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"Di Indonesia, malaria masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang perlu mendapat perhatian.Obat malaria yang digunakan dalam program Nasional di Indonesia yaitu kombinasi Artesunat dengan Amodialuin, di laboratorium amodiakuin sudah terbukti bereaksi silang dengan klorokuin sehingga dikhawatirkan kombinasi artesunat-amodiakuin penggunaannya tidak akan bertahan lama di Indonesia. Hal ini didukung dengan data di lapangan yang memperlihatkan variasi efektifitas artesunat-amodiakuin di berbagai daerah malaria. Laporan uji efikasi artesunat-amodiakuin di Lampung memperlihatkan efektifitasnya 80% terhadap P.falciparum. karena itu diperlukan kombinasi artemisinin lain yang aman, efektif, murah, dapat digunakan balk Untuk P.falciparum dan P.vivax serta tidak mengandung komponen yang bereaksi silang dengan klorokuin_ Untuk itu digunakan alternatif kombinasi Dihidroartemisinin --- Piperakuin sebagai pilihan.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perbedaan risiko kejadian yang tidak diitiginkan pada terapi dengan pengobatan kombinasi dihidroartemisinin-piperakuin dibandingkan terapi Artestinat-Amodiakuin untuk penderita malaria P.falciparum tanpa komplikasi. Penelitian dilakukan di Puskesmas Hanura, Kabupaten Lampung Selatan, propinsi Lampung. Desain penelitian yang digunakan merupakan penelitian Uji Klink Acak terkontrol atau Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), Uji klinis terbuka (open trial) . Penelitian dilakukan mulai September 2005 sampai November 2006. Dengan pertimbangan waktu, tenaga dan biaya, pada penelitian ini menggunakan jumlah sampel sebanyak 106 orang (55 orang untuk dihidroartemisinin-piperakuin dan 51 orang untuk artesunat-amodiakuin). Analisis statistik yang dilakukan adalah analisis univariat, bivariat dengan Chi Square dan multivariat dengan logistic regression dengan backward elimination.Proporsi kejadian yang tidak diinginkan yang timbul dengan pemakaian obat malaria DHA-Piperakuin , yaitu Sakit kepala, lesu dan lemah, gangguan pada sistim gastro intestinal, dan Gangguan lain pada hari 1-3 adalah 69%, 67%, 60%, 67% berurutan, dan untuk Artesunat-Amodiakuin 67%, 67%, 76,5%, 67% berturutan. Pada hari 7-28 kejadian yang tidak diinginkan yang timbul dengan pemakaian obat malaria DHA-Piperakuin seperti disebutkan diatas, yaitu 24%, 7%, 9%, 24% berurutan, dan untuk Artesunat-Amodiakuin 24%, 18%, 14%, 23,5% berturutan. Perbandingan proporsi terjadinya kejadian yang tidak diinginkan dengan penggunaan obat DHA-Piperakuin mempunyai risiko relatif lebih sedikit atau hampir sama dibandingkan penggunaan obat Artesunat-Amodiakuin.

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Malaria needs to be taken into consideration in Indonesia, in particular in Eastern part, as its incidence rate is still high thereby causing high mortality rate amongst the children under five years of age and bearing women. To date, a drug combination of Artesunate-Amodiaquine is widely used by the Indonesia National Program. However, this combination seems unlikely to be chosen in the future as Amodiaqume was experimentally proven to cause a cross-reaction to Chloroquine. Moreover, several data from the field showed a wide diversity of the effectivity of this drug combination, In example, an efficacy trial performed in Lampung has shown the 80% effectivity of this combination drug administration. Consequently, another drug combination,.e.g. Dihydroartemisinine (DHA) - Piperaquine to be considered as an alternate drug of choise.This study aims to investigation the risk discrepancies of Adverse Event (AEs) between DHA-Piperaquine and Artesunate-Amodiaquine administration during therapy in P.falciparum malaria patients without complication. This study uses a randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), open trial was conducted at health district Hanura, South Lampung from September 2005 to November 2006. 106 subjects (55 with DHA-Piperaquine and 51 with Artesunate Amodiaquine administration) were included due to time, financial and energy constraints in this study. Findings were analyzed using linivariate, Bivariate with the Chi Square test and the logistics regression with backward elimination (Multivariate analysis).This study result shows that on day 1 to 3, the AEs due to DHA - Piperaquine administration were headache, weakness, gastrointestinal disturbance, an others of 69%, 67%, 60%, 67% respectively, while those of Artesunate - Amodiaquine were of 67%, 67%, 76,5%, 67% respectively. On day 7 to 28, the AEs due to DHA Piperaquine administration were definitely similar to above mention AEs of 24%, 7%, 9%, 24% respectively, while AE rate after Artesunate-Amodiaquine administration were 24%, 18%, 14%, 23,5% respectively. The DHA-Piperaquine appeared to have less or almost the same the mild AEs of Artesunate-Amodiaquine administration."

