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"Fuel plays an important role in indonesia In line with the ongoing development, the consumption of fuei increases rapidly. Considering fuel as a sensitive· commodity, the government maintains the price of fuel at a very low price through subsidy. Later,it is realized that this policy has some negative effects, i.e. inefficiency in fuelconsumption, pollution, discourage the search for alternative energy sources, etc. However. the urgency of revoking fuel subsidy comes from the pressure of state budget ?s condition. Experiencing massive budget deficit, the government plans 10 cutits expenditure by reducing the subsidy. The subsidy reduction will cause the price of fuel to increase. While, we do not know the impact of the increase in fuel price on the economy.In view of that, the objectives of this thesis are. first, to estimate the likely impact of increasing the price of fuel on aggregate output. employment, saving and income distribution. Second, to detennine appropriate policy that may reduce the negative impact resulting from increasing price of fueLThe methodology used in this thesis is computable general equilibrium (CGE), CGEHas been selected because of its capability in describing interaction among sectors within economy. The advantage of using CGE models is that, one constructed, they yield a tractable tool for analyzing a wide range of possible policy changes. By using the CGE model, we do some scenarios of fuel price increase and investigate its impact on the economy The simulation result shows that the policy of increasing fuel price can be used to strengthen government budgeL However, the impact on unemployment should be seriously taken into consideration. Given the more vital role played by HSDO compare with that of gasoline and IDO in the economy, the percentage of price increase in HSDO should be lower than the other if the government wants to softenthe burden to society."

"Skripsi ini menjelaskan dinamika politik dalam formulasi kebijakan carbon pricing dalam Clean Energy Act 2011 di Australia. Selain sebagai respon dari Kyoto Protokol dan Konvensi Perubahan Iklim, kebijakan terebut lahir dari negosiasi politik antara Partai Hijau dan Partai Buruh. Sebagai koalisi Partai Buruh dalam hung parliament, Partai Hijau memiliki legitimasi yang kuat dalam menentukan kebijakan tersebut. Skripsi ini menganalisis keterlibatan Partai Hijau dalam dinamika politik tersebut dengan menggunakan teori Ecologism menurut Andrew Dobson, teori Partai Hijau menurut Neil Carter, teori Sistem Politik menurut David Easton, dan teori kebijakan publik menurut Thomas R. Dye. Selain permasalahan karbon dalam isu perubahan iklim, temuan yang didapat dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa keterlibatan Partai Hijau juga dipengaruhi oleh ideologi ecologism, dan kesempatan politik berupa koalisi dalam hung parliament.

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This undergraduate thesis explains about the political dynamics in carbon pricing policy formulation in the 2011 Clean Energy Act in Australia. Besides as a response of the Kyoto Protocol and the Climate Change Convention, the policy was made as a result of the political negotiation between the Australian Greens and the Labor Party. As the coalition of the Labor Party in the hung parliament, the Australian Greens had a strong legitimacy in influencing the policy. A list of theory is used to analyze the involvement of Australian Greens in the mentioned political dynamics such as the Ecologism theory by Andrew Dobson, the Green Party theory by Neil Carter, the Political System theory by David Easton, and the Public Policy theory by Thomas R. Dye. In addition to the carbon problems in the climate change issues, the research finds that the involvement of the Australian Greens was affected by the ecologism ideology, and political opportunity in the form of coalition in hung parliament."

