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"[Penelitian ini menguji validitas teori Purchasing Power Parity di Indonesia dengan lima mitra dagang terpilih dengan menggunakan data berfrekuensi bulanan. Pengujian dilakukan dengan metode kointegrasi Engle-Granger kemudian apabila terbukti terdapat hubungan kointegrasi antara nilai tukar dan tingkat harga antara Indonesia dan mitra dagangnya maka selanjutnya dibentuk model koreksi kesalahan untuk melihat dinamika jangka pendeknya. Hasil peneltian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan kointegrasi pada kasus Indonesia-AS, Indonesia-Inggris dan Indonesia-Jepang pada periode Januari 2000-Januari 2015. Sedangkan pada jangka pendek kondisi PPP tidak berlaku, karena banyak faktor lain yang menjelaskan perubahan pada nilai tukar selain tingkat harga, dan karena tingkat harga pada jangka pendek cenderung bergerak lebih lambat dibandingkan nilai tukar.;This research aims to test the validity of the Purchasing Power Parity theory in Indonesia with five selected trading partners, using monthly data. Engle-Granger cointegration test is used to know whether there is a cointegrating relation between Indonesia and its trade partner?s exchange rate and price level, and if cointegration relation existed then the error correction model will be formed in order to observe the short-run dynamics of the variables. The result shows that there is a cointegrating relation between Indonesia-US and Indonesia-UK and Indonesia-Japan in the long-run but no PPP relation in the short-run. This result explains that there are other factors that define the movement of exchange rate in the short run other than the price level, and the price level moves slower than the exchange rate.;This research aims to test the validity of the Purchasing Power Parity theory in Indonesia with five selected trading partners, using monthly data. Engle-Granger cointegration test is used to know whether there is a cointegrating relation between Indonesia and its trade partner?s exchange rate and price level, and if cointegration relation existed then the error correction model will be formed in order to observe the short-run dynamics of the variables. The result shows that there is a cointegrating relation between Indonesia-US and Indonesia-UK and Indonesia-Japan in the long-run but no PPP relation in the short-run. This result explains that there are other factors that define the movement of exchange rate in the short run other than the price level, and the price level moves slower than the exchange rate., This research aims to test the validity of the Purchasing Power Parity theory in Indonesia with five selected trading partners, using monthly data. Engle-Granger cointegration test is used to know whether there is a cointegrating relation between Indonesia and its trade partner’s exchange rate and price level, and if cointegration relation existed then the error correction model will be formed in order to observe the short-run dynamics of the variables. The result shows that there is a cointegrating relation between Indonesia-US and Indonesia-UK and Indonesia-Japan in the long-run but no PPP relation in the short-run. This result explains that there are other factors that define the movement of exchange rate in the short run other than the price level, and the price level moves slower than the exchange rate.]"

"Sejak awal pelaksanaan Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional, banyak sekali permasalahan yang timbul. Permasalah yang banyak menyita perhatian beberapa pihak terkait penyelenggaraan JKN adalah mengenai sistem tarif INA-CBGs. Sistem INA-CBGs diterapkan agar ada standar pengelompokan tarif RS yang dibayarkan oleh BPJS Kesehatan dan mendorong efisiensi tanpa mengurangi mutu pelayanan. Terjadinya selisih negatif di beberapa kasus pada penggunaan sistem INA-CBGs membuat RS harus lebih pintar dalam mengelola biaya. Maka guna mencapai standar pengelompokan biaya dalam sistem INA-CBGs yang sesuai, ada beberapa faktor yang harus dikaji ulang dalam pembuatan sistem tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui analisa perbedaan biaya riil dengan INA-CBGs pada perawatan pasien rumah sakit. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode literature review yang menggunakan data sekunder dari pencarian online yaitu google scholar, Neliti, dan GARUDA. Hasil pencarian literatur yang masuk dalam karakteristik inklusi berjumlah 8 artikel dari tahun 2013-2021. Hasil Penelitian didapatkan faktor kelas perawatan, lama perawatan, tingkat perawatan, diagnosa, jenis perawatan, pemakaian obat, clinical pathway, dan jenis RS. Kesimpulan yang didapatkan adalah beberapa faktor menunjukan signifikan berpengaruh, lama perawatan dan clinical pathway menjadi masalah utama meningkatnya biaya. Rekomendasi yang diberikan adalah dengan memperbaiki clinical pathway yang berjalan di RS dan mengkaji ulang pembentukan tarif INA-CBGs, sehingga INA-CBGs tidak lagi dibawah tarif RS.

