorium FKH IPB berlangsung selama 6 bulan April-September 2015 . Model anak babi yang dipakai berumur 6-8 minggu dengan berat badan 5-10 kg. Pemilihan sampel dengan consecutive sampling dengan total n = 20. Anak babi diberikan infus endoktoksin dengan dosis 50 ug/kg BB. Sampel darah untuk analisis IL-1, IL-6, TNF-?, MIF, ACTH, kortisol, 17 OHP, DHEA, androstenedion diambil sebelum pemberian endotoksin dan tiap 15 menit hingga terjadi renjatan sepsis, kemudian dilakukan uji synacthen. Pemeriksaan imunohistokimia dilakukan pada kelenjar adrenal, hipofisis, dan hipotalamus.Dari 19 anak babi yang dianalisis mengalami renjatan sepsis dalam waktu 60 menit. Karakteristik sampel tidak berbeda bermakna antara kedua kelompok. Kadar IL-6 pada kelompok IAR dibandingkan dengan kelompok tanpa IAR berbeda bermakna pada menit ke-45 0,65 0,5-4,32 pg/dL vs. 0,54 0,51-0,61 pg/dL , p = 0,008 . Kadar IL-1 antara kelompok IAR dibandingkan kelompok tanpa IAR tidak berbeda bermakna. Kadar TNF-? pada kelompok IAR dibandingkan dengan kelompok tanpa IAR berbeda bermakna pada menit ke-15 1862,5 327,9-4511,14 pg/dL vs. 155,38 24,67-394,10 pg/dL , p = 0,002 dan menit ke-30 4295,76 246,9-5913,37 pg/dL vs. 422,90 101,05-4129,42 pg/dL , p = 0,007 . Kadar MIF kelompok IAR dibandingkan dengan kelompok tanpa IAR berbeda bermakna pada saat renjatan sepsis 25,28 18,45-30,64 ng/dL vs. 11,30 7,1-15,14 ng/dL p = 0,003 . Pemeriksaan imunohistokimia hanya pada hipotalamus yang menunjukkan pewarnaan terhadap IL-1, IL-6, TNF-? dan MIF pada kelompok dengan IAR. Pada renjatan sepsis dan insufisiensi adrenal relatif kadar TNF-? meningkat pada menit-menit awal, kemudian kadar IL-6 meningkat kemudian serta terakhir kadar MIF meningkat pada saat renjatan sepsis. Kadar IL-1 tidak terdapat perbedaan antara kedua kelompok. Kata kunci: IL-1, IL-6, insufisiensi adrenal relatif, MIF, renjatan sepsis, TNF-?

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Incidence of adrenal insufficiency in septic shock ranged between 40 ndash 65 . The mechanism of relative adrenal insufficiency in septic shock is caused by inflammatory mediators. This study aimed to identify the role of IL 6, IL 1 in stimulating ACTH and cortisol release, and the role of TNF and MIF in inhibiting the level of ACTH and cortisol in septic shock with relative adrenal insufficiency RAI in order to develop guidelines for relative adrenal insufficiency marker.Experimental study was conducted in Veterinary Faculty, Bogor Agricultural Institute for 6 months Apri ndash September 2015 . Piglet models Sus scrofa aged 6 ndash 8 weeks weighing 5 ndash 10 kg. Consecutive sampling was used with total 20 piglets. Piglet models were given 50 ug kg endotoxin infusion Escherichia coli O111 B4 Sigma chemical, St. Louis, MO, USA . Blood sample for analysis of IL 1, IL 6, TNF , MIF, ACTH, cortisol, 17 OHP, DHEA, androstenedione was collected before endotoxin administration and every 15 minutes until septic shock occurred. Piglet models were monitored using PiCCO monitor. Stimulation test was then performed using synthetic corticotropin Synacthen and blood sample was collected again along with immunohistochemistry examination of the adrenal, pituitary and hypothalamus glands.From 19 study subjects analized, all subject had septic shock in 60 