"Penerapan kebijakan JKN untuk menjamin akses masyarakat terhadap obat dengan pengendalian biaya yang ketat berpotensi terhadap terjadinya kompromi kualitas dan keamanan obat.  Pembatasan harga obat dan adanya asimetris informasi terkait kualitas dan harga obat dapat mendorong moral hazard produsen memproduksi obat substandar dan palsu untuk mempertahankan keuntungan. Hasil analisis terhadap data sampling dan pengujian obat pada level kabupaten/kota menggunakan regresi logistik menunjukkan bahwa peluang suatu obat JKN tergolong tidak memenuhi syarat lebih rendah daripada peluang suatu obat non-JKN. Seiring dengan kenaikan harga satuan obat, peluang suatu obat tergolong tidak memenuhi syarat meningkat, hingga pada tingkat harga satuan tertentu yang tidak memungkinkan lagi obat substandar dan palsu dijual dengan harga kompetitif, peluang tersebut mulai menurun. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan implementasi penuh sistem JKN sebagai upaya mengatasi asimetris informasi harga dan kualitas obat, dengan memberlakukan diferensiasi harga sebagai suatu insentif bagi industri farmasi mempertahankan mutu dan ikut berkompetisi dalam penyediaan obat JKN.

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The implementation of National Health Insurance (NHIS; or Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional/JKN)s policy, increasing patient access to medicine while keeping its budget under tight control, has the potentiality to result in compromising the safety and efficacy of the medicine. Budget constraint and the existing asymmetry information in terms of quality and price of medicines could lead to a moral hazard situation where pharmaceutical companies may produce substandard and falsified medicines to secure their profit. The result of this research using logistic regression analysis of pharmaceutical sampling and testing on municipal/district level showed that despite previous assumptions, medicines included in JKN list are actually having lower probability of falsified or substandard compared to their counterparts, non-JKN medicines. In terms of the relation between price and quality of the medicines, the probability of falsified or substandard medicines increases up to a price level where for the poor qualified medicines does not have the ability to copy the original medicines while still making profit out of it. As a result, this research recommends full implementation of JKN to include all essential medicines into its list to avoid asymmetry information and maintain medicines quality. JKN also needs to have a price-differentiation policy which allows pharmaceutical companies to maintain quality of their medicines, even to innovate for a better one, while still maintaining a good profit and their ability to compete in the JKN era."

"Dampak perubahan iklim menjadi lebih parah dari waktu ke waktu. Maka dari itu, negara-negara harus menerapkan langkah-langkah mitigasi dan adaptasi untuk menunda pemanasan global. Boyce (2018) berpendapat bahwa kebijakan nilai ekonomi karbon (carbon pricing) cost-effective untuk pengurangan emisi dalam jangka pendek dan cost-reducting dalam jangka panjang. Namun penerapan kebijakan tersebut dapat menimbulkan risiko tambahan terhadap perekonomian yang disebut risiko transisi. Dengan menggunakan model ARDL-ECM yang direplikasi dari Aiello & Angelico (2022) dan model prediksi emisi dari Nguyen et al. (2021), penelitian ini menganalisis dampak implementasi kebijakan tersebut terhadap rasio NPL. Dalam skenario iklim dengan risiko transisi paling tinggi dari NGFS Phase IV, rasio NPL akan meningkat hingga 0,91 poin persentase dibandingkan dengan level di awal, ceteris paribus. Meskipun secara statistik dan komparatif, dampaknya tidak terlalu besar dibandingkan dengan krisis ekonomi lainnya, pemerintah Indonesia harus menerapkan kebijakan penetapan harga karbon dengan sangat hati-hati serta melakukan beberapa kebijakan tambahan untuk meminimalkan risiko transisi dari penerapan kebijakan tersebut.

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As climate change effects become more severe from time to time, countries would have to implement mitigation and adaptation measures to delay global warming. Boyce (2018) argued that the carbon pricing policy is cost-effective for emission reduction in the short-run and cost-reducing in the long-run. However, such policy implementation could create an additional risk to the economy called the transition risk. Using the ARDL-ECM model replicated from Aiello & Angelico (2022) and the emission prediction model from Nguyen et al. (2021), this research analyzes the policy implementation's impact on the NPL ratio. In the most high transition risk climate scenarios from NGFS Phase IV, the NPL ratio would increase up to 0.91 percentage points compared to the initial level, ceteris paribus. While statistically and comparatively, the impact is benign compared to other economic crises, the Indonesian government should proceed to implement carbon pricing policy with extreme caution along with extra measures to minimize the transition risk from the policy implementation."