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"This book was written between 1981 and 1986, was first published in 1987, and has been out of print since. The Chinese version of it by Yan Bao et al., Zhongguo chuantong xiaoshuo zai yazhou, which also published in 1989, is also out of print. Since then more works especially in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Western languages have appeared which are mainly concerned with cultural exchanges between China and the countries of East Asia. Moreover a new interest has arisen among scholars from various countries on what has been termed “Asian translation traditions” and conferences are regularly organized on this topic."

"ABSTRAKSejak bangsa asing berhasil masuk dan menduduki Cina, bangsa Cina menerima banyak kekalahan dan kerugian atas perang dan perjanjian-perjanjian yang dinilai sangat timpang. Kekecewaan terhadap pemerintahan Dinasti Qing dalam mempertahankan wilayah dari bangsa asing memunculkan reaksi dari rakyat berupa pemberontakan yang dikenal sebagai pemberontakan Boxer. Pemberontakan Boxer digerakkan oleh serikat boxer di PropinsiShandong. Namun, pada pelaksanaannya, pemberontakan ini didasarkan pada semangat anti asing tanpa diimbangi dengan kesiapan dan koordinasi yang matang sehingga mengalami kegagalan. Artikel ini membahas kronologi dan peristiwa Pemberontakan Boxer dan menganalisa penyebab-penyebab kegagalannya.

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ABSTRACTEver since foreign nations had succeeded in entering and occupying China, the Chinese have received many defeats and loss because of the war and treaties which were considered very one-sided. The disappointment towards the government of Qing Dynasty in terms of defending their territory from the foreigners had given rise to reaction of the people in a form of rebellion that is known as The Boxer Rebellion. The upraising of the Boxer Rebellion was initiated by a boxer organization in Shandong. However, in the implementation, this rebellion was driven by an anti-foreigner believe without being in accordance with a readiness and good coordination, which has made the rebellion failed. This study will elaborate the chronology and events of the Boxer Rebellion, and at the same time analyze the failure factors of the rebellion."

"Semenjak abad pencerahan dimulai, Bangsa Barat yang mulai mengedepankan akal dan menjadikan eksplorasi dunia sebagai fokus mereka. Tiongkok yang kala itu berada di bawah pemerintahan Dinasti Qing dan memegang teguh konsep zhongguo, dihadapkan dengan kehadiran Bangsa Barat yang telah menganut nilai-nilai sosial hasil dari abad pencerahan. Intensi untuk berniaga dengan Tiongkok direspon dengan pemberlakuan sistem cohong, yang membatasi ruang gerak Bangsa Barat. Banyak upaya dilakukan untuk membatasi, namun justru berdampak negatif bagi Tiongkok. Mengakibatkan pecahnya Perang Candu I dan mengancam kedaulatan Tiongkok. Penelitian ini meneliti sejauh mana penerapan konsep zhongguo pada sistem cohong dalam perekonomian Dinasti Qing (1757-1842), dan akan membahas mengenai konsep zhongguo dan perannya dalam pemerintahan kekaisaran Tiongkok, sistem cohong dan bagaimana pelaksanaannya, situasi dan kondisi Tiongkok sebelum dan saat masuknya Bangsa Barat, dan menganalisis mengapa Tiongkok menerapkan sistem cohong dan sejauh mana sistem cohong menjadi wujud nyata dari penerapan konsep zhongguo.

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Since the era of enlightenment began, Western nations who began to prioritize ratio made world exploration as their focus. China, which at that time was under the reign of the Qing Dynasty and adhered to the concept of zhongguo, was faced with the presence of Western nations who had embraced social values ​​as a result of the Enlightenment. The intention to trade with China was responded by the implementation of cohong system, which limited the space for Western nations to move. Many attempts were made to limit it, but it had a negative impact on China. Resulted in the outbreak of the Opium War I and threatened China's sovereignty. This study examines the extent of the application of the zhongguo concept to the cohong system in the economy of the Qing Dynasty (1757-1842), and will discuss the zhongguo concept and its role in the Chinese imperial government, the cohong system and how it was implemented, the situation and condition of China before and during the entry of the West, and analyze why China implements the cohong system and the extent to which the cohong system becomes a concrete manifestation of the application of the zhongguo concept.

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"Bangsa Manchuria (满族 Mǎnzú) adalah bangsa non-Han dari kawasan (东北 Dōngběi) yang menjajah Cina dan mendirikan Dinasti Qing pada tahun 1644. Selama berkuasa di Cina, Dinasti Qing menerapkan kebijakan rambut tocang sebagai alat penunjuk superioritas bangsa Man terhadap bangsa Han. Kebijakan ini mengakibatkan rakyat Han merasa terhina, sehingga ingin membalaskan dendam mereka dengan melancarkan gerakan anti tocang di Cina. Gerakan ini menjadi reaksi berbasis identitas kebangsaan yang mempengaruhi perkembangan nasionalisme Cina, terutama pada akhir abad ke-19. Penelitian ini memaparkan karakteristik dan keterkaitan dari gerakan anti tocang yang dilancarkan oleh Kelompok Teratai Putih, Taiping, Reformis, dan Revolusioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun para pemimpin gerakan anti-tocang hidup pada dimensi waktu yang berbeda, mereka memiliki tujuan yang sama, yaitu menjunjung tinggi nasionalisme dan patriotisme untuk menyelamatkan dan memperkuat bangsa dan negara Cina. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan menerapkan 4 tahapan metode penelitian sejarah, yaitu heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi.

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Manchus is a non-Han race from 东 北 region who conquered China and established Qing Dynasty in 1644. During its reign in China, Qing Dynasty implemented queue hairstyle policy as symbol of Manchus superiority toward Hans. This policy caused Hans feel humiliated, thus they tried to seek revenge by launching anti-queue hairstyle movement. This movement becomes nation reaction that influences nationalism development in the end of nineteenth century. This research will explain, analyze, and seek links between White Lotus Society, Taiping, Reformist, and Revolutionary anti-queue hairstyle movement. Result shows that these four movement leaders have one same goal, which is to uphold nationalism and patriotism spirit to save and strengthen China country nation. This thesis uses qualitative research methods with 4 historical stages, such as heuristic, critic, interpretation, and historiography."