minutes. Study subject characteristics in each group were similar. The level of IL 6 at 45 minutes had a significant different compared to the group without RAI 0.65 0.5 ndash 4.32 pg dL vs. 0.54 0.51 ndash 0.61 pg dL , p 0.008 . The level of IL 1 during septic shock were not significantly different between both groups. The level of TNF in RAI group had significant different compared to the group without RAI at 15 minutes 1862.5 327.9 ndash 4511.14 pg dL vs. 155.38 24.67 ndash 394.10 pg dL , p 0.002 and at 30 minutes 4295.76 246.9 ndash 5913.37 pg dL vs. 422.90 101.05 ndash 4129.42 pg dL , p 0.007 The level of MIF in group with RAI during septic shock had a significant different compared to the group without RAI t 25.28 18.45 ndash 30.64 ng dL vs. 11.30 7.1 ndash 15.14 ng dL , p 0.003 . Immunohisto chemistry staining of IL 1, IL 6, TNF , and MIF was observed only in the hypothalamus glands of the RAI group. In septic shock and relative adrenal insufficiency, TNF increased in earlier minutes, then IL 6 increased and later MIF increased in septic shock condition. IL 1 level had no difference increment for both group.Keywords IL 1, IL 6, MIF, relative adrenal insufficiency, septic shock, TNF"

"ABSTRAKSepsis adalah disfungsi organ yang mengancam jiwa akibat gangguan regulasi pejamu sebagai respons terhadap infeksi. Renjatan sepsis adalah subset sepsis dengan abnormalitas sirkulasi, selular, dan metabolisme yang berkaitan dengan risiko kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai peran ekokardiografi, biomarker kardiovaskular, fungsi ginjal dan saturasi oksigen vena sebagai prediktor kematian pasien renjatan sepsis. Pada pemeriksaan ekokardiografi dinilai fungsi diastolik E/e rsquo;, Fraksi Ejeksi Bilik Kiri, Indeks Kardiak, TAPSE, sedangkan biomarker kardiovaskular dinilai Troponin I dan NT Pro BNP, dengan disain penelitian kohort prospektif. Tempat penelitian di Rumah Sakit Umum Kabupaten Tangerang, Banten. Selama periode 2 tahun penelitian ada 111 pasien masuk dalam kriteria renjatan sepsis yaitu adanya infeksi, hipotensi MAP < 65 mmHg dan Laktat darah > 2 mmol/L. Pada hari pertama dan kelima dilakukan pemeriksaan ekokardiografi dan laboratorium darah pada semua pasien renjatan sepsis. Pada pengamatan selama 10 hari diperoleh pasien yang meninggal 64 58 dan yang hidup 47 42 . Rerata umur pasien 48 18 tahun. Analisis bivariat ditemukan Fraksi Ejeksi Bilik Kiri abnormal memiliki risiko kematian 1,6 kali dibanding normal RR 1,6; p = 0,034 . Biomarker Troponin I abnormal menunjukkan risiko kematian 1,6 kali dibanding normal RR 1,6; p = 0,004 . Pasien dengan gangguan fungsi ginjal memiliki risiko kematian 1,5 kali RR 1,5; p = 0,024 . Pasien dengan Troponin I abnormal dengan atau tanpa gangguan fungsi ginjal menunjukkan peningkatan risiko kematian, demikian pula pada pasien dengan Troponin I normal yang disertai gangguan fungsi ginjal. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan prediktor kematian pasien renjatan sepsis adalah kadar Troponin I dan Fraksi Ejeksi Bilik Kiri RR 1,83; IK95 1,049 ? 3,215; p = 0,043 dan RR 1,99; IK95 1,009 ? 3,956; p = 0,047 Simpulan: Troponin I dan Fraksi Ejeksi Bilik Kiri merupakan prediktor kematian pasien renjatan sepsis. Kata kunci :Ekokardiografi, Kematian, NT Pro BNP, Renjatan Sepsis, Troponin I.