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Since the beginning of the implementation of the National Health Insurance, many problems have arisen. The problem that has attracted the attention of several parties regarding the implementation of JKN is the INA-CBGs tariff system. The INA-CBGs system is implemented so that there is a standard classification of hospital rates paid by BPJS Health and encourages efficiency without reducing service quality. The occurrence of negative differences in several cases in the use of the INA-CBGs system makes hospitals have to be smarter in managing costs. So in order to achieve the standard of cost grouping in the appropriate INA-CBGs system, there are several factors that must be reviewed in making the system. The purpose of this study was to analyze the difference in real costs with INA-CBGs in hospital patient care. This study uses a literature review method that uses secondary data from online searches, namely Google Scholar, Neliti, and GARUDA. The results of the literature search that are included in the inclusion characteristics are 8 articles from 2013-2021. The results of the study obtained factors of treatment class, length of treatment, level of care, diagnosis, type of treatment, drug use, clinical pathway, and type of hospital. The conclusion obtained is that several factors show a significant effect, length of treatment and clinical pathways are the main problems with increasing costs. The recommendations given are to improve the clinical pathways that run in hospitals and review the establishment of INA-CBGs rates, so that INA-CBGs are no longer below hospital rates. "

"Pembayaran dengan sistem paket seringkali menimbulkan terjadinya selisih antara tarif paket INA-CBG dengan biaya pelayanan rumah sakit yang dianggap tidak mencukupi. Pembiayaan terbesar BPJS kesehatan terhadap penyakit katastropik adalah penyakit jantung dengan biaya sebesar 8,6T dan merupakan kasus terbanyak dibandingkan dengan kasus katastropik lainnya. RSWS merupakan rumah sakit rujukan tertinggi di Kawasan timur Indonesia dan menaungi sebuah instalasi pusat jantung terpadu. Pada tahun 2019, dr. Khalid Saleh, selaku Dirut di RSUP Wahidin Sudirohusodo, di dalam jumpa persnya menyatakan bahwa terjadi tunggakan oleh pihak BPJS Kesehatan yang mencapai ratusan miliar rupiah. Besarnya tunggakan tentunya akan memengaruhi proses pelayanan dan penangan pada pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besar selisih yang terjadi antara biaya pelayanan penyakit jantung koroner dengan tarif INA-CBGs di RSWS dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya selisih. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian mix method dengan observasional analitik menggunakan pendekatan crosssectional. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 112 data pasien PJK yang menjalani rawat inap di RSWS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya selisih positif sebesar 171.908.682 jika dihitung secara keseluruhan namun jika dilihat perkasus terhadap selisih negatif pada kasus angina pektoris. Faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya selisih biaya pelayanan dan tari INA-CBG pada penyakit jantung koroner adalah Tingkat keparahan (p-value = 0,000), lama hari rawat (p-value = 0,001), dan pelayanan medis (p-value = 0,002). Hasil wawancara menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap terjadinya selisih biaya adalah adanya tindakan operasi. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi selisih biaya yang terjadi di rumah sakit dengan melakukan subsidi silang, menginformasikan kepada pihak-pihak tertentu, mengadakan pertemuan dengan DPJP, dan membatasi tindakan-tindakan yang melebihi tarif rumah sakit pada kasus yang sifatnya tidak urgent. Rumah sakit perlu mengendalikan biaya agar tidak terjadi selisih negatif yang lebih besar antara pelayanan rumah sakit dengan tarif yang ditentukan BPJS dengan tetap memperhatikan kualitas pelayanan. Terus melakukan kendali mutu pelayanan yang efektif sebagaimana panduan praktik klinis.

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Payment with a package system often result in a difference between the INA-CBG package rates and hospital service cost, which are considered insufficient. The largest BPJS health financing for catastrophic diseases is heart disease, with a cost of 8.6T, and it is the most common case compared to other catastrophic cases. RSWS is the highest referral hospital in Eastern Indonesia and houses an integrated heart center installation. In 2019, Dr. Khalid Saleh, as the President Director of RSUP Wahidin Sudirohusodo, stated in a press conference that there were arrears from BPJS Health reaching hundreds of billions of rupiah. The large amount of arrears will certainly affect the service and handling process for patients. This study aims to determine the magnitude of the difference between the cost of coronary heart disease services and the INA-CBGs rates at RSWS and the factors that influence the occurrence of the difference. This research is a mixed-method study with observational analytics using a cross-sectional approach. The sample used in this study was 112 data of CHD patients who underwent inpatient treatment at RSWS. The results showed a positive difference of 171.908.682 when calculated as a whole, but when viewed per case, there was a negative difference in cases of angina pectoris. Factors that influence the difference in service costs and INA-CBG rates in coronary heart disease are the severity level (p-value = 0.000), length of stay (pvalue = 0.001), and medical services (p-value = 0.002). Interview result indicated that the most influential factor in the cost difference is the presence of surgical procedures. Efforts are made to overcome the cost difference that occurs in hospitals by conducting crosssubsidies, informing certain parties, holding meetings with DPJP, and limiting actions that exceed hospital rates in cases that are not urgent. Hospitals need to control costs so that there is no greater negative difference between hospital services and the rates determined by BPJS while still paying attention to the quality of service. Continue to carry out effective quality control of services as guided by clinical practice guidelines."