"Background: low-grade chronic inflammation in obese individuals contributes to the development of lipid abnormality and insulin resistance. Vitamin E has antioxidant and insulin-sensitizing properties, mediated by adiponectin. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin E supplementation on lipid profiles and adiponectin levels in obese adolescents.Methods: this was a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Obese adolescents aged 14-18 years, with no history of taking anti-obesity or antioxidant drugs, were recruited and randomized into two groups: vitamin E and placebo. The dose of vitamin E was 400 IU/day. Intervention was administered for two months. Lipid profiles and adiponectin levels were measured at baseline and after intervention. Primary outcomes were analyzed using the per-protocol analysis principle. Statistical analysis was performed using the independent t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test.Results: a total of 66 subjects completed the intervention study, 34 in the vitamin E group and 32 in the placebo group. Lipid profiles and adiponectin levels at 2 months after intervention did not differ significantly between the two groups. Changes from the baseline level were also not significantly different between the two groups and were inconsistent from one subject to another.Conclusion: in obese adolescents, vitamin E supplementation of 400 IU/day for 2 months does not significantly affect lipid profiles and adiponectin levels."

"Purpose: This multicenter, randomized controlled study evaluates the safety of early oral feeding following gastrectomy, and its effect on the length of postoperative hospital stay.Methods: The subjects of this study were patients who underwent distal gastrectomy (DG) or total gastrectomy (TG) for gastric cancer between January 2014 and December 2015. Patients were randomly assigned to the early oral feeding group (intervention group) or the conventional postoperative management group (control group) for each procedure. We evaluated the length of postoperative hospital stay and the incidence of postoperative complications in each group.Results: No significant differences in length of postoperative stay were found between the intervention and control groups of the patients who underwent DG. The incidence of postoperative complications was significantly greater in the DG intervention group. In contrast, the length of postoperative stay was significantly shorter in the TG intervention group, although the TG group did not attain the established target sample size.Conclusion: Early oral feeding did not shorten the postoperative hospital stay after DG. The higher incidence of postoperative complications precluded the unselected adoption of early oral feeding for DG patients. Further confirmative studies are required to definitively establish the potential benefits of early oral feeding for TG patients."

"Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimen lapangan yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan randomized controlled trials untuk mengeksplorasi peran dari self control problem dan social preference dalam proses pengambilan keputusan individu dengan kasus upaya peningkatan keberhasilan program konversi BBM BBG bagi nelayan kecil. Upaya ini dilakukan dengan dua jenis perlakuan yaitu program cashback dan stiker social norm. RCT dilakukan dengan unit randomisasi klaster dan unit analisis individu guna meminimalisir terjadinya bias dan spillover effect. Total sampel adalah 302 yang dialokasikan secara stratified randomization pada tahap kabupaten menjadi 79 sampel perlakuan stiker, 83 sampel perlakuan cashback, 62 sampel perlakuan kombinasi stiker-cashback, dan 78 sampel kontrol. Pengukuran endline dilakukan dua puluh satu hari setelah pelaksanaan program konversi pemberian mesin BBG kepada nelayan . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat penggunaan BBG baik secara status penggunaan BBG pada akhir pengamatan maupun secara durasi penggunaan BBG di kelompok perlakuan stiker, kelompok perlakuan cashback dan kelompok perlakuan stiker-cashback lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa nudge cashback dan stiker social norm mampu meningkatkan keberhasilan program konversi BBM BBG bagi nelayan kecil.

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This field experiment was conducted by using randomized controlled trials to explore the role of self control problem and social preference in individual decision-making process, especially in increasing fuel-gas conversion program success for small-scale fishermen. Nudge of soft commitment called cashback for self control problem and nudge of social norm sticker for social preference were used as additional treatment in order to increase the program success. Trials were done by cluster randomization and individual analysis. Total sample was 302 allocated by stratified randomization in district level into 79 sample of sticker treatment group, 83 sample of cashback treatment group, 62 sample of sticker and cashback combination treatment group, and 78 sample of control group. Twenty-one days observations were conducted starting from the program implementation. Status and duration of the gas usage were analyzed in ETT and ITT analysis. The results demonstrate that the use of cashback and social norm sticker has a positive effect on increasing fuel-gas conversion program success for small-scale fishermen."