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ABSTRACTSepsis is a life threatening organ dysfunction caused by host regulation disorder in response to infections. Septic shock is a subset of sepsis with circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities associated with the risk of mortality. The aim of this study is to assess the role of echocardiography, cardiovascular biomarker, renal function and oxygen vein saturation as predictors of mortality in patients with septic shock. In this study, echocardiography examination including diastolic function E e 39 , Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction LVEF , Cardiac Index CI , and TAPSE, whereas cardiovascular biomarker Troponin I and NT Pro BNP were assessed. Research design of this study is cohort perspective. The study took place in Tangerang Regional General Hospital, Banten Province. During two years of research, there were 111 patients included in septic shock category, which indicated by the presence of infections, hypotension MAP 65 mmHg and serum lactate 2 mmol L. On the first and the fifth day, examinations on echocardiography and laboratory blood test were conducted on each patient of septic shock. During ten days of observation, 64 patients died 54 and 47 patients were survived 42 . The mean age of the patients was 48 18 years old. Bivariate analysis showed abnormal LVEF had 1.6 times higher mortality risk than normal RR 1.6 p 0.034 . Abnormal Troponin I biomarker showed 1.6 higher mortality risk, compared to normal RR 1.6 p 0.004 . The patients with kidney function disorder had 1.5 times higher mortality risk RR 1.5 p 0.024 . Patients with abnormal Troponin I with or without kidney function disorder showed increase in mortality risk. Normal Troponin I with kidney function disorder also increase in mortality risk. Multivariate analysis showed Troponin I and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction as predictors of mortality in patients with septic shock RR 1.83 CI95 1.049 3.215 p 0.043 dan RR 1.99 CI95 1.009 3.956 p 0.047 In conclusion, Troponin I biomaker and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction are predictors of mortality in patients with septic shock. Keyword Echocardiography, Death, NT Pro BNP, Septic Shock, Troponin I "

"Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui apakah trombosit dan kovariat lainnya yaitu jenis kelamin, usia, lama saklt, perdarahan, status gizi, hepatomegali, hematokrit, dan leukosit merupakan prediktor terjadinya renjatan pada pasien demam berdarah dengue (DBD) anak. Desain : kohort retrospektif dcngan analisis survival di dua rumah sakit di Jakarta. Penentuan tilik potong untuk trombosit, leukosit, dan hematokrit berdasarkan lama sakit menggunakan metode receiver operating characleristic (ROC). Nilai diskriminasi model prediksi menggunakun parameter area under curve (AUC). Subyek : Pasien suspek DBD, derajat I-Il, tanpa penyakit penyerta, lama sakit 3-5 hari. Keluaran utama: I-lubungan antara trombosit dengan renjatan dan model prcdiksi renjatan DBD pada awal perawatan dan 24jam perawatan. Hasil : Telah direkrut sebanyak 525 subyek dari catatan medis rumah sakit. Insidens renjatan sebesar 6,l%. Titik potong trombosit awal perawatan dengan lama sakit 3, 4 dan 5 hari musing-masing adalah 81.500/ul, 59.500/ul dan 53.500/ul. Titik potong trombosit 24 jam perawatan dengan lama sakit 4, 5 dan 6 hari masing-masing adalah 59.500/ul, 53.500/ul, dan 45.000/ul. Baik trombosit awal perawatan maupun 24 jam perawatan berhubungan dengan teijadinya renjatan dengan hazard ratio masing-masing sebesar 3,5 (lK95% 1,5-8,4) dan 3,3 (lK95% 1,4-7,5). Nilai diskriminasi trombosit awal perawatan dan 24 jam perawatan musing-masing sebesar 72,3% (IK 95% 63,1-8l,6) dan 67,'7% (IK 95% 58,2-‘77,3). Trombosit bersama-sama dengan karakteristik klinis rumah sakit, perdarahan, status gizi, interaksi lama sakit dengan hematokrit, dan interaksi lama sakit dengan hepatomegali baik pada awal perawatan maupun 24 jam perawatan merupakan prediktor lerjadinya renjatan. Model prediksi pada awal pcrawatan dan 24 jam perawatan mempunyai nilai kalibrasi yang baik dan nilai diskriminasi yang baik dengan AUC sebesar 84,l%; lK95% 77,9-90,3 untuk awal perawatan dan 80,4% (IK 95% 72,4-88,4) untuk 24 jam perawatan. Nilai diskriminasi model prcdiksi ini lebih baik daripada nilai diskriminasi trombosit awal perawatan maupun 24jam perawatan. Kesimpulan dan saran: Trombosit merupakan prediktor terjadinya renjatan pada DBD anak akan letapi penggunaan trombosit sebagai prediktor renjatan akan lebih balk jika digunakan bcrsama-sama dengan parameter Iainnya yaitu perdarahan, status gizi, hepatomegali, dan hematokrit. Saran: Perlu dilakukan penelitian lanjutan untuk mengetahui reproducibilizjv dan rransporrability model prediksi renjatan yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini.

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Purpose: to investigate whether thrombocyte and other covariate such as sex, age, time before admission, bleeding, nutritional status, hepatomegali, haematocrit, and leukocyte, can be used to predict shock at children with dengue hemorrhagic fever (Di-IF). Design: Retrospective cohort with survival analysis. Cit off point for thrombocyte, leukocyte. and haematocrit according to day of sick were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Magnitude of discrimination was assessed by area under curve (AUC). Subject: Children suspected with DH F, grade l and II at admission. Main outcome: to know association between thrombocyte with shock and to know prediction model to predict shock at admission and 24 hours after admission. Result: There were 525 subjects. Incident of shock was 6.l%. Cut off point for thrombocyte according to long of sick at 3, 4 and 5 day were 81.500/ul, 59.500/ul and 53,500/ul respectively. Cut olT point for thrombocyle at 24 hours aller admission ut 4, S, and 6 day were 59.500/ul, 53,500/ul, and 45,000/ul respectively. Both thrombocyte at admission and 24 hours after admission had association with shock with hazard ratio 3.5 (95%Cl l.5-8.4) and 3.3 (95Cl% i.4-7.5) respectively with magnitude of discrimination were 72.3% (95Cl% 63.1-8l.6) and 67.7% (95%Cl 58.2-77.3) respectively. Thrombocyte together with clinical characteristic of hospital, bleeding, nutritional status,interaction between time before admission and hepatomegali, interaction between time before admission and haematocrit were significant variables to include in to the prediction model for shock both for admission and 24 hours after. These models had good calibration and discrimination with magnitude of discrimination were 84.l%; lK95% 77.9-90.3 and 80.4% (95%Cl 72.4-88.4) respectively. Discrimination of tlicse models was higher than discrimination of thrombocyte alone. Conclusion: Thrombocyte is a predictor of shock but using prediction models consist of thrombocyte and other variables such as bleeding, nutritional status, hepatomegali, haematocrit is better to predict shock than thrombocyte alone. Suggestion: To conduct further research to investigate reproducibility and transportability of these prediction models."

"ABSTRAKInflamasi sistemik pada renjatan sepsis dapat menyebabkan insufisiensi adrenal. Kadar asam lemak bebas ALB yang tinggi diketahui menyebabkan inflamasi steril dan menghambat adrenocorticothropic hormone dan sekresi kortisol. Pemberian hidrokortison pada renjatan sepsis diharapkan memperbaiki hemodinamik, menurunkan ketergantungan terhadap obat vasoaktif dan memperbaiki disfungsi organ.Penelitian bersifat studi eksperimental yang bertujuan menilai pengaruh ALB dan pemberian hidrokortison terhadap hemodinamik, kadar laktat, cedera paru dan kadar kortisol darah pada renjatan sepsis model anak babi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Divisi Bedah dan Radiologi Departemen Klinik Reproduksi dan Patologi Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Institut Pertanian Bogor FKH IPB pada April -September 2015 dan telah disetujui oleh Komisi Etik Hewan FKH IPB.Delapan model anak babi Sus scrofa berusia 6-8 minggu dengan berat 5-10 kg dibagi dalam 2 kelompok, yaitu kelompok lipid dan kelompok kontrol. Kelompok lipid diberi lipid 20 sebanyak 3 gram/kgbb intravena dan kelompok kontrol tanpa pemberian lipid sebelum induksi sepsis. Pengukuran parameter hemodinamik dengan Pulse Contour Cardiac Output PiCCO . Pengukuran kadar laktat dengan i-Stat. Cedera paru ditentukan dengan pengukuran extravascular lung water index EVLWI dan rontgen toraks. Tes synacthen dilakukan untuk mengetahui adanya insufisiensi adrenal relatif IAR .Pengaruh ALB terhadap hemodinamik dinilai dengan rerata cardiac index 60 menit setelah pemberian hidrokortison yang berbeda bermakna [2,14 0,06 l/menit/m2 vs. 2,75 0,04 l/menit/m2 p 0,002 ]. Jumlah cairan dan obat vasoaktif yang dibutuhkan kelompok lipid untuk mempertahankan mean arterial blood pressure > 65 mmHg lebih banyak dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Kadar laktat meningkat sebelum induksi sepsis pada kelompok lipid [2,28 0,52 vs. 1,28 0,45 mmol/L p 0,001 ]. Bersihan laktat pada kelompok lipid lebih buruk dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Extravascular lung water index kelompok lipid lebih tinggi bermakna dibanding kelompok kontrol setelah 60 menit resusitasi [21 4,04 mL/kg vs. 12,38 2,32 mL/kg p 0,004 ]. Gambaran radiologi efusi pleura dan edema pulmonal terjadi pada seluruh model anak babi kelompok lipid. Insufisiensi adrenal relatif terjadi pada 7 model anak babi di kelompok lipid dan 4 di kelompok kontrol.Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah kadar ALB yang tinggi memperberat inflamasi dan merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya IAR. Kata kunci: Asam lemak bebas, cedera paru, hemodinamik, hidrokortison insufisiensi adrenal relatif, laktat, renjatan sepsis, sepsis.

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ABSTRACTCortisol deficiency is associated with increased morbidity and mortality during critical illness. Dysregulation of immune system in septic shock triggers adrenal insufficiency. Free fatty acid FFA is known to induced sterile inflammation and inhibit adrenocorticothropic hormone and cortisol secretion. Hydrocortisone administration is expected to improve hemodynamic, decrease dependency of vasoactive drugs and improve organ dysfunction in septic shock.The aim of this study is to find out the effect of FFA and hydrocortisone administration on hemodynamic parameters, lactate, lung injury and blood cortisol levels in septic shock piglet models, conducted in April September 2015 in the Division of Surgery and Radiology School of Veterinary Medicine, Institut Pertanian Bogor IPB and has been approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of School of Veterinary Medicine IPB. Sixteen piglet models Sus scrofa entered the study. The piglets were 6 8 weeks old, weighing 5 10 kg divided into two groups, lipids and control groups. Administration of 3 g kg BW of lipid 20 were performed intravenously before sepsis induction for lipid group. Hemodynamic measurement by Pulse Contour Cardiac Output PiCCO by Picco. Lactate measurement by i Stat. Lung injury was determined by Extravascular lung water index EVLWI and chest X ray. Synacthen test to determine relative adrenal insufficiency RAI .FFA influences was shown on cardiac index 60 min after adminstration of hydrocortisone in lipid group 2.14 0.06 L min m2 and control group 2.75 0.04 L min m2 p 0.002 . Lipid group require fluids and vasoactive drugs more than the control grup to maintain mean arterial blood pressure 65 mmHg. Lactate levels before induction of sepsis lipid group 2.28 0,52 mmol L and control group 1.28 0.45 mmol L p 0.001 . Lactate clearance in lipid group was worse than the control group. Extravascular lung water index at 60 minutes after resuscitation in lipid group 21 4.04 mL kg and control group 12.38 2.32 mL kg p 0.004 . Pleural effusion and pulmonary edema were found in all piglet models in lipid group. Relative adrenal insufficiency occured to 7 piglet model in lipid gorup and 4 in control group.Conclusion High level FFA aggravate inflammation in septic shock and is a risk factor for RAI. Hydrocortisone administration improve circulation and lactate levels. Keywords FFA, hemodynamic, hydrocortisone, lactate, lung injury, relative adrenal insufficiency, sepsis, septic shock"